7/5/2017. Biological Calendars: Using Growing Degree-Days and Plant Phenology to Predict Pest Activity

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Biological Calendars: Using Growing Degree-Days and Plant Phenology to Predict Pest Activity Dan Herms Department of Entomology The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development

1 Biological Calendars: Using Growing Degree-Days and Plant Phenology to Predict Pest Activity Dan Herms Department of Entomology The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster Effective monitoring is the key to IPM: Constraint: overwhelming biodiversity Solution: efficient, strategic monitoring Key plants and pests Prediction tools: degree-days, biological calendars Phenology: The study of recurring biological events Cincinnati Reds home opener Swimming pool opens Last day of school First day of summer camp Phenology: the foundational science of human existence Serpent Mound Fort Ancient University of Cincinnati 1150 Year Record of Cherry Blossom Phenology in Kyoto, Japan Climate change and phenology at Walden Pond y_blossoms_ninnaji_temple_kyoto_japan.jpg We determined that plants bloomed seven days earlier on average than they did in Thoreau s times. Miller-Rushing et al Front. Ecol. Environ. 10: content/uploads/2012/07/under-the-japanese- Cherry-B.jpg Miller-Rushing and Primack Global warming and flowering times in Thoreau s Concord: a community perspective. Ecology 89:

Nielsen, Ohio State University Gina Penny Multiflora rose, Rosa multiflora High biodiversity in landscapes and nurseries creates IPM challenges

2 D.G. Nielsen, Ohio State University 7/5/2017 Revised USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map: much of Northern US updated to warmer zone Black vine weevil now emerging 2-3 weeks earlier than in 1970 D.G. Nielsen, Ohio State University Gina Penny Multiflora rose, Rosa multiflora High biodiversity in landscapes and nurseries creates IPM challenges Objectives: 1. Heat Units (Growing Degree-Days) 2. Phenology and biological calendars Development rate of plants and insects is temperature dependent. Daily temperature readings can be used to calculate growing degree-days, which is a measure of accumulated heat. 2

3 Growing Degree - Day (Heat Units): Amount of heat accumulated over a specified base temperature during a 24 hour day Growing Degree-Days (Heat Units): GDD = Avg Temp Base Temp Max = 80, Min = 60, Base = = 20 GDD Base Temperature: Temperature above which degree-day accumulation is calculated. Ideally, the lower temperature threshold Common base temps: 50 F, 42 F, 32 F Lower Temperature Threshold: Temperature below which no growth or development occurs in the species of interest. Cumulative Degree - Days: Number of degree-days accumulated during a specified time interval (i.e. since the beginning of the year). Key Point: Degree-days only have meaning if base temperature and starting date are specified. 3

Average Method: Calculating Degree-Days Average method Modified average method Modified sine wave DD = Avg Temp Base Temp Max = 70, Min = 40 70 + 40 2-50 = 5 DD Max = 70, Min = 40 Modified Sine Wave

4 Average Method: Calculating Degree-Days Average method Modified average method Modified sine wave DD = Avg Temp Base Temp Max = 70, Min = = 5 DD Max = 70, Min = 40 Modified Sine Wave Method: Average Method: = 5 DD Modified Average Method: = 10 DD Limitations of Degree-Day Models: Insect response to temperature is not linear. Lower temperature threshold known for very few species. Measured temperatures not the same as those experienced by the pest. Degree-days are cumbersome to track. Since plant development is temperature-dependent, phenological events of plants can also be used to track degree-days and predict pest development. 4

Hypothesis: the flowering sequence of ornamental plants can be used as a biological calendar to predict pest activity and schedule pest management appointments.

5 Hypothesis: the flowering sequence of ornamental plants can be used as a biological calendar to predict pest activity and schedule pest management appointments. The hypothesis was tested in Secrest Arboretum by monitoring over the past 7 years: 1. The phenology of 45 key arthropod pests of ornamental plants (e.g. egg hatch, adult emergence). 2. The flowering sequence of 75 taxa of woody ornamental plants. Key Phenological Events First bloom: date first flower on the plant opens to reveal pistils and / or stamens. Full bloom: date 95% of flowers have opened (e.g. 1 out of 20 buds remains closed). Phenological Sequence for Secrest Arboretum Species Event Degree-Days Red Maple first bloom 45 Eastern Tent Caterpillar egg hatch 92 Eastern Redbud first bloom 197 Gypsy Moth egg hatch 203 Snowdrift Crabapple first bloom 214 Birch Leafminer adult emergence 231 Common Lilac first bloom 238 Pine Needle Scale egg hatch 301 Vanhoutte Spirea first bloom 309 Lilac Borer adult emergence 336 Black Cherry first bloom 376 Euonymus Scale egg hatch 463 Black Locust first bloom 503 Bronze Birch Borer adult emergence 519 Mountain-laurel first bloom 565 Juniper Scale egg hatch 579 Littleleaf Linden first bloom 878 Japanese Beetle adult emergence 966 The flowering sequence of plants can be used as a biological calendar to track degree-days and schedule pest management appointments. Red maple, Acer rubrum S. Gage, Michigan State Univ. D.G. Nielsen, Ohio State Univ. 5

Corneliancherry Dogwood, Cornus mas Star Magnolia, Magnolia stellata Border Forsythia, Forsythia x intermedia Saucer Magnolia, Magnolia soulangiana Eastern tent

6 Corneliancherry Dogwood, Cornus mas Star Magnolia, Magnolia stellata Border Forsythia, Forsythia x intermedia Saucer Magnolia, Magnolia soulangiana Eastern tent caterpillar egg hatch Bradford Callery Pear, Pyrus calleryana Bradford European pine sawfly egg hatch PJM Rhododendron, Rhododendron x PJM Serviceberry, Amelanchier grandiflora 6

7 Spruce spider mite egg hatch Redbud, Cercis canadensis Gypsy moth egg hatch Crabapple, Malus spp. Koreanspice Viburnum, Viburnum carlesi 7

8 Birch leafminer adult emergence Common lilac, Syringa vulgaris Pine needle scale egg hatch Black cherry, Prunus serotina Optimal timing for aerial Bt applications for gypsy moth Miss Kim Lilac, Syringa patula Miss Kim 8

9 Oystershell scale egg hatch Black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia Emerald Ash Borer: Agrilus planipennis June 2006 August 2009 Littleleaf Linden, Tilia cordata Key premise: phenological sequence remains constant from year-to-year. Japanese Beetle 9

10 How accurate is a sequence that was developed in another region? Google: MSU Phenology 10

Phenology and Weed Management. John Cardina, Catherine Herms and Dan Herms

Phenology and Weed Management. John Cardina, Catherine Herms and Dan Herms Phenology and Weed Management John Cardina, Catherine Herms and Dan Herms What do we want to predict to aid weed management? When to look When to get ready When to treat When it s too late Growth stages