Plant Breeding at North Dakota State University. Todd P. West, Ph.D. NDSU Woody Plant Improvement Program Director
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1 Plant Breeding at North Dakota State University Todd P. West, Ph.D. NDSU Woody Plant Improvement Program Director
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3 NDSU Woody Plant Improvement Program (WPIP) Woody plant evaluations began Improvement program initiated by Dr. Dale E. Herman (Professor Emeritus, ) First plant introductions. Under the direction of Dr. Dale Herman, 51 woody plant selections have been introduced Dr. Todd West selected as WPIP Project Leader Total of 56 introductions have been made.
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5 Three Primary Goals 1. Evaluate unreleased or released cultivars from the nursery trade to determine usability in the United States Northern Great Plains. 2. Select and/or breed new cultivars suitable for the Northern Great Plains. Fortunately, many of the selections are suitable for much wider use. 3. Increase plant diversity
6 Diversity Need for adapted, winter hardy, pest resistant woody plants suitable for use in the northern US and prairie Canada. Many of the current commercially available nursery cultivars are not suitable for USDA cold climatic zones 3 and 4, lower annual moisture availability, and higher soil ph levels. Need to increase plant diversity in response to disease and insect pest issues and loss of adapted genera and species- Ash, Elm, Spruce, Pine.
7 Where am I?
8 Photo by
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11 North Dakota
12 North Dakota Evaluation Sites Carrington Dickinson Absaraka - Primary Research Evaluation Sites - Secondary Research Evaluation Sites
13 World Map Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification
14 Last Frost Date: May 10 First Frost Date: September 25 ND Average Growing Days: 130 January Average Low: C January 2016 Low: -31 C (-24 F)
15 NDSU Dale E. Herman Research Arboretum Absaraka The program has evaluated 200+ genera and 3,000+ species and cultivars of trees and shrubs. Over accessions obtained, evaluated and developed since planting began in Largest woody ornamental plant collection in North Dakota and the Northern Great Plains. Located near Absaraka, ND Total of 80 acres (~32 hectares)
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18 Photos by NDSU WPIP
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20 N
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22 ~ 22 ha (55 acres)
23 Urban Climate Conditions NDSU WPIP program is ideal for Northern US climate conditions. Urban Soils are typically: Compacted Dry High ph (>8.0) ND is one of the driest states in the United States ND soils are typically >8.0 ph
24 Evaluations
25 Northern site for American Rose Trials for Sustainability (A.R.T.S) Photos by NDSU WPIP
26 Cultivar Comparison Blocks with Industry Cooperators Photos by NDSU WPIP
27 Northern site for Hybrid maple (Acer palmatum x A. pseudosieboldianum) Trial Photo by NDSU WPIP
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31 Cultivars Grafted 47 Albanos (Eppler s Black) Aurea Black Plum Bukouvinski Butilochni Chicago Dripping Cherries Dublany Early Bird Early Purple Elegant Flava Florianka Gelbe Selection Golden Glory Julico Juliusz Kotula Kuklen Lagodekhi #1 Lagodekhi #2 Lagodekhi Yellow Lukanovski Lutea Macrocarpa Neczhnyi Palzoski Priorski Pyramidalis Raciborski Red Dawn Red Star Schonbrunner Gourmet Shan Shumen Slowianin Spring Glow Surprise Tcarigradski TS804 (UW-Arboretum) Typ 3 Vavilov Violacea Vladimirski Vraca Yantarny Yellow September
32 Cornus mas Micropropagation Evaluation
33 Germplasm Sources Foreign and domestic seed sources Growing out seedling populations and selecting individuals with superior attributes. Plant breeding Traditional breeding including F 2 populations to observe segregation of traits. Hybridizing Both intra- and interspecific hybridization In Vitro Tissue Culture Somaclonal variation Embryo rescue Mutagenesis Genetic engineering
34 Plant Improvement Methods Selections by landscape observations Seed source and seed lot variation (mass selection) Breeding Traditional Mutagenic
35 Selection by Landscape Observation Established mature seedling origin trees growing in landscapes throughout the central and northern plains. Select for species, form, plant quality, non or minimal fruiting, fall color, adaptability to soil ph, droughty conditions, etc. Upright Bur Oak Columnar Colorado Spruce Photos by Greg Morgenson, NDSU
36 Seed Source and Seed Lot Variation Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) seed lot variation in seedlings. Photos by NDSU WPIP
37 Sept 23, 2007 Sept 22, 2012 Sept 25, 2014 Selected as 2-yr seedling in 2002 for very early red fall color initiation (day length dependent not temperature dependent), grown for additional 10 years to observe fall color, 2015 release from NDSU Woody Plant Program. Photos by Greg Morgenson, NDSU
38 Breeding (Traditional)
39 Magnolia Breeding
40 Magnolia Breeding Historically the NDSU WPIP selections were a result of selections by landscape observations and mass selection (seed lot variation). No breeding work was conducted prior to Started breeding of Magnolia in 2012.
41 How did I get involved in the crazy world of Magnolias? Spring Welcome Magnolia (Magnolia xloebneri Ruth ) Blooms reliably even after early spring frosts. Flowers are pale pink in bud, gradually opening to white with tepals. Outperformed other Loebner Magnolia hybrids tested in USDA hardiness zone 4. Dennis Ledvina Sent to me asking if my seed source for Spring Welcome was from the MSI seed counter program. Mentor Photos by NDSU WPIP
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43 Dennis Ledvina Met Dennis in 2012 Made ~150 crosses in 2012 Made ~200 crosses in 2013 After seed collection in 2014, decision was made to focus breeding efforts. Photo by NDSU WPIP
44 NDSU Breeding Goals Hardiness To increase availability of hardy selections of magnolia for USDA cold hardiness zones 3b 4b. Focusing on: Form - Narrow form, smaller size (dwarf) Bloom Flower color, shape and size - Anything to increase flower color diversity from white Increased bloom time Increased fragrance
45 Breeding Objectives Hardiness Developing magnolias hardy in a USDA hardiness zone 3b/4a environment Late blooming to avoid spring frosts Utilizing Spring Welcome magnolia (M. x loebneri Ruth ) and Lynn magnolia (M. stellata Lynn ) M. acuminata hybrids from Dennis Ledvina and others. Field trials to determine hardiness potential of species, cultivars and unreleased materials. Spring Welcome Magnolia Photo by NDSU WPIP
46 Magnolia x Yellow Lantern (M. acuminata var. subcordata x M. xsoulangeana Alexandrina ) Photos by NDSU WPIP and
47 Photos by Todd West, NDSU
48 Breeding Objectives Bloom Color Yellow, Pink, Magenta Bloom time (late and extended) Photos by NDSU WPIP
49 Breeding Objectives - Form Developing dwarf-sized selections. Genie Sunsprite Developing narrow fastigiate (upright) selections. Candle Stick unreleased Ledvina hybrid Sunspire Sunsprite
50 M. x Genie Photo by NDSU WPIP
51 Breeding Pollen Collection Photo by NDSU WPIP
52 Breeding Limitations - Field Timing Limited field planted germplasm in ND. Cold temps, especially at night can cause poor pollen tube development resulting in poor seed set. Photo by NDSU WPIP
53 Photo by NDSU WPIP
54 Photos by NDSU WPIP
55 Wednesday 26 April 2017 Night temps: -4.5 C (~24 F) Photo by Todd West
56 Magnolia xloebneri Leonard Messel Photo by NDSU WPIP
57 Breeding Forced Flowers Greenhouse forced flowers Limitation Space Crosses Lynn x Candle Stick Lynn x Burgundy Spire Lynn x Vulcan Lynn x Golden Gift Lynn x Black Beauty Lynn x Rose Marie Lynn x Peppermint Pop ( Cosmic Gem ) Photo by NDSU WPIP
58 Seed Collection Hybrid crosses
59 Seed Collection M. acuminata seed for growing own rootstocks. Photo by NDSU WPIP
60 Photo by NDSU WPIP
61 Grow out of hybrid seed crosses for future outplanting at research arboretum. Photos by NDSU WPIP
62 Cuttings and Grafting Photo by NDSU WPIP
63 Magnolias may not be the most profitable, so.
64 Northern Spotlight Korean Maple Acer pseudosieboldianum KorDak NDSU release. Very winter hardy Korean Maple selection. 7-9 palmately lobed simple leaf Potential to fill void of winter hardy Japanese Maples. Retention of leaves throughout winter months may assist in winter sun protection. Photo by Greg Morgenson, NDSU
65 Fall Summer Photos by Greg Morgenson, NDSU
66 Acer x (A. pseudosieboldianum x A. palmatum) X Acer pseudosieboldianum KorDak Northern Spotlight Korean Maple Acer palmatum, Japanese Maple Photo by Greg Morgenson, NDSU Photo by UBC Botanic Garden
67 Photos by NDSU WPIP
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69 Acer xfreemanii (A. saccharinum x A. rubrum) X Acer saccharinum Skinner, Skinner s Cutleaf Silver Maple Acer rubrum Minnkota, Fall Grandeur Red Maple
70 Photos by NDSU WPIP
71 F1 Hybrid Autumn Blaze Freeman maple with maple gall mites (top) F1 Hybrid with no maple gall mites (bottom) Photos by NDSU WPIP
72 Elms Ulmus parvifolia 'Hallelujah, Hallelujah lacebark elm Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Burgundy Glow, Northern Empress Japanese elm Photos by NDSU WPIP
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74 Photos by NDSU WPIP
75 Sambucus nigra TS14019 Prostrate Form
76 Breeding Mutagenic Using gamma radiation and chemical mutagens Trifluralin Oryzalin Colchicine EMS Limited genetic diversity Development of induced polyploids and point mutations
77 Breeding Research
78 Procedures Developing freeze test procedures in for earlier hardiness screening Breeding - making interspecific crosses with cold hardy species and hybrids Developing molecular markers for breeding selection Utilizing genetic modification technology for earlier trait screening
79 Freeze Tests Measuring Electrical Conductivity (EC) Photo by Todd West, NDSU WPIP
80 Freeze Tests Measuring Electrical Conductivity (EC)
81 Research (Other)
82 Propagation Tissue Culture For propagation and mutagenic breeding such as chromosome doubling. Photos by NDSU WPIP
83 Propagation Shoot Forcing (Latent/Epicormic Buds) Photos by NDSU WPIP
84 Photos by NDSU WPIP
85 Photo by NDSU WPIP
86 Propagation Grafting Oak rootstock compatibility trials and tolerance to higher ph soils. Prairie Pioneer dwarf chinkapin oak on Q. bicolor (left) and on Q. macrocarpa (right). Photo by NDSU WPIP
87 Evaluating Flower Colors Colorimeter expensive but not subjective. CR-400 Konica Minolta Use RHS Colour Chart 6 th ed Light sensitive Time consuming Subjective Nix Pro Color Sensor
88 Nix Pro Color Sensor Handheld device that can measure the color of any surface and provide accurate color information to smartphones or tablets. Patented design blocks out all ambient light and uses its own calibrated light source to provide an industry-leading level of accuracy. $350 U.S. dollars
89 Magnolia x Roseanne M. lilliflora O Neill x M. kobus Noman Gould Tetraploid cross Hybrid has six or seven tepals Rich lavender pink on the outside and a lighter pink on the inside. Denise Ledvina introduction
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99 Need to create database by scanning all 812 colour references from the RHS Colour Chart, 6 th ed.
100 Photo by Thank You!
101 More Information: NDSU Research Foundation links to individual introductions Overview page Links to datasheets for individual introductions Links to PDF lists of the NDSU introductions Dr. Todd West NDSU Woody Plant Improvement Program Contact: Greg Morgenson NDSU Woody Plant Improvement Program Contact:
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