Vermont Growers Seminar February 22 nd, 2014

Transcription

1 Vermont Growers Seminar February 22 nd, 2014 Presenter: Matthew DeBacco

2 About Mad Scientist Matt D. Growing pumpkins for last 14 years Growing pumpkins continuously for the last 1,760+ days Two time and current CT State Record 1,766.5 pounds

3 About Mad Scientist Matt D. Masters in Agronomy from University of Connecticut Thesis on Organic Suppression of Powdery Mildew on cucurbit & Assessing decomposition of fiber pots Worked for UConn Extension Service with their Nutrient Management Program Currently back at UConn working on a Masters in Education

4 Disclaimer *The following presentation is only intended to provide a guide *Applicator assumes all responsibilities *Read the label on any and all products you are considering using

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7 Know what you are dealing with Proper diagnosis is important Fungi Bacteria Viruses Insects Other Nutrient Deficiencies Physical infections

8 Bacteria Difficult to control Replicate related to temperature Not typically our main issue

9 Viruses Viruses are non-living Hard to kill something not living No real cure Need an immune system to eliminate

10 Fungi The main class of problems This is why we have fungicides

11 How fungicides (in general) work Chemical interferes with a part of the fungicides natural replication process Different fungicides target different processes

12 Why do fungicides loose effectiveness over time? When fungicides are applied you are essentially selecting for those organisms that are resistant es/interviews/resistance.gif

13 This is why rotations are important You want to select for different populations As a product gets used more it becomes less effective This is why the new expensive chemicals work the best (lack of resistant strains)

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15 Preventative Vs Curative Preventative - Fungicide prevents the establishment of an infection. Fungicides that are preventative only must be applied before infection. Curative - Fungicide interrupts the development of an established infection before visible symptoms and production of spores.

16 Contact vs Systemic Contact- Basically have to touch the fungus on application to be effective Typically have less resistance built up to Ex. Chlorothionil (Bravo, Daconil, Echo, others)

17 Contact vs. Systemic Systemic- Travels inside the plant, moves away from the initial site of application Different types of systemic fungicides

18 Contact vs. Systemic

19 Locally Systemic Basically does not travel very far

20 Xylem Systemic Xylem is the internal plant vessel that is responsible mainly for water transport This is a common form of systemic Basically moves in only one direction away from application site phloem.jpg/ /xylem phloem.jpg

21 Phloem Systemic Phloem- Plant vessel that transports food. Difficult to get this type of systemic Up/Down systemic meaning it moves all over the plant Ex. Product applied to the leaves could make it all the way down to the roots phloem.jpg/ /xylem phloem.jpg

22 How can I understand this after Matt leaves? Fungicides are given a FRAC code which relates to their (MOA) mode of action Botrytis, Powdery Mildew and Fungicide Resistance University of California

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24 Basics to remember Rotate Modes of Action (MOA) Spray a systemic with a contact when ever possible

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26 Other Cautions REI (Reentry Interval)- Restriction of time when workers can not be in the field and in contact with the applied product. DTH (Days to Harvest)- Number of days following product application that you can not harvest the crop (can change by crop species)

27 % Active Ingredient Check the % of active ingredient in the product This can change the dilution rate If you do not pay attention to this you could either burn the plant or increase resistance

28 Off-patent active ingredient is key Growers tend to favor talking in Trade name, because they are easier to relate to and is what is advertised Ex. Round-Up

29 Patents Typically the company that first discovers and patents the active ingredient has exclusive rights to that for X number of years After that time other companies can manufacture it and will offer it for less, even though the active ingredient is the same

30 Biological Fungicides Also have different modes of action Competitive exclusion Attacking

31 Organic what does it really mean Organic typically refers to a product that is considered to be environmentally friendly Example: PyGanic is broken down by sunlight Talstar is a chemical that is stable in UV light So it persists in the environment

32 Copper and OMRI (Organic Material Review Institute) Copper contains no carbon It persists in the environment But it works Organic does not mean no spray

33 Method of application is important Mist blower is the best I am using less product, which means reduced cost and environmental impact over time

34 SR 450 SR

35 Timing of application Time of day- Sunset prefered, but morning and times of low light are best Time of year- Should correlate with the disease you are trying to control

36 Timing Application (in-season) If you spray to early, there are increased odds of resistance

37 Some Basic Groups and potential issues Bio: Biologicals M1: Copper- do not get along with other products M5: Contacts Group 11: Strobilurins- Resistant issues, rotations are key Group 33: Phosphorius acid- Very effective systemic

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39 Common products Eagle (Turf) : Rally (Ag) (a.i. myclobutanil)- Good systemic for Powdery Mildew, but should be tank mixed with a contact like Bravo

40 Common products Immunox (a.i. Myclobutanil) Notice any similarities?

41 Common products Quintec Often used in rotation with Rally (a sterol inhibitor) Can be difficult to find Should be used preventatively for Powdery Mildew

42 &psig=afqjcnfv-kqp2o55ucv0efulavmg0w329g&ust= Common products Merit (Turf), Bayer Tree and Shrub, - Off patent now, Zenith has the same active ingredient s/ _merit-75wsp-imidacloprid-insecticide.jpg oductimages/300/27/27b385f2-fc49-469f-a a1e873e0_300.jpg

43 Common products TKO- Listed as a fertilizer, but Phosphorus acid salts

44 Common products Bravo (a.i. chlorothalonil)- Best contact, if you only had one. Good general fungicide

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46 Common products Mancozeb Not taken up from the soil by plants Has some effectiveness against Downy and Gummy Stem

47 Same as Mancozeb Dithane Same active ingredient as Mancozeb ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (EBDCs)

48 Common products Infuse (a.i. Propicanizole) Same as Banner Max (used for blights, powdery mildew, and Rusts) Recommended tank mix with Bravo

49 Common products Neem- Watch hot weather, and separation with water There is increased odds of burning the plant Growers have had success

50 Common products Cleary s 3336 (a.i. thiophanate-methyl) - Worked better in the past, now has resistance issues

51 Common products Pristine (Pageant = turf label)- Dual action group 11, but there is limited effectiveness

52 Common products Captain Broad spectrum, more effective at early stages of disease. DMI fungicide (Group 3) so there are resistance issues Not recommended to use in hot weather

53 Common products Sulfur Easy to get, cheap Do not use in 90+F weather

54 Common products Serenade- Bacillus subtilis (QST713 strain) Companion- Bacillus subtilis (GB03* strain) Actinovate (Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108) - There are some studies on it mons.calpoly.edu%2fcgi%2fviewcontent.cgi%3farticle%3d1545%26context%3dtheses&ei=wekauqvoqk8yahqzic4dg&usg=afqjcnecrrz5yalyhodvjr_ww0fy5ow0ra&bvm=bv ,d.awm

55 Common diseases for New England Powdery Mildew Gummy Stem / Black Rot Plectosporium Phytophthora / Downy Mildew (Preventive list vs already present)

56 Powdery Mildew Quintec Rally Strobilurin (Group 11) have been officially removed due to resistance issues Pristine

57 Gummy Stem / Black Rot Bravo Mancozeb

58 Plectosporium Bravo Group 11 s cb /gardener/images/8/81/pumpkin_plectosporium_blight_stem.jpg

59 Phytophthora / Downy Mildew Different species so different products have different levels of effectiveness based on the particular species present during that particular year. This is where products can get really expensive Phosphorus salts are a good place to start

60 Different strains have varying virulence's and hosts ranges Host Pathotype (strain) Pathotype (strain) Host * Cucumber Cantaloupe Sweet Melon Sour Melon Water Melon Pumpkin and Squash * 6th pathotype identified in Israel in indicates infection and disease - indicates no or very little disease (modified from Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases, APS Press, St. Paul MN)

61 Downy Mildew

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