Biocontrol of Garlic Mustard and Buckthorn, an Update
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1 Biocontrol of Garlic Mustard and Buckthorn, an Update Jeanie Katovich, Esther Gerber, Hariet Hinz, Luke Skinner, David Ragsdale Roger Becker, Laura Van Riper and Andre Gassman
2 Where is garlic mustard a problem? Garlic mustard is a problem in the forest understory where it can crowd out more desirable native species Steve Katovich
3 Garlic mustard is also a problem along forest edges and pathways
4 Garlic mustard distribution by state
5 Garlic mustard is a biennial plant Becker Garlic mustard seedlings emerge early In the spring
6 Garlic mustard grows as a rosette during the first year. Steve Katovich
7 In the spring of the second season, garlic mustard rosettes bolt and flower.
8 Garlic mustard flower Becker
9 Garlic mustard plants form seed capsules in early summer
10 Seeds mature by mid-july
11 Mature garlic mustard seeds Becker
12 Potential Garlic Mustard Biocontrol Insects
13 Potential Biocontrol Insects for Garlic Mustard Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis - crown miner Ceutorhynchus roberti stem miner Ceutorhynchus alliariae stem miner Ceutorhynchus constrictus seed feeder
14
15 Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis McCornack
16 C. scrobicollis Life Cycle Summer Adult Aestivation Spring Soil pupation Adult emergence Fall Oviposition Winter Oviposition and Larval Development
17 McCornack
18 Brian McCornack
19 Brian McCornack
20 New Lateral Growth Main Root Crown Larval Damage
21 Impact of C. scrobicollis on garlic mustard plants Increased plant mortality Reduced above ground biomass Reduced seed output
22 Shoot Miners C.alliariae and C. roberti CABI-Bioscience
23 CABI-Bioscience
24
25 Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis C. roberti C. alliariae not to forget Ceutorhynchus constrictus.. CABI-Bioscience
26 Host Range Set of plant species on which a biological control insect can feed and develop (McEvoy, 1996)
27 The ideal biological weed control insect would only complete its life cycle on the target weed
28 High Security Containment Facility University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
29 Results of Host Range Testing C. scrobicollis 88 plant species included in nochoice testing 51 plant species included in larval development tests.
30 Results of Host Range Tests C. scrobicollis No plant species outside of the Brassicaceae family were attacked by C. scrobicollis. Within the Brassicaceae family, many plant species were accepted for oviposition but did not support larval development. In larval development testing, only one native mustard species (Rorippa sinuata) supported the development of adults. When both garlic mustard and Rorippa sinuata were included in single choice testing, only garlic mustard was attacked. We believe that under field conditions, the risk of attack to Rorripa sinuata is very low.
31 Current Status of Host Range Testing Progam Petition submitted to the Technical Advisory Group for Biological Control Agents of Weeds (TAG). At TAG reviewers request we have included 10 additional native mustards, most native to southern California, in host range testing. Additional testing should be completed this winter and the TAG petition will be re-submitted.
32 Buckthorn Native to Europe Forms canopies in forest understory Impacts Reduced diversity Ecosystem function Reduce regeneration of tree seedlings Bird nesting Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) Glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) (Heneghan et al. 2002; Schmidt and Whelan 1999)
33 Potential for Buckthorn Biocontrol Research initiated in 2001 CABI Switzerland Looking for biological control agents specific to R. cathartica and F. alnus 7 Rhamnus species native to the US 5 Frangula species native to the US 39 specialized arthropods were identified 10 were studied further Host-specificity testing 2003-present
34 5 high-priority species for further research Species Feeding guild Field hosts Trichochermes walkeri (Homoptera, Triozidae) Cacopsylla rhamnicola (Homoptera, Psyllidae) Trioza rhamni (Homoptera, Triozidae) Wachtiella krumbholzi (Diptera; Cecidomyiidae) Lasioptera kosarzewskella (Diptera ; Cecidomyiidae) Sap-sucker/ leaf gall inducer Sap-sucker Sap-sucker / pit-gall inducer Seed-feeder Seed-feeder R. cathartica R. cathartica; occurrence on F. alnus needs to be confirmed R. cathartica R. cathartica R. cathartica Gassman et al report to LCCMR
35 Trichochermes walkeri (Homoptera, Triozidae) sap-sucker/leaf gall inducer Photos by A. Gassmann
36 Phytoplasma found in T. walkeri Phytoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma rhamni (buckthorn witches broom) has been detected in two populations of T. walkeri in Switzerland. T. walkeri is the first insect host record for this phytoplasma. Need additional studies Is the phytoplasma in the US? Photos of other witches broom/ yellows phytoplamsas Photos from
37 Cacopsylla rhamnicola (Homoptera, Psyllidae) sap-sucker Photos by A. Gassmann
38 Gall midges Photos by A. Gassmann
39 Current status of biocontrol Continue to perform host-specificity tests on potential biocontrol agents Challenges Obtaining and growing native Rhamnus and Frangula Need insects with specificity and high damage levels Frangula alnus (glossy buckthorn) Difficulty finding host-specific insect species Difficult to grow F. alnus at CABI Work is now focused on Rhamnus cathartica
40 Current status of biocontrol Rhamnus cathartica (common buckthorn) Consultation with outside experts will direct work in Continue to assess the feasibility of using T. walkeri, C. rhamnicolla, and W. krumbholzi as biological control agents for R. cathartica. Study the causes of the high levels of seed and seedling mortality of R. cathartica observed in Europe as a step toward identifying additional potential biological control agents including pathogens.
41 We would like to thank the following for funding these projects: USDA Forest Service Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources
42 Letters of support for garlic mustard biocontrol project Please contact Jeanie Katovich
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