Determining the potential range of dog-strangling vine in Ontario

Transcription

1 Determining the potential range of dog-strangling vine in Ontario

2 Dog strangling vine (DSV) (Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi) 2

3 What is known? Twining stems that smother vegetation. Drought-resistant roots. High seed production. Polyembryonic seeds. High germination and seedling survival rates. Minimal herbivory. Roots, fruit and seeds contain antofine, an antifungal/antibacterial allelochemical. Forms mycorrhizal and fungal associations. Limited control options chemical and mechanical. Recent approval of a biocontrol agent (Hypena). Area of invasion is increasing 3

4 Current Range of DSV in Ontario Di Tommaso et al., 2004 Current Study,

5 Study Design Manipulative Soil Experiments Site Assessments 5

6 Manipulative Experiments Mature Roots 8 soils from Non DSV regions. 10 pots per soil type each containing 5 roots. 5 pots with snow cover; 5 pots without snow cover 6

7 Does snow cover have any effect on overwintering success of mature roots? Preliminary Results: Overwintering Study (2012/13) Treatment Minimum Ambient Temperature (ºC) Minimum Soil Temperature at 5 cm depth (ºC) Snow Cover (cm) Survival Rate (%) Snow Cover No Snow Cover

8 Does snow cover have any effect on overwintering success of mature roots? Ambient Conditions Snow Cover Sheltered Conditions No Snow Cover 8

9 Proposed Cold Tolerance Experiment What is the minimum soil temperature for the survival of DSV roots? Winter Locations to be determined. 9

10 Soil Survey Experiments Seedling Establishment 10 soils from Non DSV regions of Ontario, including cat litter and potting soil 400 seeds per soil type Soil data ph range: 4.17 to 9.4 Texture: 95 sand to 100 clay Nutrients: P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn Microbes: 540 fungal phylotypes 10

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12 Preliminary Results: Seedling Establishment Germination Germination rates: 3.5 to 40% Soil ph is not a significant factor in seed germination. 12

13 Preliminary Results: Seedling Establishment Seedling Biomass Mean Biomass: 0.07 to 0.44 g Soil ph has little effect on seedling biomass. 13

14 Preliminary Results: Seedling Establishment 14

15 Site Assessments Sites 62 DSV-invaded 57 Non-DSV Environmental Variables Climate Soil ph, texture and nutrient availability Geology Habitat Vascular Plant Community Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Associations Total Fungal Associations 15

16 Climate Preliminary Results Temperature Winter Minimum: 49⁰C Summer Maximum: +40⁰C Precipitation Range: mm Snow Cover Range: 5 to 48 cm Native Range Climate Data Winter Minimum: 28⁰C Summer Maximum: +30⁰C Precipitation: 519 mm Snow Cover: 18 cm 16

17 Soil ph Preliminary Results ph range: 4.79 to 7.85 Published range for North America is ph 5.3 to

18 Soil Texture Preliminary Results Soil texture at DSV invaded sites: sandy loam (37%) loamy sand (33%) silt loam (18%) sand (7%) 18

19 Soil Nutrient Availability Preliminary Results Nutrient Availability P K Mg Mn Zn Found on soils deficient in phosphorus, manganese and zinc. Deficient Optimal Results of soil nitrogen analysis is forthcoming. Excess Percentage (%) of DSV-invaded sites. 19

20 Geology Preliminary Results Reported to grow on soils with sedimentary bedrock. Recent invasions onto metasedimentary bedrock (i.e. granite, gneiss). 20

21 Habitat Preliminary Results Grows on a variety of sites, including shady cedar forests and edge of wetlands with cattails and common reed. Also found to establish under black walnut and Norway spruce, contrary to previous observations. 21

22 Vascular Plant Associations Preliminary Results Associated with the presence of buckthorn and Tartary honeysuckle. Other associations include garlic mustard, wild carrot, Manitoba maple, riverbank grape and green ash. 22

23 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Preliminary Results Over 400 AMF fragments found in mature DSV roots. Two dominant fragments appear in over 80% of DSV root samples. * Waiting results of pyrosequencing for species identity. 23

24 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 24

25 Total Fungal Associations Preliminary Results Over 500 AMF fragments found in mature roots. Two dominant fragments appear in over 80% of DSV root samples. * Waiting for results of pyrosequencing for species identity. 25

26 Total Fungal Associations Preliminary Results Ilyonectria macrodidyma fungal pathogen causing: blackfoot of grapes* root rot of avocado trunk rot of olive Microdochium spp. fungal pathogen commonly known as pink snow mold causing: damage to cereal crops* 26

27 Putting it all together Results indicate that: Minimum soil temperatures may be a limiting factor. Soil ph has little effect on the establishment of DSV. Soil texture may limit the spread of DSV. Soil nutrient availability demonstrates that DSV invades soils with low phosphorus, manganese and zinc levels. A few vascular plant species are associated with DSV. Habitat and geology have little effect on the spread of DSV. DSV is dependent on AMF and TF for establishment. 27

28 Site Susceptibility to Invasion Environmental Variable HIGH MEDIUM LOW Climate Ambient Temperature Soil Temperature Snow Cover Warmer than -42C Warmer than -18C Sufficient for soil temperatures above -18 C Warmer than -42C Warmer than -18C Sufficient for soil temperatures above -18 C Colder than -42C Colder than -24.6C Sufficient for soil temperatures below -25C Soil ph Below 4.17 and Above 8.4 Soil texture 49 85% sand 12 48% silt <27% clay 49 85% sand 12 48% silt <27% clay >49% silt >27% clay Soil nutrient Phosphorus <10 ppm Potassium <250 ppm Magnesium <300 ppm Manganese <20 ppm Zinc <20 ppm Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) Phosphorus ppm Potassium >250 ppm Magnesium ppm Manganese ppm Zinc ppm Staghorn sumac (Rhus hirta) Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) Ground juniper (Juniperus communis) Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) Awnless brome (Bromus inermis) American elm (Ulmus americana) Eastern cedar (Thuja occidentalis) White pine (Pinus strobus) Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) Presence of TRF272bp Presence of TRF 65bp Presence of TRF 64bp Presence of TRF 308bp Presence of Ilyonectria macrodidyma Presence of Microdochium spp. Phosphorus >50 ppm Potassium >250 ppm Magnesium >800 ppm Manganese >30 ppm Zinc >80 ppm White spruce (Picea glauca) Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Beech (Fagus grandifolia) Vascular Plant Community Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Riverbank grape (Vitis riparia) Manitoba maple (Acer negundo) Green ash (Fraxinus americana) Wild carrot (Daucus carota) AMF Community Presence of TRF 272bp Presence of TRF 65bp Absence of TRF 272bp Absence of TRF 65 bp Total Fungal Community Presence of Ilyonectria macrodidyma Presence of Microdochium spp. Absence of Ilyonectria macrodidyma Absence of Microdochium spp. 28

29 Potential Range of DSV in Ontario 29

30 Potential Range of DSV in Ontario Source: Natural Resources Canada 30

31 Future Work Soil Microbe Diversity Study Compare: AMF/TF in soil and plants in DSV invaded and DSV absent plots Soil microbe diversity between the plots Performance Measures Stem density Stem height Fruit and seed production Biomass production 31

32 Acknowledgments Supervisory committee: Dr. Sandy Smith Dr. Roberta Fulthorpe Dr. Peter Kotanen Dr. Robert Bourchier Funding and Support: Invasive Species Research Institute Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Invasive Species Centre Agriculture and Agri Food Canada Permits and Field Support: Ontario Provincial Parks Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters National Parks of Canada Canadian Wildlife Service Nature Conservancy of Canada Bruce Trail Conservancy Couchiching Conservancy Kawartha Lakes Conservation Authority Niagara Region Conservation Authority Royal Botanic Gardens City of Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation City of Kitchener Waterloo Koffler Scientific Reserve, University of Toronto Ottawa Federation of Naturalists Special thanks: Rhoda de Jonge 32

33 References Callaway, R.M., Cipollini D., Barto K., Thelen G.C., Hallett S.G., Prati D., Stinson K., Klironomos J Novel weapons: invasive plant suppresses fungal mutualists in America but not in its native Europe. Ecology 89(4): Capo, M. and M. Saa ( ) Antofine: A Phenanthroindolizidine from Vincetoxicum nigrum. Journal of Natural Products Vol. 52, No. 2: Di Tommaso, A., F. Lawlor, and S.J. Darbyshire. (2004). The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 2. Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi [=Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar.] and Cynanchum louiseae (L.) Kartesz & Gandhi [=Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, pages Hallett, S.G Dislocation from coevolved relationships: a unifying theory for plant invasions and naturalization. Weed Science 54: Hierro, J.L., John L. Maron and Ragan M. Callaway A biogeographical approach to plant invasions: the importance of studying exotics in their introduced and native range. Journal of Ecology 93: Hierro, J.L., D. Villareal, O. Eren, J.M. Graham and R.M. Callaway Disturbance Facilitates Invasion: The Effects are Stronger Abroad than at Home. The American Naturalist Vol. 168, No. 2 Keane, R.M. and Crawley, M.J Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17(4), Kricsfalusy, V. and G. Miller Invasion and distribution of Cynanchum rossicum (Asclepiadaceae) in the Toronto region, Canada, with remarks on its taxonomy. Thaiszia Journal of Botany: 18: Mogg, C., P. Petit, N. Cappuccino, T. Durst, C. McKague, M. Foster, J.E. Yack, J.T. Arnason and M.L. Smith Tests of the antibiotic properties of the invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum against bacteria, fungi and insects. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 36: Tilman D., Downing J.A Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367: Doi: /367363a0 Toronto Regional Conservation Authority Dog strangling vine Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi: A review of distribution, ecology and control of this invasive exotic plant. Report prepared by Gavin Miller and V. Kricsfalusy, in conjunction with Rouge Park staff. Vivano, J.M., H.P. Bais, F.R. Stermitz, G.C. Thelen and R.M. Callaway Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry: novel weapons and exotic invasion. Ecology Letters 7: