Wuhan, Hubei , China 3 School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV , USA

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1 Supplementary Material Deep-sea piezosphere and piezophiles: geomicrobiology and biogeochemistry Jiasong Fang 1, Li Zhang 2, and Dennis A. Bazylinski 3 1 Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kamehameha Highway, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA 2 State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Hubei , China 3 School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV , USA Corresponding author: Fang, J. (jfang@hpu.edu) Table S1. Piezophilic microorganisms isolated from the deep sea Symbol in Figure 2 Organism Location, depth (m) Meso-piezotolerant bacteria (<10MPa, o C) 1 Sporosarcina sp. DSK25 Japan Trench, 6,500 Psychro-piezophilic bacteria (10 50 MPa, <15 o C) 2 Moritella japonica DSK1 Japan Trench, 6,353 3 Psychromonas profunda Atlantic Ocean, 2825 T 2,770 4 Moritella profunda 2674 T Atlantic Ocean, 2,815 Optimal growth conditions Latitude, longitude 0.1 MPa, 35 o C N, E [S1] MPa, o N, 144 o E [S2] o C 25 MPa, 10 o C 16 o 56.1 N, 17 o 55.5 W [S3] 25 MPa, 10 o C 5 o 37.0 N, 19 o 58.9 W [S4] Reference 1

2 5 Moritella abyssi 2693 T Atlantic Ocean, 30 MPa, 10 o C 5 o 37.0 N, 19 o 58.9 W [S4] 2,815 6 Shewanella benthica Weddell Sea, 40 MPa, 5 o C 63 o S, 03 o 3.99 E [S5] WHB46 4,995 7 Shewanella benthica F1A N. Atlantic 41 MPa, 8 o C N, W [S6] Ocean 8 Photobacterium profundum Ryukyu Trench, 10 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S7] DSJ4 5,110 9 Photobacterium profundum Sulu Sea, 2,551 28MPa, 15C [S8] SS9 10 Shewanella violacea Ryukyu Trench, 30 MPa, 8 o C N, E [S9] DSS12 5, Moritella PE36 E. Pacific Ocean, 41 MPa, 15 o C [S6] 3, Shewanella benthica Suruga Bay 50 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S9] DB5501 2, Shewanella benthica Ryukyu Trench, 50 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S9] DB6101 5, Shewanella benthica Japan Trench, 50 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S9] DB6705 6, Shewanella benthica Japan Trench, 50 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S9] DB6906 6, UM40 Puerto Rico [S10] Trench 5, UM145 S. Atlantic [S10] Ocean, 4, Carnobacterium AT7 Aleutian Trench, 15 MPa N, W [S11] 2, Carnobacterium AT12 Aleutian Trench, 15 MPa N, W [S11] 2, Psychromonas kaikoae Japan Trench, 50 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S12] 2

3 JT7304 7, Psychromonas kaikoae Japan Trench, 50 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S12] JT7301 7,304 Psychrohyperpiezophilic bacteria (>50 MPa, <15 o C) 22 Shewanella benthica Izu-Bonin 70 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S9] DB172F Trench, 6, Shewanella benthica Izu-Bonin 70 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S9] DB172R Trench, 6, Shewanella Mariana Trench, 70 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S13] benthicadb21mt-2 10, Shewanella Mariana Trench, 70 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S13] benthicadb21mt-5 10, Colwellia piezophila Japan Trench, 60 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S14] Y223G T 6, Colwellia piezophila Japan Trench, 60 MPa, 10 o C N, E [S14] Y251E 6, Colwellia hadaliensis Puerto Rico 85 MPa, 10 o C [S15] BNL1 Trench, 7, Shewanella benthica PT99 Philippine 62 MPa, 8 o C [S6] Trench, 8, Strain PT64 N. Pacific Ocean 90 MPa, 9 o C 28 o 37.4 N, 155 o W [S16] 31 Strain MT199 N. Pacific Ocean 90 MPa, 9 o C 28 o 37.4 N, 155 o W [S16] 32 Colwellia MT41 Mariana Trench 103 MPa, 8 o C 11 o 20.5 N, 142 o W [S16] 33 Colwellia sp. KT27 Kermadec 98MPa 32 o S, 177 o W [S11] Trench, 9, Shewanella benthica Kermadec 98MPa 32 o S, 177 o W [S11] KT Trench, 9, Psychromonas sp. HS11 Hawaii coast [S17] 3

4 36 Psychromonas hadalis Japan Trench, 60MPa, 6 o C 38 o 0.5 N, 143 o 59.9 E [S18] K41G T Psychromonas CNPT3 N. Pacific 52 MPa, 8 o C 28 o 37.4 N, 155 o W [S6] Ocean, 5, Shewanella benthica PT48 Philippine 62 MPa, 8 o C [S6] Trench Meso-piezophilic bacteria (10 50 MPa, o C) 39 Desulfovibrio profundus Japan Sea 12.5 MPa, 25 o C N, E [S19] strains and T sediment 40 Desulfovibrio East Pacific Rise 48 MPa, 35 o C [S20] hydrothermalis strain AM13 T 41 Demacoccus abyssi strain The Challenger 40 MPa, 28 o C 11 o N, [S21] MT1.1 T Deep of Mariana Trench 142 o W 42 Shewanella SC2A East Pacific 14 MPa, 20 o C 11 o 20.5 N, 142 o W [S22] Ocean Thermo-piezophilic bacteria (10 50 MPa, o C) 43 Marinitoga piezophila [S23] strain KA3 T N, W 44 Thioprofundum Mid-Atlantic 16 MPa, 50 o C 26 o N, 44 o W [S10] lithotrophica strain Piezobacter thermophilus strain 108 Thermo-piezophilic archaea (10 50 MPa, o C) Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge 36 MPa, 50 o C [S24] 4

5 A Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus Tyrrhenian Sea near Naples, Italy Hyperthermopiezophilic archaea (10 50 MPa, >80 o C) B Pyrococcus abyssi North Fiji Basin, 2000 C Thermococcus barophilus Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 3,550 D Methanopyrus kandleri strain 116 Central Indian Ridge Kairei Field Hyperthermohyperpiezophilic archaea (>50 MPa, >80 o C) E Pyrococcus CH1 Mid-Atlantic Ridge F Methanococcus jannaschii 21 o N, East Pacific Rise 50 MPa, 65 o C [S25] 20 MPa, 95 o C [S26] 40 MPa, 85 o C 23' N, 44' W [S27] 20/30 MPa, 105 o C [S28] 52 MPa, 98 o C 12 o N, 44 o 51.8 W [S29] 75 MPa, 86 o C [S30] References S1 Kato, C. and Nogi, Y. (2001) Correlation between phylogenetic structure and function: examples from deep-sea Shewanella. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 35, S2 Nogi, Y. et al. (1998) Moritella japonica, sp. nov., a barophilic bacterium isolated from a Japan Trench sediment. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 44,

6 S3 Xu, Y. et al. (2003). Moritella profunda sp. nov. and Moritella abyssi sp. nov., two psychropiezophilic organisms isolated from deep Atlantic sediments. Int. J. System. Evol. Microbiol. 53, S4 Xu, Y. et al. (2003) Moritella profunda sp. nov. and Moritella abyssi sp. nov., two psychropiezophilic organisms isolated from deep Atlantic sediments. Int. J. System. Evol. Microbiol. 53, S5 Liesack, W. et al. (1991) Potential risks of gene ampli cation by PCR as determined by 16S rdna analysis of a mixed-culture of strict barophilic bacteria. Microb. Ecol. 21, S6 DeLong, E.F. et al. (1997) Evolutionary relationship of cultivated psychrophilic and barophilic deep-sea bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, S7 Nogi et al. (1998) Photobacterium profundum sp. nov., a new, moderately barophilic bacterial species isolated from a deep-sea sediment. Extremophiles 2, 1-7. S8 DeLong, E.F. and Yayanos, A.A. (1986) Biochemical function and ecological significance of novel bacterial lipids in deep-sea prokaryotes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51, S9 Nogi, Y. et al. (1998). Taxonomic studies of deep-sea barophilic Shewanella species, and Shewanella violacea sp. nov., a new barophilic bacterial species. Arch. Microbiol. 170, S10 Deming, J.W. et al. (1984) The ribonucleotide sequence of 5S rrna from two strains of deep-sea barophilic bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130,

7 S11 Lauro, F.M. et al. (2007) The unique 16S rrna genes of piezophiles reflect both phylogeny and adaptation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, S12 Nogi, Y. et al. (2002) Psychromonas kaikoi sp. nov., isolation of novel piezophilic bacteria from the deepest cold-seep sediments in the Japan Trench. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52, S13 Kato, C. et al. (1998) Extremely barophilic bacteria isolated from the Mariana Trench, Challenger Deep, at a depth of 11,000 meters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, S14 Nogi, Y. et al. (2004) Colwellia piezophila sp. nov., a novel piezophilic Colwellia species from deep-sea sediments of the Japan Trench. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, S15 Deming, J.W. et al. (1988). Isolation of an obligatory barophilic bacterium and description of a new genus, Colwellia gen. nov. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 10, S16 Yayanos A.A. (1986) Evolutional and ecological implications of the propeties of deep-sea barophilic bacteria. Proc. Natl. A cad. U.S.A. 83, S17 DeLong, E.F., and Yayanos, A.A. (1986) Biochemical function and ecological significance of novel bacterial lipids in deep-sea prokaryotes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51, S18 Nogi Y. (2007) Psychromonas hadalis sp. nov., a novel piezophilic bacterium isolated from the bottom of the Japan Trench. Int. J. System. Evol. Microbiol. 57,

8 S19 Bale, S.J. et al. (1997) Desulfovibrio profundus sp. nov., a novel barophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium from deep sediment layers in the Japan Sea. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47, S20 Alazard. D. et al. (2003) Desulfovibrio hydrothermalis sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from hydrothermal vents. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, S21 Pathom-aree et al. (2006) Dermacoccus abyssi sp. nov., a piezotolerant actinomycete isolated from the Mariana Trench. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, S22 Yayanos, A.A. et al. (1981) Obligately barophilic bacterium from the Mariana Trench. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, S23 Alain, K. et al. (2002) Marinitoga piezophila sp. nov., a rod-shaped, thermo-piezophilic bacterium isolated under high hydrostatic pressure from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52, S24 Takai, K. et al. (2009) Isolation and physiological characterization of two novel, piezophilic, thermophilic chemolithoautotrophs from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney. Environ. Microbiol. 11, S25 Bernhardt, G. et al. (1988) High pressure enhances the growth rate of the thermophilic archaebacterium Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus without extending its temperature range, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, S26 Marteinsson, V.T. et al. (1997) Physiological responses to stress conditions and barophilic behavior of the hyperthermophilic vent archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63,

9 S27 Marteinsson V.T. et al. (1999) Thermococcus barophilus sp. nov., a new barophilic and hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated under high hydrostatic pressure from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49, S28 Takai, K. et al. (2008) Cell proliferation at 122 o C and isotopically heavy CH 4 production by a hyperthermophilic methanogen under high-pressure cultivation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, S29 Zeng, X. et al. (2009) Pyrococcus CH1, an obligate piezophilic hyperthermophile: extending the upper pressure-temperature limits for life. The ISME Journal 3, S30 Miller, J.F. et al. (1988) Pressure and temperature effects on growth and methane production of the extreme thermophile Methanococcus jannaschii, Appl. Environ. Microbiol 54,