04/08/52. Some are unicellular. Many reproduce. Hypha wall. Typically haploid Achlorophyllous Chemoheterotrophic. Sugar alcohols
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1 Eukaryotic Filamentous Some are unicellular Hypha wall Many reproduce Nuvee Prapasarakul Department of Vet Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University Mitoch ondria Nuclei Hyphae Mycelium Yeasts. Chitin and glucans, Some species contain cellulose Sexual Asexual : spores Typically haploid Achlorophyllous Chemoheterotrophic Storage compounds Symbiosis hyphal: multinucleate Oomycota and some yeasts possess diploid nuclei. No photosynthesis. Carbon: preexisting organic sources Energy: chemical reactions to sythesise the organic compounds. Trehalose Glycogen Sugar alcohols Lipids Free-living Parasitism Mutualism 1
2 Chytridiomycota Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Divisions: isions: Zygomycota: 600 Ascomycota: 60,000 approximately 100,000 species Basidiomycota; 25,000 Gene sequence analyses are resulting in the redefining of some phyla and the reassigning of some genera to different phyla. Jim Deacon (2006). Phylum Zygomycota - Common molds Hyphae: Class Zygomycetes Trichomycetes Terrestrial organisms found primarily in soil. Hyphae: coenocytic non-septate hypha. Anywhere there are water and nutrients Bread Soil Coffee Vegetables Long, continuous Specialization of tubes: haploid function. nuclei. B. Stolons - connect A. Rhizoids - (Root- one group of Like Structures) rhizoids to another. 2
3 Sexual Phase Texts Life cycles includes both Asexual and Sexual stages. HOMOTHALLIC (self-fertile) HETEROTHALLIC (self-sterile) PROGAMETANGIUM GAMETANGIUM KARYOGAMY ZYGOSPORE. Asexual Phase Texts SPORANGIOPORE SPORANGIUM SPORANGIA non-motile sporangiospores APLANOSPORES COLUMELLA Common molds reproduce asexually more often than they do sexually. In mating types or strains grow close to each other: reproduce sexually by conjugation. Gametangium: Gametangia from the Two Types Grow Together and fuse. Zygosporangium Nuclei from the two types mix and form a thick-walled structure Rhizopus oryzae Alcohol production Zygosporangium can survive hostile (a resting stage contains many nuclei). Dipoild Zygosporangium cracks open When conditions improve. Sporangiosphore grows Forms a sporangium. R. nigricans R. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis. Mucor sp. Citric i and Lactric acid production: Food spoilager and pathogen Rhinocerebral zygomycosis Allergen, Irritant, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Dermatitis. Normal flora in flog gut but pathogen in horses and humans Basidiobolus ranarum Sporangium releases thousands of haploid spores. Mucor amphiborum skin lesions or systemic disease in captive and wild-caught Australian frogs. 3
4 Basidia: Club-like reproductive structures during sexual stage Damage grains, food crops, and other plants. Reproduction Actually reproductive structures Seldom reproduce asexually. Basidium (basidia) Sexual forming spores Basidiocarp: inside lining gills (mushroom cap). Stem called a stalk A flattened structure known as a cap Mushrooms Bracket fungi Shelf fungi Puffballs Stinkhorns Smuts Rusts: mold like fungi Underside cap rows of gills that radiate out from the center. Basidia at gill lined. Dikaryotic Monokaryotic Basidium: two nuclei fuse to form Zygote Zygote: meiosis to form four haploid nuclei Four basidiospores Release into the air. Basidiospores germinate and grow new hyphae and mycelia 4
5 Sporobolomyces roseus common on moribund leaf surfaces basidiospores: respiratory allergens Cryptococcus neoformans bird droppings fatal systemic infection of immunocompromised people cryptococcosis Larger fruitbodies (toadstools) wood decay decomposers of leaf litter, animal dung, etc. mycorrhizal on forest trees Teliomycetes Basidiomycetes Ustomycetes Food Agaricus bisporus some more exotic species Mycetism Gastrointestinal disorder to death The most diverse group of fungi with 30,000 species Phyla includes unicellular yeast cup fungi truffles Mycorrhizal fungi เป นห วอย ใต ด นล กลงไปประมาณ 5-40 เซนต เมตร เปนหวอย ใตดนลกลงไปประมาณ 5 40 เซนตเมตร ล กษณะวงกลมรอบต นไม ห างประมาณ เซนต เมตร ชน ดขาว (84, ,000 บาทต อก โลกร ม) ชน ดด า (9,000-27,000 บาทต อก โลกร ม) Tuber himalayensis Tuber ramiayyadis Parasites of food morrels mildews 5
6 Ascogonium: female? Antheridium: male? Ascospores germinate into haploid (gametophyte) Gametangia Plasmogamy: trichogyne of ascogonium touches antheridium and cytoplasms join Karyogamy: union of nuclei to complete syngamy Ascus meiosis four meiotic cells mitosis asci eight final cells Ascus: Dikaryotic, heterokaryotic merged cells become ascogenous hyphae ascocarp: tips of ascogenous hyphae form hymenium layer Gametangia Ascogomium Ascogenous hypahe Antheridium. Ascocarp Asci 6
7 Harmful interactions chrysogenum produces Penicillin Tolypocladium niveum : immunosuppressor, Ciclosporin Stilton cheese veined with roqueforti Baker's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): bread, beer and wine Dutch Elm Disease: Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Claviceps purpurea on rye (Secale cereale) Blue-green, red and brown moulds attack and spoil foodstuffs - for instance italicum rots oranges. Fusarium graminearum contain mycotoxins like deoxynivalen ol (DON) Ergot (Claviceps purpurea): carcinogenic alkaloids, causing ergotism hallucinations, stomach cramp, and Saint Anthony's Fire Aspergillus flavus, which grows on peanuts and other hosts aflatoxin: damages the liver and is highly carcinogenic Candida albicans: thrush or candidiasis, "yeast allergies" camemberti: cheeses Aspergillus oryzae: soy sauce. Morels (Morchella) and truffles (Tuber) Bread Mold Sac Fungi Club Fungi Imperfects Division Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota Species ,000 25,000 17,000 Wall chitin chitin/glucan chitin/glucan chitin/glucan Life Cycle zygotic sporic/kikaryotic sporic/dikaryotic unknown Examples Rhizopus Saccharomyces Cryptococcus Agaricus Amanita Aspergillus Special Vocabulary sporangiophore rhizoid stolon coenocytic gametangium zygospore budding ascus conidia ascogonium antheridium heterokaryon ascocarp ascospore dikaryotic heterokaryon cap (pileus) stalk (stipe) ring (annulus) cup (volva) gills (lamellae) basidium basidiospores conidia 7
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