INDEPENDENT STUDY: KINGDOM FUNGI

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1 INDEPENDENT STUDY: KINGDOM FUNGI Please complete the questions using your textbook as a reference. As you will see, this is not as detailed as your usual Guided Readings and you will have to focus on some details more than others. Use the questions as a guide to what information is more important, making sure you understand these well. Read quickly over the rest though just to understand the big picture. As usual Your goal is to pick up on terminology and knowledge needed to understand what is unique about this Eukaryotic Kingdom. Please print out these pages and HANDWRITE the answers directly on the printouts. Typed work or answers on separate sheets of paper will not be accepted. Importantly, guided readings are NOT GROUP PROJECTS!!! Get in the habit of writing legibly, neatly, and in a NORMAL, MEDIUM-SIZED FONT. Please SCAN documents properly and upload them to Archie. READ FOR UNDERSTANDING and not merely to complete an assignment. Paraphrasing in your own words is a better strategy than blindly coping the book. DO NOT SCAN FOR AN ANSWER. Actually read every line of your chapters front start to finish. Reading is CRITICAL and makes a difference when trying to build a solid understanding of complex topics and when trying to build vocabulary and writing skills. Chapter 31 - FUNGI Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption. [2] Both animals and fungi are multicellular heterotrophs (THEY CANNOT MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD LIKE PLANTS AND ALGAE), but they differ in how they obtain their nutrients. Explain how fungi acquire nutrients. [2, 4] 2. Fungi can be multicellular or single celled organisms. What do we call a single-celled fungus? 3. a. Both plants and fungi have cell walls. Plants cell walls are made from molecules including pectin and cellulose. What material is found in the cell wall of fungi? b. Return to chapter 5, carbohydrates. What is the composition of this polymer, both in the type and orientation of monomers as well as the type of linkages between these monomers.

2 4. For Fungi, form fits function for sure. The body of a fungus consists of hyphae, which make up the mycelium. a. What are these? [2] Hyphae (Singluar hypha) Mycelium (Plurral myclia) b. What two benefits does this body layout and structure bring the fungus? What are septa? What do they allow? 6. Mycorrhizae are critical to the survival of most vascular plants. a. What are mycorrhizae (myco = fungi & rhizae = plant roots in Greek)? b. How does the symbiotic relationship between the fungi and plant roots work specifically?

3 Fungi produce spores through sexual and asexual life cycles. [2] 7. a. Is the dominant generation of many fungi haploid or diploid? Explain. b. Define the following terms that relate to the fungal reproductive cycle. a. Pheromones b. Plasmogamy c. Heterokaryon d. Dikaryotic e. Karyogamy c. Many but not all fungus reproduce both sexual and asexually. Label the illustration below showing the generalized life cycle of a multicellular fungi. (Single celled yeasts grow by dividing or budding) d. As you see, a new fungal organism grows from what structure? [2]

4 8. Fungi that grow asexually by producing haploid spores which develop into visible mycelia are called what? Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages. [2] 9. IN YOUR OWN WORDS, annotate the illustration below showing the reproductive cycle of common black bread mold and explaining what happens during key events. Black bread mold is a typical zygomycetes, a phylum that includes many fast-growing molds that cause food rotting

5 10. a. Lets take a look at the fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. What is the name of the structure where the sexual spores are produced, often within fruiting bodies called ascocarps? [2]? b. Many ascomycetes are important decomposers, often form mycorrhizae with plants, and over 40% of these species live in cooperation with green algae or cyanobacteria in symbiotic relationships as lichens. What is the common name of ascomycetes fungi, which include single-celled yeasts, morels and cup fungi? Even Beadle and Tatum used the ascomycetes Neurospora crassa (bread mold) as you will learn about in Ch a. What are some common species of basidiomycetes? b. What is the name of the structure where the sexual spores are produced in Basidiomycetes? [2] c. What is the common name of these fungi? d. What are fairy rings? Explain how they grow... [2] Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions and human welfare. [2] 12. Fungi are heterotrophs and have three modes of nutrition. Explain each mode of nutrition, and describe a fungus that exhibits it. F.Y.I. - Explain and describe do not mean list. Provide the details please [2] Decomposers

6 Example 2. Parasitism Example 3. Mutualism a. Example Fungus-Plant Mutualism b. Example Fungus-Animal Mutualism c. Example Fungus-Photosynthetic Microorganism Mutualism 13. Tell the life stories of three of your favorite pathogenic fungi. [2]

7 2. 3. s 90. Describe three ways in which humans benefit from activities of fungi Please answer the Self-Quiz at the end of your chapter. Do your best to try it from memory first in order to test how well you grasped the material References Campbell et al. (2008). AP* Edition Biology. 8th Ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 2. Adapted from Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 3. Adapted from L. Miriello 4. Adapted from V. Pollard 5. Adapted from K. Foglia