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1 Opole Scientific Society Nature Journal No : Red list of vascular plants of Opole province Ar k a d i u s z No wa k, 2 Sy l w i a No wa k, 3 Kr z y s z t o f Spa ł e k Laboratory of Geobotany and Plant Conservation, Department of Biosystematics, Opole University, Oleska St. 48, Opole; 1 anowak@uni.opole.pl; 2 snowak@uni.opole.pl; 3 kspalek@uni.opole.pl Ab s t r a c t: The red list of Opole province vascular plant species comprises 570 species amounting to ca. 46 % of the regional native flora. 110 species are considered to be regionally extinct (), 115 critically endangered (), 91 endangered (), 130 vulnerable (), 70 near threatened (), 36 least concern () and 18 date deficient (). Ke y w o r d s: vascular plants, red list, Opole province, Poland, flora conservation Introduction According to the IUCN recommendations the red lists of species have to be published in every 3-7 years. The last five years of intensive botanical fieldworks within Opole voivodeship have brought many important findings referring to regional threatened flora. Several species considered as extinct were found again, many taxa formerly unthreatened were evaluated against the red list criteria and classified as vulnerable. The precise information about the synanthropodynamic state, distribution, ranges and area of occupation is fundamentally important in realisation of flora conservation strategy in Opole Silesia. So, authors decided to complete the new red list of threatened vascular plants, hoping, that updating the conservation status of the regional flora will raise the effectiveness of protection undertakings. The vegetation of Opole province is under permanent transformations by human impact which started in the neolith. The anthropogenic pressure grew in amount with the increasing number of people, the implementation of new means of cultivation and finally, with the ongoing industrial revolution. Adaptation processes as well as the conservation efforts could not keep up with swiftly changing external environments induced by humans which gave way to the processes of extinction (Kornaś, Medwecka - Kornaś 1986).

2 142 The unfavourable changes of flora and withdrawing of its rarest elements also occurred in Opole province. The region, as a part of Silesia, has already undergone intensive development since the 17 th and 18 th centuries and in the 19 th century the ongoing industrialisation and the development of transportation systems completed the range of negative influences. So called highly developed agriculture and rational forest economy and especially the change of water regimes have led to considerable impoverishment of the regional flora in recent years. The retreat of native species of Opole province can be found out by the analysis of the abundant geobotanic bibliography from the 19 th and the beginning of the 20 th centuries (e.g. Wimmer 1844; Fiek 1881; Schube 1903). First attempts to evaluate the extinction processes within the voivodeship territory were made by Michalak (1973, 1976), Szotkowski (1976) and Sendek (1986). In last few years significant progress in conservation investigations and publication is observed. Among others the red list of vascular plants of Upper Silesia and Opole province were published (Parusel et al. 1996; Spałek 1997; Nowak et al. 2003) and the red date book of vascular plants of Opole province was also prepared (Nowak, Spałek 2002). Methods The species were chosen on the basis of the analysis of the degree of endangerment according to the IUCN methodology (IUCN 2001) from among the native species of Opole province (Nowak 2004). Taxa from Alchemilla, Hieracium, Rosa, Rubus and Taraxacum genera were left out because of taxonomical and determination difficulties and lack of credible data. The plants are given in alphabetical order. The nomenclature of the species follows Mirek et al. (2002) and threat categories were ascertained due to IUCN classification (2001). Results The regional flora consists of 1679, out of which 1242 are considered to be native (Nowak 2004). In result of the evaluation the list of 570 species is presented, so ca. 45.8% of the native flora of Opole province (Tab. 2; Fig. 1). The most numerous categories are vulnerable (130 species), critically endangered (115) and extinct (110) species. Considerably high is also amount of endangered (91) and near threatened (70) taxa. Only 36 plants have been categorized to the least concerned group and 18 were assessed as data deficient (Fig. 1) Number of species Threat category Fig. 1. Richness and changes of the threat groups of the red lists 2003 and 2008

3 143 Discussion The recent floristic researches conducted during last five years have brought many interesting and important data in relation to the flora chorology and synanthropodynamic state of the native vascular plants. The most crucial are findings of the species considered as regionally extinct. Some of those taxa were found ca. hundred years after last records, e.g: Ajuga chamaepitys, Astragalus arenarius, Campanula cervicaria, Dianthus armeria, Iris sibirica, Melampyrum cristatum, Muscari comosum, Orchis militaris, Potamogeton trichoides, Radiola linoides, Utricularia ochroleuca and Scorzonera humilis. Worth noticing is also the significant decrease of the species with category (Fig. 1), reflecting the intensification of the conservation researches. Despite the permanent improvement of the organisational system of the regional nature conservation authority and also considerable support of the EU funds for the conservation (available since 2005), the conservation status of the vascular flora is not going to be improved. Almost 46% of the native plants are listed (570 taxa), so it is an increase of ca. 3% in comparison to Fifty nine species fulfilled the criteria of IUCN for the first time and make the red list longer. Only 18 taxa have been removed from the list, however in each case the reason of that wasn t improvement of the population viability or enlargement of the regional range, but the new data on the geographic or historical status of the species or the clearance of the mistakes which were done during the preparation of the 2003 red list. Especially alarming is the situation in the groups of higher risk, like critically endangered or vulnerable, where the numbers of classified taxa significantly increase (Fig. 1). The extinction process is not stopped. In last few years several plants were finally wiped out from the region. Most of them were evaluated before (2003) as date deficient taxa, but some, e.g. Conringia orientalis, Cypripedium calceolus, Epipactis atrorubens, Laserpitium latifolium, Trifolium ochroleucon, vanished, despite the fact that they were categorized as critically endangered (Tab. 1) and indicated as a target species for the conservationists which should focus on the need of their preservation. Tab. 1. Changes of the threat classification Former category (2003) Present category absent

4 144 Tab. 1. The red list of threatened vascular plants of the Opole province Species name Threat category Abies alba Mill. Achillea pannonica Scheele Achillea ptarmica L. Aconitum variegatum L. Actaea spicata L. Adenophora liliifolia (L.) Besser Adonis aestivalis L. Adonis flammea Jacq. Agrimonia procera Wallr. Agropyron intermedium (Host) P. Beauv. Agrostemma githago L. Aira caryophyllea L. Aira praecox L. Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. Ajuga genevensis L. Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. Alisma gramineum Lej. Alisma lanceolatum With. Allium angulosum L. Allium montanum F. W. Schmidt Allium scorodoprasum L. Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Anagallis foemina Mill. Anchusa officinalis L. Andromeda polifolia L. Androsace septentrionalis L. Anemone sylvestris L. Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. Anthemis tinctoria L. Anthericum ramosum L. Anthriscus nitida (Wahlenb.) Hazsl. Aphanes inexspectata W. Lippert Aquilegia vulgaris L. Arabis planisiliqua (Pers.) Rchb. Arctium nemorosum Lej. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Arnica montana L. Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigg. & Körte Arum alpinum Schott & Kotschy Aruncus sylvestris Kostel.

5 145 Asperula cynanchica L. Asperula tinctoria L. Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Asplenium trichomanes L. Asplenium viride Huds. Aster amellus L. Astragalus arenarius L. Astragalus danicus Retz. Astrantia major L. Atropa belladonna L. Avena strigosa Schreb. Avenula pratensis (L.) Dumort. Barbarea stricta Andrz. Baeothryon alpinum (L.) T. V. Egorowa Batrachium circinatum (Sibth) Fr. Batrachium fluitans (Lam.) Wimm. Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bosch Betula obscura Kotula Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. ex Link Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Botrychium matricariifolium (Retz.) A. Braun ex W. D. J. Koch Botrychium multifidum (S. G. Gmel.) Rupr. Bromus benekenii (Lange) Trimen Bromus arvensis L. Bromus erectus Huds. Bromus racemosus L. Bromus ramosus Huds. Bromus secalinus L. Bulboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Bupleurum falcatum L. Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Butomus umbellatus L. Calla palustris L. Callitriche autumnalis L. em. Wahlenb. Callitriche hamulata Kütz. ex W. D. J. Koch Callitriche stagnalis Scop. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell. Camelina microcarpa subsp. sylvestris (Wallr.) Hiitonen Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz Campanula bononiensis L. Campanula cervicaria L.

6 146 Campanula glomerata L. Campanula latifolia L. Campanula sibirica L. Cardamine flexuosa With. Cardamine hirsuta L. Cardamine impatiens L. Cardamine parviflora L. Cardaminopsis halleri (L.) Hayek Carduus nutans L. Carduus personata (L.) Jacq. Carex appropinquata Schumach. Carex bohemica Schreb. Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. Carex caryophyllea Latourr. Carex cespitosa L. Carex davalliana Sm. Carex diandra Schrank Carex dioica L. Carex disticha Huds. Carex hartmanii Cajander Carex hostiana DC. Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. Carex limosa L. Carex montana L. Carex pairae F. W. Schultz Carex pilosa Scop. Carex pendula Huds. Carex praecox Schreb. Carex pseudocyperus L. Carex pulicaris L. Carex strigosa Huds. Carex tomentosa L. Carex umbrosa Host Carex viridula Mchix. Carlina acaulis L. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. Caucalis platycarpos L. Centaurea phrygia L. Centaurea pseudophrygia C. A. Mey. Centaurium erythraea Rafn subsp. erythraea Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce Centunculus minimus L.

7 147 Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. Cerastium brachypetalum subsp. tauricum (Sprengel) Murb. Cerastium glutinosum F. W. Schultz Cerastium pumilum Curtis. Ceratophyllum submersum L. Cerinthe minor L. Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis (Schaeff.) Rothm. Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fish. ex Woł.) Klásk. Chamaecytisus supinus (L.) Link Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. P. C. Barton Chondrilla juncea L. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Circaea alpina L. Circaea intermedia Ehrh. Cirsium acaule Scop. Cirsium canum (L.) All. Cirsium helenioides (L.) Hill Cirsium pannonicum (L. F.) Link Clematis recta Cnidium dubium (Schkuhr) Thell. Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. Colchicum autumnale L. Comarum palustre L. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Corallorhiza trifida Châtel. Corydalis intermedia (L.) Mérat Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik. Crepis conyzifolia (Gouan) Dalla Torre Crepis mollis (Jacq.) Asch. s.s. Crepis praemorsa (L.) Tausch Crepis rhoeadifolia M. Bieb. Cruciata laevipes Opiz Cuscuta campestris Yunck. Cuscuta epilinum Weiche ex Boenn. Cuscuta europaea L. Cuscuta trifolii Bab. & Gibson Cynoglossum officinale L. Cyperus flavescens L. Cyperus fuscus L.

8 148 Cypripedium calceolus L. Cystopteris sudetica A. Braun & Milde Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata (L.) Soó Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P. H. Hunt & Summerh. Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soó Daphne mezereum L. Dentaria enneaphyllos L. Dentaria glandulosa Waldst. & Kit. Dianthus arenarius L. Dianthus armeria L. Dianthus carthusianorum L Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill. Dianthus superbus L. s. s. Digitalis grandiflora Mill. Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursch) Holub Diphasiastrum zeilleri (Rouy) Holub Dipsacus laciniatus L. Drosera anglica Huds. Drosera intermedia Hayne Drosera rotundifolia L. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray Elatine alsinastrum L. Elatine hexandra (Lapierre) DC. Elatine hydropiper L. em Oeder Elatine triandra Schkuhr Eleocharis mamillata (H. Lindb.) H. Lindb. ex Dörfl. s.s. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roem & Schult. Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. Empetrum nigrum L. s. s. Epilobium adnatum Griseb. Epipactis albensis Novakowa & Rydlo Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser Epipactis leptochila (Godfery) Godfery Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw. Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz Epipactis purpurata Sm. Epipogium aphyllum Sw.

9 149 Equisetum hyemale L. Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Erica tetralix L. Eriophorum gracile W. D. J. Koch Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe Eriophorum vaginatum L. Eryngium campestre L. Eryngium planum L. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Euphorbia exigua L. Euphorbia falcata L. Euphorbia platyphyllos L. Euphorbia serrulata Thuill. Euphorbia villosa Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. s.s. Festuca pallens Host Festuca psammophila (Hack. ex Čelak.) Fritsch Festuca rupicola Heuff. Festuca trachyphylla (Hack.) Krajina Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin Filago minima (Sm.) Pers. Filago vulgaris Lam. Filipendula vulgaris Moench Fumaria rostellata Knaf Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Will. Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. Gagea arvensis (Pers.) Dumort Gagea minima (L.) Ker Gawl. Gagea pratensis (Pers.) Dumort. Galium boreale L. Galium rivale (Sibth. & Sm.) Griseb. Galium rotundifolium L. Galium saxatile L. Galium spurium L. subsp. spurium Galium tricornutum Dandy Galium wirtgenii F. W. Schultz Genista germanica L. Genista pilosa L. Gentiana asclepiadea L. Gentiana cruciata L. Gentiana pneumonanthe L.

10 150 Gentianella bohemica Skalický Gentianella ciliata (L.) Borkh. Gentianella uliginosa (Willd.) Börner Geranium dissectum L. Geranium phaeum L. Geranium sanguineum L. Geranium sylvaticum L. Gladiolus imbricatus L. Gladiolus paluster Gaudin Glyceria declinata Bréb. Glyceria nemoralis (R. Uechtr.) R. Uechtr. & Körn Gnaphalium luteo-album L. Gnaphalium norvegicum Gunnerus Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. Gratiola officinalis L. Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. subsp. conopsea Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newman Gypsophila fastigiata L. Hacquetia epipactis (Scop.) DC. Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench Hepatica nobilis Schreb. Herniaria hirsuta L. Hierochloë odorata (L.) P. Beauv. Hierochloë australis (Schrad.) Roem. & Schult. Hippuris vulgaris L. Hordelymus europaeus(l.) Jess. ex Harz Hottonia palustris L. Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. Hyoscyamus niger L. Hypericum hirsutum L. Hypericum humifusum L. Hypericum montanum L. Hypochoeris glabra L. Hypochoeris maculata L. Illecebrum verticillatum L. Inula conyza DC. Inula hirta L. Inula salicina L. Iris aphylla L. Iris sibirica L. Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br.

11 151 Isopyrum thalictroides L. Jovibarba sobolifera (Sims) Opiz Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. Juncus alpino-articulatus Chaix Juncus atratus Krock. Juncus bulbosus L. Juncus filiformis L. Juncus squarrosus L. Juncus subnodulosus Schrank Juncus tenageia Ehrh. Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. Knautia dipsacifolia Kreutzer Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. Laserpitium latifolium L. Laserpitium prutenicum L. Lathyrus montanus Bernh. Lathyrus palustris L. Ledum palustre L. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Lembotropis nigricans (L.) Griseb. Lemna gibba L. Leonurus cardiaca L. Leucoium vernum L. Libanotis pyrenaica (L.) Bourg. Lilium martagon L. Linaria arvensis (L.) Desf. Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbás Linnaea borealis L. Linum austriacum L. Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. Lolium remotum Schrank Lonicera nigra L. Lonicera periclymenum L. Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub Lycopodium annotinum L. Lycopodium clavatum L. Lysimachia nemorum L. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Lythrum hyssopifolia L.

12 152 Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. Malva pusilla Sm. Matteucia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. Melampyrum arvense L. Melampyrum cristatum L. Melampyrum sylvaticum L. Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fr. Melica uniflora Retz. Melittis melissophyllum L. Mentha pulegium L. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Minuartia viscosa (Schreb.) Schinz & Thell. Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray Monotropa hypopitys L. s. s. Montia fontana L. subsp. amporitana Sennen Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. Myosotis caespitosa Schultz Myosotis discolor Pers. Myosurus minimus L. Najas marina L. Najas minor All. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. Nepeta pannonica L. Nigella arvensis L. Nonea pulla (L.) DC. Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. Nymphaea alba L. Nymphaea candida C. Presl Nymphoides peltata (S. G. Gmel.) Kuntze Omphalodes scorpioides (Haenke) Schrank Ononis arvensis L. Ononis spinosa L. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Orchis coriophora L. Orchis mascula (L.) L. Orchis militaris L. Orchis morio L. Orchis palustris Jacq. Orchis ustulata L. Ornithogalum collinum Guss.

13 153 Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Ornithopus perpusillus L. Orobanche alsatica Kirschl. Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. Orobanche elatior Sutton Orobanche flava Mart. ex F. W. Schultz Orobanche lutea Baumg. Orobanche pallidiflora Wimm. & Grab. Orobanche purpurea Jacq. Orthilia secunda (L.) House Osmunda regalis L. Oxycoccus palustris Pers. Parnassia palustris L. Pedicularis palustris L. Pedicularis sylvatica L. Peplis portula L. Petasites albus (L.) Gaertn. Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. Petasites kablikianus Tausch ex Bercht. Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P. W. Ball & Heywood Phyteuma orbiculare L. Pinguicula vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. Poa chaixii Vill. s.s. Poa remota Forselles Polygala amara L. subsp. brachyptera (Chodat) Hayek Polygala amarella Crantz Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Polypodium vulgare L. Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth Potamogeton acutifolius Link Potamogeton alpinus Balb. Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber Potamogeton compressus L. Potamogeton gramineus L. Potamogeton lucens L. Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & W. D. J. Koch Potamogeton pectinatus L.

14 154 Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen Potamogeton pusillus L. Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schltdl. Potentilla alba L. Potentilla anglica Laichard. Potentilla arenaria Borkh. Potentilla inclinata Vill. Potentilla norvegica L. Potentilla pusilla Host Potentilla recta L. Potentilla sterilis (L.) Garcke Potentilla supina L. Prenanthes purpurea L. Primula elatior (L.) Hill Primula veris L. Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler Prunella laciniata (L.) L. Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. Pulmonaria angustifolia L. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. subsp. patens Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill. Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Pyrola media Sw. Pyrola minor L. Pyrola rotundifolia L. Radiola linoides Roth Ranunculua arvensis L. Ranunculus cassubicus L. s. l. Ranunculus illyricus L. Ranunculus lingua L. Ranunculus platanifolius L. Ranunculus sardous Crantz Ranunculus serpens Schrank subsp. nemorosus (DC.) G. López Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. Rhynchospora fusca (L.) W. T. Aiton. Ribes alpinum L. Ribes nigrum L. Rosa gallica L. Rumex maritimus L. Sagina ciliata Fr.

15 155 Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl Sagina subulata (Sw.) C. Presl Salix daphnoides Vill. Salix myrtilloides L. Salix repens L. subsp. rosmarinifolia (L.) Hartm. Salix silesiaca Willd. Salvia glutinosa L. Salvia pratensis L. Salvinia natans (L.) All. Saxifraga hirculus L. Saxifraga tridactylites L. Scabiosa canescens Waldst. & Kit. Scabiosa columbaria L. s. s. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Palla Scilla bifolia L. s.s. Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják Scirpus radicans Schkuhr Scorzonera humilis L. Scorzonera purpurea L. s.s. Scrophularia scopolii Hoppe Scrophularia umbrosa Dumort. Scutellaria hastifolia L. Sedum villosum L. Selaginella helvetica (L.) Spring Senecio barbaraeifolius (Krock.) Wimm. & Grab. Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC. Senecio erucifolius L. Senecio fluviatilis Wallr. Senecio paludosus L. Senecio rivularis (Waldst. & Kit.) DC. Senecio sylvaticus L. Serratula tinctoria L. Seseli annuum L. Silaum silaus (L.) Schinz & Thell. Silene dichotoma Ehrh. Silene otites (L.) Wibel Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz Sparganium minimum Wallr. Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. Stachys germanica L. Stachys recta L.

16 156 Staphylea pinnata L. Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh. Stellaria longifolia H. L. Mühl. ex Willd. Stratiotes aloides L. Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. subsp. corymbosum Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) Symons agg. Taxus baccata L. Teesdalea nudicaulis (L.) R. Br. Teucrium botrys L. Teucrium scordium L. Teucrium scorodonia L. Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L. Thalictrum flavum L. Thalictrum lucidum L. Thalictrum minus L. subsp. minus Thalictrum simplex L. Thelypteris palustris Schott Thesium ebracteatum Hayne Thesium linophyllon L. Thlaspi perfoliatum L. Tofieldia calyculata (L.) Wahlenb. Trapa natans L. Trifolium fragiferum L. subsp. fragiferum Trifolium ochroleucon Huds. Trifolium rubens L. Trifolium spadiceum L. Triglochin palustre L. Trollius europaeus L. s. s. Utricularia australis R. Br. Utricularia intermedia Hayne Utricularia minor L. Utricularia ochroleuca R. W. Hartm. Vaccinium uliginosum L. Valeriana angustifolia Tausch Valeriana dioica L. s.s. Valeriana simplicifolia Kabath Valeriana tripteris L. s. l. Veratrum lobelianum Bernh. Verbascum blattaria L. Verbascum phoeniceum L. Veronica catenata Pennell

17 157 Veronica longifolia L. Veronica montana L. Veronica polita Fr. Veronica praecox All. Veronica prostrata L. Veronica scutellata L. Veronica teucrium L. Veronica verna L. Vicia cassubica L. Vicia dumetorum L. Vicia lathyroides L. Vicia pisiformis L. Vicia sylvatica L. Vicia tenuifolia Roth Vinca minor L. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. Viola collina Besser Viola elatior Fr. Viola hirta L. Viola mirabilis L. Viola pumila Chaix Viola rupestris F. W. Schmidt Viola stagnina Kit. Viola uliginosa Besser Vulpia myuros (L.) C. C. Gmel. Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. palustris Bibliography Fiek E Flora von Schlesien. J. U. Kern s Verl., Breslau, 527 pp. IUCN IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii Kornaś J., Medwecka-Kornaś A Geografia roślin (Plant geography). PWN, Warszawa, 528 pp. Michalak S Współczesne zmiany flory i fauny Opolszczyzny pod wpływem działalności człowieka, p.: In: Człowiek i Środowisko (Materiały z sesji naukowej Instytutu Śląskiego). Instytut Śląski w Opolu, Opole, 245 pp. Michalak S Wymieranie rodzimych składników flory na Równinie Opolskiej. Phytocoenosis 5, 3/4: Mirek Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa H., Zając A., Zając M Flowering Plants and Pteridophytes of Poland - a Checklist. W. Szafer Inst. of Botany, Pol. Acad of Sciences, Kraków, 442 pp.

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