Isolation optimization of bacterial endophytes from cucumber plants and evaluation of their effects on growth promotion and biocontrol

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Isolation optimization of bacterial endophytes from cucumber plants and evaluation of their effects on growth promotion and biocontrol"

Transcription

1 Isolation optimization of bacterial endophytes from cucumber plants and evaluation of their effects on growth promotion and biocontrol Ozaktan H., Gül A., Çakır B., Yolageldi L., Akköprü A., Fakhraei D., Akbaba M. University of Ege Faculty of Agriculture Department of Plant Protection, 35100, Bornova-İzmir/Turkey

2 GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION IN TURKEY Greenhouse production is generally located on the coastal regions of Turkey. About 87% of the greenhouse production area in Turkey is concentrated in the Mediterranean region.

3 Year Cucumber production in Turkey Total Production (tons)

4

5 SOME IMPORTANT CUCUMBER DISEASES IN TURKEY Causal agent Pseudoperonospora cubensis Downy Mildew disease Erysiphe cichoracearum, Sphaerotheca fuliginea Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum Pseudomonas.syringae.pv. lachrymans Cucumber mosaic virus Powdery mildew Fusarium Wilt Angular leaf spot CMV

6 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, which is a soil-borne fungus, causes wilting and death of cucumber plants grown in greenhouse. Fungus colonizes the xylem vessls of cucumber plants as systemically and causes vascular discoloration

7 Angular leaf spot of cucumber caused by PSL is one of the most widespread and serious disease of cucumber plants in Turkey. Systemic invasion of cucumber seedling stems, leaves, fruits and seeds by PSL is observed on pathogenic bacteria infected plants Water-soaked symptoms on leaves Angular leaf spots and cracks on leaf and stem tissues secreation of bacterial ooze growth - tip infection and death of plant fruit symptoms

8 Bottlenecks and search for solution???? It is difficult to control of FOC and PSL because these plant pathogens could cause systemic invasion and move in the cucumber plant tissues by xylem vessels There is no resistant cucumber cultivars to FOC and PSL In response to environmental and health concerns about extended use of pesticides, there is considerable interest in finding alternative control approaches for use in integrated pest management strategies for crop diseases Biological control has been considered as an potential method for controlling the plant diseases The use of endophytic bacteria (EB) to control plant-pathogenic bacteria and fungi is receiving increasing attention as a sustainable alternative to synthetic pesticides. In order to reduce the input of pesticides and fertilizers and to make an eco-friendly agriculture, it will be important to develop inocula of biofertilizers, and biopesticides

9 Endophytic bacteria, which live inter- and intracellularly in plants without inducing pathogenic symptoms, interact with the host biochemically and genetically. Endophytic bacteria may play many important beneficial roles in the metabolism and physiology of the host plant, including inducing the growth promotion, inhibiting strong fungal activity, and antagonizing bacterial pathogens. The internal plant tissues provide a protective environment for endophytic bacteria, which colonize an ecological niche similar to plant pathogens. Endophytic bacteria are defined as bacteria that can be isolated from surface-disinfected plant tissues or extracted from within plants and are not observed to harm the host plants cell

10 ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA (EB) EB Plant growth promotion Biological control of plant diseases increasing the availability of nutrients for the plant, production of the phytohormones, degrading the toxic compounds suppressing of ethylene production by ACC deaminase Inhibiting fungal activity and antagonizing bacterial pathogens

11 AIM OF THIS RESEARCH The aim of this study was to find, within cucumber plants, endophytic bacterial (EB) isolates that can provide significant biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) and angular leaf spot of cucumber caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (PSL) and that can promote plant growth under in vitro conditions. EB FOC PSL

12 MATERIAL AND METHOD

13 SAMPLING OF HEALTHY CUCUMBER PLANTS FOR THE EB ISOLATON FROM GREENHOUSES FROM FIELDS

14 Isolation of endophytic bacteria The endophytic bacteria were isolated from the internal tissues of leaves, roots and stems of healthy cucumber plants, which were individually disinfected by soaking each in 5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min, followed by immersion in 70% ethanol for 5 min. They were then rinsed three times in sterile distilled water to clear them of alcohol before obtaining bacterial isolates by two different techniques such as trituration of leaves and imprinting of stem and root tissues onto Triptic Soy Agar (TSA).

15 Trituration The tissue (5 g fresh weight) was macerated in 100 ml phosphatebuffered saline solution with hand stoaemaker. Then, the extract was serially diluted, and plated onto a TSA plate, and left for incubation at room temperature until the growth of colonies became visible.

16 Imprinting of plant tissue Stems and roots, 2 3 cm long, were cut vertically or longitudinally with a scalpel. The pieces were aseptically transferred and pressed onto TSA, left for 1 h, and then removed. The plates were incubated at room temperature for bacterial development Bacterial colonies that appeared frequently and looked morphologically different were randomly selected and purified Each isolate was suspended in sterile NB containing 20% glycerol (ph 7) and then frozen at -80 C for longterm storage. ROOT STEM

17 Only if complete surface sterilisation of the plant tissue is confirmed, can the isolated microorganisms be assumed to be endophytes. Validation of the surface sterilisation procedure was done by culturing aliquots of water from the last rinsing onto TSA. If no microbial growth occurs on the medium, surface sterilisations considered complete or successfull. Sterility Check -2-1 NC -2 NC -1 ROOT STEM LEAF LEAF

18 Isolated EB strains were screened in vitro for their plant growth promoting and biocontrol activities: IN VITRO TESTS PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING TRAITS Production of IAA (Brick et al., 1991) Production of HCN (Lork,1948) Siderophore Production (Schwyn and Neilands, 1987) Phosphate solubulization (Gaur,1990) Effect on vigority Index of cucumber seeds (Nejad and Johnson,2000) BIOCONTROL ACTIVITIES Antifungal activity against FOC Antibacterial activity against PSL

19 RESULTS

20 A total of 44 healthy cucurbit plant samples, obtained from 34 greenhouse and 10 field were taken from different sampling areas in Turkey. In this study, 109 different endophytic colonizing bacterial strains were isolated.

21 SOME INFORMATION ON ISOLATED ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA On the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics a total of 109 endophytic bacteria isolates were grouped into Fluorescent Pseudomonads, Gram (- ) bacteria, and Gram (+) bacteria.

22 IN VITRO PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING TRAITS OF ISOLATED EB: Production of Indol 3 acetic acid (IAA) Standard curve of IAA More than 30% of the EB strains produced detectable levels ( µg ml -1 ) of IAA in culture filtrates IAA production was highest in the Pseudomonas followed by Bacillus isolates.

23 IN VITRO PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING TRAITS OF ISOLATED EB: production of siderophore Siderophore production of EB were exhibited by 46% isolates ranging from 3 to 19 mm zones.

24 IN VITRO PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING TRAITS OF ISOLATED EB: phosphate solubilization Solubilization of phosphate was detected by 29% in the EB isolates ranging from 1 to 9 mm zones

25 IN VITRO PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING TRAITS OF ISOLATED EB: Production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Most EB isolates were HCN negative on TSA, with or without glycine. Only tree Pseudomonas strains showed detectable cyanide production by changing color from yellow to brown around its colonies. HCN (+) HCN (+) HCN (-)

26 IN VITRO PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING TRAITS OF ISOLATED EB: Effects on seed germination and Vigority Index (VI) of germinated cucumber seeds coated with EB strains Thirty two isolates out of 109 EB, which were promising for in vitro plant growth promoting traits and bicontrol activities against FOC and PSL were tested for seed emergence on cucumber seeds (cv. Gordion) and measured for Vigority Index. some of our bacterial isolates had no apparent effects on seed germination and VI, whereas others, when applied individually, caused suppression of seed germination (in vitro) and seedling growth which was compared with that of the control plates. Other isolates had a strong potential for promoting seedling growth and VI comparing to treated with SDW only. Hence, growth-regulating substances might have been involved. VI: 977 VI: 5237 VI: 5803 VI: 5250 NC

27 IN VITRO BIOCONTROL TRAITS OF ISOLATED EB: Antifungal activity against FOC More than 53% of EB strains inhibited the mycelial growth of FOC at the rate of 20% to 64% on PDA plates, producing inhibition zones or showing cell wall lysis Cell wall lysis of fungal pathogen (FOC) by endophytic bacteria

28 IN VITRO BIOCONTROL TRAITS OF ISOLATED EB: Antifungal activity against FOC Antibiosis describes the ability of an endophytic bacterium to inhibit pathogen growth by the production of antibiotics or toxins. Although the vast majority of endophytic bacteria showed antibiosis against fungal pathogen FOC in vitro

29 IN VITRO BIOCONTROL TRAITS OF ISOLATED EB: Antibacterail activity against PSL Twenty three of tested 103 EB strains produced inhibition zones on TSA against PSL between 2 to 7 mm.

30 IN CONCLUSION The specific objective of this study was to find naturally occurring endophytic bacterial isolates within the tissues of cucumber plants and to investigate their capacities to (a) enhance the growth promotion and (b) provide the biological control against cucumber pathogens FOC and PSL in vitro They were isolated after surface sterilization of living roots, stems and leaves. It was observed that the inner tissues of healthy cucumber plants were very rich for EB colonization Trituration and imprinting of the plant tissues were the reliable and easy isolation techniques for EB Sterilization check was necessary to ensure that the isolated bacteria from inside the plant tissues were real EB

31 IN CONCLUSION Preliminary characterization of these bacteria showed that approximately equal percentages of gram-positive (42%) and gram-negative (52%) bacteria were recovered from the cucumber plants Plant growth promotion mediated by endophytic bacteria showed in vitro by several mechanisms, e.g. production of plant growth hormones, synthesis of siderophores, solubilisation of minerals such as phosphorous etc. some of our bacterial isolates had no apparent effects on seed germination and Vigority Index, whereas others, when applied individually, caused suppression of seed germination (in vitro) and seedling growth which was compared with that of the control plates. Some of EB increased the vigority index of the germinated seeds Majority of endophytic bacteria showed antibiosis or lysis against both cucumber pathogens, PSL and FOC in vitro

32 IN CONCLUSION The effects of these isolates on plant growth and biocontrol of the plant pathogens for cucumber would be evaluated in gnotobiotic system Our study will continue for further evaluation of the isolates exhibiting biocontrol and multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) traits on soil Sequence analysis of promising EB strains by 16stargeted PCR

33 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Hatice Ozaktan Ayşe Gül Lalehan Yolageldi Ahmet kköprü Davar Fakhraei Mustafa Akbaba

Identification of culturable endophytes isolated from apple tissues with antagonism towards Neonectria ditissima

Identification of culturable endophytes isolated from apple tissues with antagonism towards Neonectria ditissima Identification of culturable endophytes isolated from apple tissues with antagonism towards Neonectria ditissima Jing Liu, Hayley Ridgway & Eirian Jones Background Apple production in NZ widely cultivated

More information

Chapter 8. Summarizing Discussion

Chapter 8. Summarizing Discussion Chapter 8 Summarizing Discussion Chapter 8 This thesis focuses on the ecology and pathogenicity of biovar 3 Dickeya sp. provisionally called D. solani, a blackleg and soft rot pathogen, recently introduced

More information

Orchidaceae Vanillin.

Orchidaceae Vanillin. INTRODUCTION Biological control of plant pathogens is considered as a potential control strategy in recent years, because chemical control results in accumulation of harmful chemical residues, which may

More information

Unit G: Pest Management. Lesson 2: Managing Crop Diseases

Unit G: Pest Management. Lesson 2: Managing Crop Diseases Unit G: Pest Management Lesson 2: Managing Crop Diseases 1 Terms Abiotic disease Bacteria Biotic disease Cultural disease control Disease avoidance Disease resistance Disease tolerance Fungi Infectious

More information

Unit D: Controlling Pests and Diseases in the Orchard. Lesson 5: Identify and Control Diseases in the Orchard

Unit D: Controlling Pests and Diseases in the Orchard. Lesson 5: Identify and Control Diseases in the Orchard Unit D: Controlling Pests and Diseases in the Orchard Lesson 5: Identify and Control Diseases in the Orchard 1 Terms Abiotic disease Bacteria Biotic diseases Cultural disease control Disease avoidance

More information

Commercial microbial inoculants with endophytes (an overview)

Commercial microbial inoculants with endophytes (an overview) Commercial microbial inoculants with endophytes (an overview) Matthias Döring INOQ GmbH, Germany Vorname Name www.inoq.de 1 Inquiries about products with ENDOPHYTES by: EU commission of agriculture German

More information

Lidia Sas Paszt The Rhizosphere Laboratory, Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland,

Lidia Sas Paszt The Rhizosphere Laboratory, Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland, Lidia Sas Paszt lidia.sas@inhort.pl The Rhizosphere Laboratory, Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland, www.inhort.pl - Research on the role of roots & rhizosphere in growth & yelding

More information

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION 7 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES iii xxiii xxviii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION 7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 AN OVERVIEW OF TEA 8 2.2 TEA

More information

Plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strains from rice rhizospheric soil

Plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strains from rice rhizospheric soil ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 4 (2014) pp. 774-779 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strains from rice rhizospheric soil A. K. Shrivastava 1, Khilendra

More information

VERY DISTRUCTIVE DISEASE SOIL BORNE WITH LONGLIFE SURVIVAL SPORES (CHLAMIDOSPORES) COMPLETELY CONTROL METHOD IS NOT YET AVAILABLE

VERY DISTRUCTIVE DISEASE SOIL BORNE WITH LONGLIFE SURVIVAL SPORES (CHLAMIDOSPORES) COMPLETELY CONTROL METHOD IS NOT YET AVAILABLE INDUCED RESISTANCE OF BANANA AGAINST FUSARIUM WILT CHRISTANTI SUMARDIYONO DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UGM VERY DISTRUCTIVE DISEASE SOIL BORNE WITH LONGLIFE SURVIVAL

More information

belonging to the Genus Pantoea

belonging to the Genus Pantoea Emerging diseases of maize and onion caused by bacteria belonging to the Genus Pantoea by Teresa Goszczynska Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctoriae in

More information

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria from Banana Rhizosphere

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria from Banana Rhizosphere International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 2(2016) pp. 59-65 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.502.006

More information

Volume 2, ISSN (Online), Published at:

Volume 2, ISSN (Online), Published at: BIOLOGICAL METHOD PROTECTION OF THE SUGAR BEET AGAINST PATHOGENIC FUNGI CAUSING ROOT ROT Irina E. Smirnova, Amankeldy K. Sadanov, Ramilya. Sh. Galimbayeva, Svetlana A. Aytkeldiyeva Institute of Microbiology

More information

Worksheet for Morgan/Carter Laboratory #13 Bacteriology

Worksheet for Morgan/Carter Laboratory #13 Bacteriology Worksheet for Morgan/Carter Laboratory #13 Bacteriology Ex. 13-1: INVESTIGATING CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA Lab Study A: Colony Morphology Table 13.1 Characteristics of Bacterial Colonies Name of Bacteria

More information

Bacterial spot of pepper and tomato

Bacterial spot of pepper and tomato Website to brush up on bacterial diseases Bacterial spot of pepper and tomato http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/prokaryotes/pages/bacterialspot.aspx Potato blackleg and soft rot http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/prokaryotes/pages/blacklegpotato.aspx

More information

Fully approved by The South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries Registration Number: B4807

Fully approved by The South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries Registration Number: B4807 ExploGrow is a revolutionary 100% organic biofertiliser in a league of its own, comprising 17 highly complex micro-organisms, environmentally friendly soil ameliorant and plant growth stimulant, with increased

More information

Plant disease. Plant Diseases: Learning objectives: Plant Disease: Any physiological or structural abnormality that is harmful to the plant

Plant disease. Plant Diseases: Learning objectives: Plant Disease: Any physiological or structural abnormality that is harmful to the plant Plant disease Plant Diseases: Identification and Control Melodie Putnam Extension Plant Pathologist Learning objectives: Difference between biotic and abiotic diseases and their manifestation Difference

More information

Major Plant Hormones 1.Auxins 2.Cytokinins 3.Gibberelins 4.Ethylene 5.Abscisic acid

Major Plant Hormones 1.Auxins 2.Cytokinins 3.Gibberelins 4.Ethylene 5.Abscisic acid Plant Hormones Lecture 9: Control Systems in Plants What is a Plant Hormone? Compound produced by one part of an organism that is translocated to other parts where it triggers a response in target cells

More information

ASSOCIATION OF MICROFLORA WITH RUBBER (Hevea brasiliensis) AND THEIR BENEFICIAL ROLES

ASSOCIATION OF MICROFLORA WITH RUBBER (Hevea brasiliensis) AND THEIR BENEFICIAL ROLES ASSOCIATION OF MICROFLORA WITH RUBBER (Hevea brasiliensis) AND THEIR BENEFICIAL ROLES Introduction: The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.), the most important source of natural

More information

High Performance Biology

High Performance Biology High Performance Biology Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ s) +61 3 5133 9118 What is Bacstim 100? Bacstim 100 is a microbial based product containing 5 different spore forming Bacillus spp. strains. The

More information

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Potential Microbes for Sustainable Agriculture Jay Shankar Singh Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a group of bacteria that enhances plant growth and

More information

TIME-LINE OF INFECTION

TIME-LINE OF INFECTION Review of Lecture 8: Getting inside the host is a critical step in disease development Fungal pathogens use contact and chemical tropisms to guide their way to a site where infection is possible Pathogens

More information

Basic Plant Pathology for Franklin County Master Gardener Volunteers. Nancy J. Taylor Plant Pathology Department Ohio State University

Basic Plant Pathology for Franklin County Master Gardener Volunteers. Nancy J. Taylor Plant Pathology Department Ohio State University Basic Plant Pathology for Franklin County Master Gardener Volunteers Nancy J. Taylor Plant Pathology Department Ohio State University https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4 PuP_QbD14 Mildews Mildews Mildews

More information

Efficacy of Nano Particles from Chaetomium cupreum to Control Phytophthora spp. Causing Root Rot of Durian

Efficacy of Nano Particles from Chaetomium cupreum to Control Phytophthora spp. Causing Root Rot of Durian International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2017 Vol. 13(7.1):1295-1300 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com ISSN 1686-9141 Efficacy of Nano Particles from Chaetomium cupreum to Control Phytophthora

More information

The impact of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and other soil borne disease causing agents of economic importance in production of roses

The impact of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and other soil borne disease causing agents of economic importance in production of roses The impact of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and other soil borne disease causing agents of economic importance in production of roses Video conference on global competitiveness of the flower industry in the

More information

Microbial Interactions: Essential Part of Below-Ground Biocontrol Wietse de Boer

Microbial Interactions: Essential Part of Below-Ground Biocontrol Wietse de Boer Microbial Interactions: Essential Part of Below-Ground Biocontrol Wietse de Boer NIOO-KNAW (Microbial Ecology) WUR (Soil Quality) Wageningen Email: w.deboer@nioo.knaw.nl Rhizosphere: Hotspot of Microbial

More information

Plant Disease Introduction. Larry A. Sagers Utah State University Extension Regional Horticulturist

Plant Disease Introduction. Larry A. Sagers Utah State University Extension Regional Horticulturist Plant Disease Introduction Larry A. Sagers Utah State University Extension Regional Horticulturist Plant Pathology Basics Disease Anything that interferes with normal plant function Plant Pathology Basics

More information

THE IDENTIFICATION OF TWO UNKNOWN BACTERIA AFUA WILLIAMS BIO 3302 TEST TUBE 3 PROF. N. HAQUE 5/14/18

THE IDENTIFICATION OF TWO UNKNOWN BACTERIA AFUA WILLIAMS BIO 3302 TEST TUBE 3 PROF. N. HAQUE 5/14/18 THE IDENTIFICATION OF TWO UNKNOWN BACTERIA AFUA WILLIAMS BIO 3302 TEST TUBE 3 PROF. N. HAQUE Introduction: The identification of bacteria is important in order for us to differentiate one microorganism

More information

Lab tomorrow: Bacterial Diseases. Bacteria

Lab tomorrow: Bacterial Diseases. Bacteria Lab tomorrow: Bacterial Diseases Quiz: Koch s Postulates (p. 17-19), Botrytis Predisposition (p. 97)., And, intros for Bacteria (pp 67-69), Biocontrol of Crown Gall (p. 117), and Observation of Viral Movement

More information

The role of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains in growth and phosphate concentration of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

The role of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains in growth and phosphate concentration of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) 829 The role of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains in growth and phosphate of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Mojtaba Yousefi Rad * and Nazila Heshmatpoure Department of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Saveh

More information

Associative and Endophytic Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations

Associative and Endophytic Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations Associative and Endophytic Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations Edited by Claudine Elmerich Institut Pasteur, Paris, France and William E. Newton Department of Biochemistry Virginia

More information

Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.

Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus. 4.1 Cell biology Cells are the basic unit of all forms of life. In this section we explore how structural differences between types of cells enables them to perform specific functions within the organism.

More information

Diseases of Sesame. Dr. S. Parthasarathy, M.Sc. (Ag)., Ph.D., FBSS.

Diseases of Sesame. Dr. S. Parthasarathy, M.Sc. (Ag)., Ph.D., FBSS. Diseases of Sesame Dr. S. Parthasarathy, M.Sc. (Ag)., Ph.D., FBSS. Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology), Dept. of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Technology, Theni Diseases of Sesame Charcoal

More information

Scholars Research Library. Factors influencing on germination of some plant seeds by bacterization of Serratia marcescens

Scholars Research Library. Factors influencing on germination of some plant seeds by bacterization of Serratia marcescens Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour.,, ():- (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN : 8 CODEN (USA): JNPPB Factors influencing on germination of

More information

Cryotherapy: A New Method to Eliminate Pathogens from Sweetpotato Propagation Materials

Cryotherapy: A New Method to Eliminate Pathogens from Sweetpotato Propagation Materials Cryotherapy: A New Method to Eliminate Pathogens from Sweetpotato Propagation Materials Margaret Worthington Graduate Group in Horticulture and Agronomy University of California, Davis April 14, 2009 http://www.judithbarathart.com

More information

MORPHOLOGICAL, CULTURAL AND PATHOGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA ISOLATES FROM SUGAR BEET

MORPHOLOGICAL, CULTURAL AND PATHOGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA ISOLATES FROM SUGAR BEET MORPHOLOGICAL, CULTURAL AND PATHOGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA ISOLATES FROM SUGAR BEET Stojšin, V., Budakov, D., Bagi, F., Đuragin, N., Marinkov, R. Department for Environmental and

More information

Treat the Cause not the symptom

Treat the Cause not the symptom Treat the Cause not the symptom A few facts about Novozymes Biologicals Bu sin ess d ivisio n o f No vo zym es w it h it s o w n R& D, Manufacturing, Sales & Marketing, Administration Headquartered in

More information

Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University, Phetchaburi IT campus, Cha-Am, Phetchaburi, Thailand

Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University, Phetchaburi IT campus, Cha-Am, Phetchaburi, Thailand Detection of heat-resistant endophytic Bacillus spp. associated with commercial and indigenous rice seeds in Thailand and its effect to rice seed germination and seedling growth Suebphankoy C 1, Sookanun

More information

NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY. Screening of Chemical Libraries in Search of Inhibitors of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis. A Thesis Submitted to the

NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY. Screening of Chemical Libraries in Search of Inhibitors of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis. A Thesis Submitted to the NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Screening of Chemical Libraries in Search of Inhibitors of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis A Thesis Submitted to the University Honors Program In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

More information

Reduced Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces sp. infection by using combined microbial inocula on organic potato

Reduced Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces sp. infection by using combined microbial inocula on organic potato Reduced Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces sp. infection by using combined microbial inocula on organic potato Orsolya Papp, Borbála Biró, Éva Abod, Tímea Jung, Imre Tirczka, Dóra Drexler Introduction,

More information

BIOCONTROL OF ROOT ROT OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS

BIOCONTROL OF ROOT ROT OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1993. 16:70-72 BIOCONTROL OF ROOT ROT OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS J.A. DUVENHAGE 1 AND J.M. KOTZÉ 2 Merensky Technological Services, P.O. Box 14, Duiwelskloof

More information

Welcome to the Iowa Certified Nursery Professional Training program Module 7: Introduction to Plant Diseases and Insects.

Welcome to the Iowa Certified Nursery Professional Training program Module 7: Introduction to Plant Diseases and Insects. Welcome to the Iowa Certified Nursery Professional Training program Module 7: Introduction to Plant Diseases and Insects. 1 After completing this module you should: 1. Understand the causes of abssiotic

More information

Research in Biotechnology, 2(4): 07-12, 2011 ` ISSN: X

Research in Biotechnology, 2(4): 07-12, 2011 ` ISSN: X Research in Biotechnology, 2(4): 07-12, 2011 ` ISSN: 2229-791X www.researchinbiotechnology.com Regular Article Activation of rice plant growth against Rhizoctonia solani using Pseudomonas fluorescens,

More information

Working with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture

Working with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture Working with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture SUB Gdttingen 206 384661 Mark Brundrett, Neale Bougher, Bernie Dell, Tim Grove and Nick Malajczuk CONTENTS Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. MYCORRHIZAL

More information

In vitro the effect of intestinal normal flora on some pathogenic bacteria.

In vitro the effect of intestinal normal flora on some pathogenic bacteria. In vitro the effect of intestinal normal flora on some pathogenic bacteria. Abstract: Dr.abbass shaker Ali adel Leena abd Al-Redha The effect of two types of intestinal bacterial normal floral ( and klebsiella)

More information

Symbiotic Fungal Endophytes that Confer Tolerance for Plant Growth in Saline and Dry Soils Zakia Boubakir, Elizabeth Cronin, Susan Kaminskyj

Symbiotic Fungal Endophytes that Confer Tolerance for Plant Growth in Saline and Dry Soils Zakia Boubakir, Elizabeth Cronin, Susan Kaminskyj Symbiotic Fungal Endophytes that Confer Tolerance for Plant Growth in Saline and Dry Soils Zakia Boubakir, Elizabeth Cronin, Susan Kaminskyj Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan 1 Outline Background

More information

Reproduction, Seeds and Propagation

Reproduction, Seeds and Propagation Reproduction, Seeds and Propagation Diploid (2n) somatic cell Two diploid (2n) somatic cells Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase I One pair of homologous chromosomes (homologues) II Homologues condense

More information

Certified Arborist. Diagnosis and Plant Disorders. What is a healthy plant?

Certified Arborist. Diagnosis and Plant Disorders. What is a healthy plant? Certified Arborist Diagnosis and Plant Disorders What is a healthy plant? Vitality Ability to deal with stress Vigor Genetic ability to deal with stress 1 Many things combine to cause decline! Plant Health

More information

Final Report. Minor Research Project. Studies of Rhizosphere, Rhizoplane and Phyllosphere Microorganism with Mangrove. plant in Mumbai Coast

Final Report. Minor Research Project. Studies of Rhizosphere, Rhizoplane and Phyllosphere Microorganism with Mangrove. plant in Mumbai Coast Final Report Of Minor Research Project On Studies of Rhizosphere, Rhizoplane and Phyllosphere Microorganism with Mangrove plant in Mumbai Coast Sponsored By University Grant Commission Principal Investigator:

More information

PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCES BY ACTINOMYCETES*

PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCES BY ACTINOMYCETES* Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. ISSN 0077-9 ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Issue: Antimicrobial Therapeutics Reviews PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCES BY ACTINOMYCETES* BY SELMAN A. WAKSMAN, ALBERT

More information

Effect of some root associative bacteria on germination of seeds, nitrogenase activity and dry matter production by rice plants

Effect of some root associative bacteria on germination of seeds, nitrogenase activity and dry matter production by rice plants Journal of crop and weed 2(2) : 47-51 (2006) Effect of some root associative bacteria on germination of seeds, nitrogenase activity and dry matter production by rice plants A. C. DAS AND S. C. KOLE Department

More information

IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF TRICHODERMA ISOLATES AGAINST MAJOR SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS IN GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L)

IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF TRICHODERMA ISOLATES AGAINST MAJOR SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS IN GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L) International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN (P): 2250-0057; ISSN (E): 2321-0087 Vol. 7, Issue 3, Jun 2017, 319-326 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF TRICHODERMA ISOLATES

More information

What is a plant disease?

What is a plant disease? Master Gardener Intern Training Basic plant pathology Kevin Ong, PhD. Associate Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist Director Texas Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory College Station, TX What is

More information

Basics of Plant Pathology. Pam Roberts Katherine Hendricks Southwest Florida Research and Education Center

Basics of Plant Pathology. Pam Roberts Katherine Hendricks Southwest Florida Research and Education Center Basics of Plant Pathology Pam Roberts Katherine Hendricks Southwest Florida Research and Education Center Historical Significance of Plant Diseases Sri Lanka France Late Blight on potato caused the Irish

More information

Plant Disease Introduction

Plant Disease Introduction Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Archived Publications Archived USU Extension Publications 6-30-2006 Plant Disease Introduction Larry A. Sagers Utah State University Follow this and additional

More information

ROLE OF THE ALLELOPATHY IN MIXED VEGETABLE CROPS IN THE ORGANIC FARMING

ROLE OF THE ALLELOPATHY IN MIXED VEGETABLE CROPS IN THE ORGANIC FARMING Abstract Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LVI, 2013 ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785 ROLE OF THE ALLELOPATHY IN MIXED VEGETABLE CROPS IN THE ORGANIC

More information

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF PLANT PATHOLOGY Plant pathology or phytopathology (Phyton- Plant; Pathos-ailments/suffering; logosknowledge/science) is branch of science (agricultural, botanical

More information

Useful Propagation Terms. Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants.

Useful Propagation Terms. Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants. Useful Propagation Terms Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants. Adventitious Typically describes new organs such as roots that develop

More information

It is one of the most serious oak diseases in the United States, killing thousands of trees each year.

It is one of the most serious oak diseases in the United States, killing thousands of trees each year. 1 Oak Wilt is the disease caused by the pathogenic non-native fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum that affects oaks. Oaks in the red oak group (those with sharply pointed tips- like pin oak and red oak) are

More information

MANGROVES ISOLATION OF CYANOBACTERIA. SCREENING FOR PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING ABILITIES Nitrogen fixation Phosphate Solubilization IAA production

MANGROVES ISOLATION OF CYANOBACTERIA. SCREENING FOR PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING ABILITIES Nitrogen fixation Phosphate Solubilization IAA production Mangrove, a tropical or subtropical community of highly adapted trees and shrub species which are capable of growing in intertidal estuarine and secluded marine areas. Mangroves act as physical barrier

More information

Distance Learning course Plant pathology and entomology Covered topics

Distance Learning course Plant pathology and entomology Covered topics Distance Learning course Plant pathology and entomology Covered topics The distance learning course Plant pathology and entomology consist of four online modules that treat with the main groups of plant

More information

plant physiology and energy conversion to plant systems. identify the components and the functions of plant describe the processes of

plant physiology and energy conversion to plant systems. identify the components and the functions of plant describe the processes of Plant Systems-AG1 Essential Questions: 1. How do plant classification, plant anatomy, and plant physiology affect the production and management of plants? 2. What are the necessary steps to Prepare and

More information

Short overview on microbial ecology of the vineyards

Short overview on microbial ecology of the vineyards Short overview on microbial ecology of the vineyards Stéphane Compant Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria Stephane.Compant@ait.ac.at Summary

More information

the final stage, the plant may be topped with tufts of small green leaves on blackened stems.

the final stage, the plant may be topped with tufts of small green leaves on blackened stems. GERANIUM DISORDERS Joseph J. Maisano, Jr. Cooperative Extension Horticultural Agent Geraniums are plagued by a number of diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and unfavorable environmental conditions.

More information

Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants

Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 1 Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants Mirza Hasanuzzaman, PhD Professor Department of Agronomy Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University E-mail: mhzsauag@yahoo.com Stress Stress is usually defined as an external

More information

THE APPLICATION OF ANTAGONISTIC BACTERIA Pseudomonas fluorescens TO CONTROL SOFT ROT DISEASE (Erwinia carotovora) ON POTATO CROPS IRDA SAFNI, S.

THE APPLICATION OF ANTAGONISTIC BACTERIA Pseudomonas fluorescens TO CONTROL SOFT ROT DISEASE (Erwinia carotovora) ON POTATO CROPS IRDA SAFNI, S. THE APPLICATION OF ANTAGONISTIC BACTERIA Pseudomonas fluorescens TO CONTROL SOFT ROT DISEASE (Erwinia carotovora) ON POTATO CROPS 1. Introduction IRDA SAFNI, S.P Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera

More information

CONTROL OF GROWTH BY HORMONES

CONTROL OF GROWTH BY HORMONES CONTROL OF GROWTH BY HORMONES Growth and organogenesis are controlled......by genes (independent of environment): e.g., number of primary vascular bundles, general shape of a leaf or flower...by genes

More information

BIO-SYNERGY. Realise an unprecedented level of genetic. symbiot.com.au

BIO-SYNERGY. Realise an unprecedented level of genetic. symbiot.com.au BI-YERGY Realise an unprecedented level of genetic potential, plant quality and yield! UE A L A Y M B I R CDIIER UE EHACER 1 2 3 Mycorrhizal Root Inoculant Microbial utrient Additive FLIAR RAY Microbial

More information

Agronomy 485/585 Test #1 October 2, 2014

Agronomy 485/585 Test #1 October 2, 2014 Agronomy 485/585 Test #1 October 2, 2014 Name Part I. Circle the one best answer (2 points each). 1. The most important microbial group in promoting soil structure likely is the. a) actinomycetes b) algae

More information

Efficacy of biocontrol agents against Sclerotium rolfsii causing collar rot disease of chickpea, under in vitro conditions

Efficacy of biocontrol agents against Sclerotium rolfsii causing collar rot disease of chickpea, under in vitro conditions INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION VOLUME 8 ISSUE 2 OCTOBER, 2015 222-227 e ISSN-0976-6855 Visit us : www.researchjournal.co.in IJPP RESEARCH PAPER DOI : 10.15740/HAS/IJPP/8.2/222-227 Efficacy of

More information

) ON SEED GERMINATION OF CELOSIA ARGENTEA L.

) ON SEED GERMINATION OF CELOSIA ARGENTEA L. Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2013 P Saritha and A Sreeramulu, 2013 Research Paper ISSN 2250-3137 www.ijlbpr.com Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2013 2013 IJLBPR. All Rights Reserved EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID

More information

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April ISSN

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April ISSN International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 54 Isolation and Characterization of PGPR from Rhizospheric Soil Pratibha Sharma and D. K. Shrivastava Abstract

More information

Effect of Bacterization of Finger Millet Grains. with the PGPRs Isolated from the Rhizoplane of. Holostemma ada-kodien Schultes on its Germination

Effect of Bacterization of Finger Millet Grains. with the PGPRs Isolated from the Rhizoplane of. Holostemma ada-kodien Schultes on its Germination Advanced Studies in Biology, Vol. 2, 2010, no. 2, 89-97 Effect of Bacterization of Finger Millet Grains with the PGPRs Isolated from the Rhizoplane of Holostemma ada-kodien Schultes on its Germination

More information

Investigation of the Biocidal Effect of Electrochemically Activated Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solution on Gram-negative Pathogenic Bacteria

Investigation of the Biocidal Effect of Electrochemically Activated Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solution on Gram-negative Pathogenic Bacteria ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 1(2016) pp. 624-632 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.501.063 Investigation of the Biocidal Effect

More information

INTRODUCTION bioactive compounds Pigmentation chromobacteria water soluble water insoluble

INTRODUCTION bioactive compounds Pigmentation chromobacteria water soluble water insoluble INTRODUCTION So far we have witnessed several useful applications of microbes including applications in food and the bioremediation of the environment. Besides consuming the desired substrate (oil) and

More information

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity against Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity against Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria International Journal of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Research. ISSN 2231-1238, Volume 4, Number 4 (2013), pp. 341-346 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ ijbbr.htm Green Synthesis

More information

Amutha and Kokila, IJALS, Volume (7) Issue (2) May RESEARCH ARTICLE

Amutha and Kokila, IJALS, Volume (7) Issue (2) May RESEARCH ARTICLE Effect of on symbiotic association of Glomus aggregatum an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus K. Amutha and V. Kokila Department of Biotechnology, Vels University, Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Email

More information

General Characteristics of Fungi: chitin more related to animals

General Characteristics of Fungi: chitin more related to animals Fungus, plural fungi, any of about 99,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. are among the most widely distributed organisms

More information

Throughout my more than 30 years

Throughout my more than 30 years pests & diseases Sometimes Diagnosis Is Simple While it s always preferable to have diseases professionally identified in a lab, there are some basic guidelines to help growers diagnose their plants issues.

More information

ARE YOU familiar with the sayings Get to

ARE YOU familiar with the sayings Get to Root Anatomy ARE YOU familiar with the sayings Get to the root of the problem or the root of all evil? Both these sayings suggest that the root is an essential part of something. With plants, the essential

More information

CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Root, stem leaves, flower, fruits and seeds arise in orderly manner in plants. The sequence of growth is as follows-

More information

Pelagia Research Library. Antimicrobial activity of pesticide adapted cyanobacteria on fungal pathogens of rice

Pelagia Research Library. Antimicrobial activity of pesticide adapted cyanobacteria on fungal pathogens of rice Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2011, 1 (4):50-54 ISSN: 2248 9215 Antimicrobial activity of pesticide adapted cyanobacteria on fungal pathogens

More information

Effects of wood ash on the growth of known strains of Bacillus subtilis

Effects of wood ash on the growth of known strains of Bacillus subtilis ISSN: 2319-776 Volume 3 Number 11 (214) pp. 633-639 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Effects of wood ash on the growth of known strains of Bacillus subtilis T.R.Omodara* and E.Y.Aderibigbe

More information

Activities Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus sp. to Stimulate Germination and Seedling Growth of Tomato Plants

Activities Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus sp. to Stimulate Germination and Seedling Growth of Tomato Plants Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9 ( 2016 ) 419 423 International Conference on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources, IC-FANRes 2015

More information

Fungi with a Fun Guy: Feasts, Famines and the Fungus among Us Lauren Jackson v1.0

Fungi with a Fun Guy: Feasts, Famines and the Fungus among Us Lauren Jackson v1.0 Fungi with a Fun Guy: Feasts, Famines and the Fungus among Us Lauren Jackson 2016-05-21 v1.0 Session Goals: 1. Investigate how fungi impact our food system a. Visualize fungal structures used to decay

More information

Why is charcoal so efectve for plant growth. Osaka Institute of Technology Makoto Ogawa

Why is charcoal so efectve for plant growth. Osaka Institute of Technology Makoto Ogawa Why is charcoal so efectve for plant growth Osaka Institute of Technology Makoto Ogawa Symbiosis between plants and microorganisms 1. Bacteria (Rhizobium) + Leguminous plants...root nodules..nitrogen fixaton

More information

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to Allelopathy 1 Allelopathy By the end of this lesson, you should be able to define allelopathy explain the difference between allelopathy and competition identify the key interactions in allelopathy provide

More information

Laboratory Exercise # 7: Aseptic Technique

Laboratory Exercise # 7: Aseptic Technique Laboratory Exercise # 7: Aseptic Technique Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to acquaint the student with the procedures of aseptic transfer of microbiological cultures. ntroduction:

More information

PRODUCTION OF SPORANGIA BY PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI IN PURE CULTURE

PRODUCTION OF SPORANGIA BY PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI IN PURE CULTURE California Avocado Society 1969 Yearbook 53: 103-107 PRODUCTION OF SPORANGIA BY PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI IN PURE CULTURE G. A. Zentmyer and Dah-wu Chen Department of Plant Pathology, University of California,

More information

Impact of agrochemicals on endophytic bacterial population in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) shrubs

Impact of agrochemicals on endophytic bacterial population in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) shrubs Available online at www.ijpab.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE & APPLIED BIOSCIENCE ISSN: 232 751 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 3 (2): 542-546 (215) Research Article Impact of agrochemicals on endophytic

More information

Master Gardener - Plant Pathology

Master Gardener - Plant Pathology Master Gardener - Plant Pathology How do I enroll in the online course? 1. Go to http://learnonline.agrilife.org and look to the top right to find a login box. If you do have an account then log in with

More information

ALLELOPATHY: NATURAL AND AN ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY UNIQUE TOOL FOR WEED CONTROL

ALLELOPATHY: NATURAL AND AN ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY UNIQUE TOOL FOR WEED CONTROL ALLELOPATHY: NATURAL AND AN ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY UNIQUE TOOL Arpana Mishra* FOR WEED CONTROL Abstract: Allelopathy term refers to all biochemical interactions ( stimulatory and inhibitory) among plants,

More information

Antoaneta B. M- Kroumova; Ivan Artiouchine; George Wagner. KTRDC, Lexington, KY, USA

Antoaneta B. M- Kroumova; Ivan Artiouchine; George Wagner. KTRDC, Lexington, KY, USA Antoaneta B. M- Kroumova; Ivan Artiouchine; George Wagner KTRDC, Lexington, KY, USA Introduction Black shank is the largest annual disease threat to Kentucky tobacco, surpassing blue mold in importance,

More information

Essential idea: Plants adapt their growth to environmental conditions.

Essential idea: Plants adapt their growth to environmental conditions. 9.3 Growth in plants AHL https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2347/2573372542_a959ecfd4f_b.jpg Essential idea: Plants adapt their growth to environmental conditions. Boxwood, Pivet and Yew are plants commonly

More information

Bio 100 Guide 27.

Bio 100 Guide 27. Bio 100 Guide 27 http://www.offthemarkcartoons.com/cartoons/1994-11-09.gif http://www.cneccc.edu.hk/subjects/bio/album/chapter20/images/plant_growth.jpg http://pgjennielove.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/apical_meristem.png

More information

Bacterial Growth Rates and Competition Affect Nodulation and

Bacterial Growth Rates and Competition Affect Nodulation and APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, OCt. 1986, p. 807-811 0099-2240/86/100807-05$02.00/0 Copyright C 1986, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 52, No. 4 Bacterial Growth Rates and Competition Affect

More information

Diagnosing Plant Problems. A strategy to get started

Diagnosing Plant Problems. A strategy to get started + Diagnosing Plant Problems A strategy to get started + Causes of plant damage Living factors Pests such as insects, mites, rodents, mammals Pathogens that cause disease such as fungi, bacteria, viruses,

More information

Plant Growth Regulators(NCERT)

Plant Growth Regulators(NCERT) Plant Growth Regulators(NCERT) Promoters: 1. Auxins: -first isolated from urine, contains Zinc. -Natural: Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) -Synthetic: Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) 2-4

More information

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Growth and Development Plant Growth and Development Growth : An irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts or even of an individual cell. Growth is accompanied by metabolic process that occurs at the expense

More information

Screening of disinfectants and their selective toxicity at lower temperature to bursaphelenchus xylophilus and bacteria

Screening of disinfectants and their selective toxicity at lower temperature to bursaphelenchus xylophilus and bacteria Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(7):2144-2149 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Screening of disinfectants and their selective

More information