Planting Date Influence on the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) in Spring Wheat 1

Transcription

1 Planting Date Influence on the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) in Spring Wheat 1 Wendell L. Morrill and Gregory D. Kushnak 2 Department of Entomology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana USA J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 16(2): (April 1999) ABSTRACT Wasps of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), lay eggs in wheat stems, and larval feeding causes lodging and lower yields. Late-planted spring wheat fields avoid attack if stem elongation begins after termination of the annual oviposition period. Moderate delays of days in spring wheat planting trials in 7 years resulted in significantly lower infestation levels in 4 years, and complete avoidance of infestation in 3 years. However, delayed spring planting is known to make less efficient use of critical soil moisture, resulting in lower crop yields. Based on our data, safe planting dates for C. cinctus in spring wheat cannot currently be established because of annual variation in the duration of wasp flights, seasonal plant development, and amount of available moisture. We suggest that fields with a history of heavy infestations should be planted last in producers production program. KEY WORDS Cephidae, cultural control, planting date, sawfly, wheat Delayed wheat planting to avoid infestation by the Hessian fly (Matetiola destructor (Say) [Diptera: Cecidomyidae]) is a classic example of applied cultural pest control (Pfadt 1978). Perhaps planting date modification could also be an effective tool for management of other insect pests if the seasonal insect activity and crop phenology were understood. The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), has been one of the most destructive chronic pest insects of wheat in the northern Great Plains for many years, and cannot be controlled with conventional methods (Morrill 1995). Larval feeding in stems reduces grain yield and the weakened stems lodge and cause difficulty during harvest (Ainslie 1920, Holmes 1977). Cephus cinctus oviposition activity must coincide with the seasonal host development, because plants are vulnerable only after stem elongation has begun and before grain begins to fill (Ainslie 1920, Painter 1953). The first specimens of C. cinctus were reared from feral grasses, and the first crop losses occurred in spring planted wheat in Canada (Ainslie 1920, Fletcher 1910, Davis 1948). A comparison of previous and current wasp emergence dates indicated that wasps 1 Accepted for publication 30 April Western Triangle Research Center, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Conrad, Montana USA. 123

2 124 J. Agric. Urban Entomol. Vol. 16, No. 2 (1999) are now emerging earlier, and winter wheat (planted in September) currently is also heavily infested in Montana (Morrill & Kushnak 1996). Late-planted spring wheat sometimes had lower C. cinctus infestation levels in research trials (Jacobson & Farstad 1952, McNeal et al. 1955, Holmes & Peterson 1963, Weiss et al. 1987). We also recently observed several uninfested latedeveloping spring wheat fields in regions where C. cinctus consistently occurred (authors, unpublished). Therefore, we conducted field trials to determine infestation levels in spring wheat plots that were planted early during the planting season with those planted a few weeks later. Materials and Methods Field trials were conducted at the Western Triangle Research Center, Pondera County, Montana, where high population levels of C. cinctus consistently occur. The early spring wheat planting dates were selected to coincide with early local planting activity. A second planting was conducted days later. Third planting dates in 1991 and 1992 with 37 and 21 day delays, respectively, were established for yield evaluation. Trials were not conducted in 1993 due to budget restrictions. Annual planting dates and cultivars are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Approximate dates of wheat stem elongation and sawfly wasp flight during the research period. Year Crop Cultivar Planting date Initiation of stem elongation Wasp flight 1991 Winter wheat Redwin Sept. 18 June 20 NA Spring wheat Copper April 10 July 2 Spring wheat Copper April 23 July Winter wheat Tiber Sept. 18 <May 23 May 23 July 1 Spring wheat Copper April 13 June 2 Spring wheat Copper April 28 June Winter wheat Judith Sept. 28 <June 3 June 3 July 28 Spring wheat Newana April 19 June 20 Spring wheat Newana May 3 June Winter wheat Tiber Oct. 26 <June 19 June 19 July 5 Spring wheat Newana May 3 <June 19 Spring wheat Newana May 23 July Winter wheat Tiber Sept. 21 <June 16 June Spring wheat Copper May 1 June 20 Spring wheat Copper May 13 June Winter wheat Tiber Sept. 10 <May 28 May 28 June 23 Spring wheat Copper April 15 June 12 Spring wheat Copper May 2 June Winter wheat Judith Sept. 24 May 26 May 26 July 29 Spring wheat McNeal April 21 June 4 Spring wheat McNeal May 1 June 11

3 MORRILL & KUSHNAK: Wheat stem sawfly planting date 125 Winter wheat was planted in September of each preceding year, and used as an indicator of local C. cinctus activity. Field plots were 6 m long, 6 rows wide, 30 cm apart, and were not irrigated. After winter wheat stem elongation began, sweep net samples (50 or 100 sweeps each) were taken twice weekly in winter and spring wheat plots until wasps were no longer collected. During each sample date, the growth stages as described by the Feekes Scale (Cook & Veseth 1991) were recorded. Infestation levels of C. cinctus larvae were estimated by evaluation of at least 75 randomly selected mature stems from each plot, but in 1998, plants from all replications were mistakenly combined and could not be evaluated separately. Care was taken to ensure that the lower sawfly-cut stubs were included in the samples. Plant samples were taken to the laboratory where each stem was dissected to determine if it was infested and had been cut by larvae. Annual mean infestation levels and standard errors are shown graphically (SigmaPlot, Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, California) (Charland 1995). Fig. 1. Wheat stem sawfly infestation levels in spring wheat, late-planted spring wheat, and winter wheat in Montana. Data for 1993 were not obtained.

4 126 J. Agric. Urban Entomol. Vol. 16, No. 2 (1999) Fig. 2. Regression of yield and planting date of spring wheat. R 0.93, 0.87, P 0.93, 0.96, df 14, 14 for 1991 and 1992, respectively. Data were collected in research plots near Conrad, Montana. Yields were estimated in 1991 and 1992 by harvesting the center two rows of each plot. Means were compared with Student s t test (SigmaStat, Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, California). Results and Discussion Producers spring wheat planting dates in Montana ranged April 7 June 9, based on a five-year average (Peck & Bay 1996). Our annual planting dates of April 10 May 23, were within this range. Initiation of winter wheat stem elongation consistently occurred before wasp flights began. However, spring wheat stem elongation lagged behind winter wheat by several weeks, and during some years, did not occur until after wasp flights terminated (Table 1). However, late planted spring wheat development occurred at a faster rate. For example, in 1991, a 13 day planting delay resulted in a 9 day difference in beginning of stem elongation, supporting the findings of Manupeerapan & Pearson (1993). Late planted spring wheat consistently had lower levels of C. cinctus infestation, and completely avoided attack in 1994, 1995, and 1997 (Fig. 1). During these years, stem elongation began after the last wasp was captured (Table 1). Number of days of susceptibility and percent infestation for 1992, 1996, and 1998 were 18

5 MORRILL & KUSHNAK: Wheat stem sawfly planting date 127 days and 11% infestation, 8 days and 3% infestation, and 15 days and 13% infestation, respectively (Table 1). Infestation levels in winter wheat were consistently higher (45 95%) than in the early planted spring wheat (12 52%). Annual fluctuations probably were influenced by two species of larval parasitoids (Morrill et al. 1994, 1998). The annual duration of wasp flights varied considerably, ranging 9 34 days between the first sampling period until the last wasp was collected. The emergence and subsequent flight periods sometimes were extended by cool wet weather. Wasps were present in spring wheat later in the season than in winter wheat. Planting dates may also affect susceptibility of winter wheat to C. cinctus. Early-planted, early-maturing varieties may be less vulnerable because senesce may occur before sawfly larval development is complete (Holmes & Peterson 1960, Holmes 1982, authors unpublished). Yield data in indicated that a day planting delay did not statistically significantly reduce yield (Fig. 2) (Student s t, P 0.05). Yield loss is due to less efficient use of critical spring soil moisture, and is more pronounced when precipitation is marginal during the growing season (Briggs & Aytenfisu 1979, Connor et al. 1992). Our results indicate that a moderate delay in spring wheat planting can reduce the risk of infestation by C. cinctus. Conversely, wheat producers are aware that this practice may result in loss of critical early-season soil moisture needed for germination and plant growth. Therefore, we suggest that individual fields with a history of heaviest infestation sawfly be planted last. Acknowledgment We thank Dennis Cash, Ron Larson, and Norma Irish for reviewing the manuscript. Research was supported in part by the Montana Wheat and Barley Marketing Committee and the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. References Cited Ainslie, C. N The western grass-stem sawfly. U. S. D. A. Bull. no Briggs, K. G., & A. Aytenfisu The effects of seeding rate, seeding date and location on grain yield, maturity, protein percentage and yield of some spring wheats in central Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 59: Charland, M. B SigmaPlot for scientists. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. Boston, Massachussetts. Connor, D. J., S. Theiveyanathan, & G. M. Rimmington Development, growth, water-use and yield of spring and a winter wheat in response to time of sowing. Aust. J. Agric. Res : Cook, R. J., & R. J. Veseth Wheat health management. APS Press. St. Paul, Minnesota. Fletcher, J Report of the entomologist and botanist. Can. Dept. Agric. Exp. Farm Davis, E. G Status of the wheat stem sawfly in Bur. of Entomol. Plant Quarantine. Spec. Supp. 2. Holmes, N. D The effect of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), on the yield and quality of wheat. Can. Entomol

6 128 J. Agric. Urban Entomol. Vol. 16, No. 2 (1999) Holmes, N. D Population dynamics of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), in wheat. Can. Entomol. 114: Holmes, N. D., & L. K. Peterson The influence of the host on oviposition by the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Can. J. Plant Sci. 40: Holmes, N. D., & L. K. Peterson Effects of variety and date of seeding spring wheats and location in the field on sex ratio of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Can. J. Zoo. 41: Jacobson, L. A., & C. W. Farstad Effect of time of seeding Apex wheat on infestation and sex ratio of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenotpera: Cephidae). Can. Entomol. 84: Manupeerapan, T., & C. J. Pearson Apex size, flowering and grain yield of wheat as affected by sowing date. Field Crops Research. 32: McNeal, F. H., M. A. Berg, & P. Luginbill Wheat stem sawfly damage in four spring wheat varieties as influenced by date of seeding. Agron. J. 47: Morrill, W. L Insect pests of small grains. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota. Morrill, W. L., J. W. Gabor, & G. D. Kushnak Wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) damage and detection. J. Econ. Entomol. 85: Morrill, W. L., & G. D. Kushnak Wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) adaptation to winter wheat. Environ. Entomol. 25: Morrill, W. L., G. D. Kushnak, P. L. Bruckner, & J. W. Gabor Wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) damage, rates of parasitism, and overwinter survival in resistant wheat lines. J. Econ. Entomol. 87: Morrill, W. L., G. D. Kushnak, & J. W. Gabor Parasitism of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) in Montana. Biological Control. 12: Painter, R. H The wheat stem sawfly in Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 56: Peck, W. R., & D. M. Bay Montana Agricultural Statistics, vol. 23. Montana. Agr. Statistics Serv., Helena, Montana. Pfadt, R. E Fundamentals of applied entomology, 3 rd edition. MacMillian Publishing Co., New York, New York. Weiss, M. J., W. L. Morrill, & L. L. Reitz Influence of planting date and spring tillage on the wheat stem sawfly. Montana AgResearch. 4:1 5.