BIL Study Guide for Exam III This study guide is just a checklist. Use it wisely. Be able to read figures and tables competently.

Transcription

1 BIL Study Guide for Exam III This study guide is just a checklist. Use it wisely. Be able to read figures and tables competently. Thermal Relations : Poikilotherms (Chapter 10 Lecture 9b) Understand the mechanisms of evolutionary responses to thermoregulatory challenges. (i.e, remember how natural selection works, and be able to recognize and apply it to physiological phenomena.) Be able to read figures related to evolutionary results of such natural selection. Understand how climate change might present new evolutionary challenges. isozyme vs. allozyme ortholog vs. paralog homology protein isoforms Know the definitions/significance/function of colligative vs. noncolligative antifreezes Understand the effects of cold on membrane fluidity, and how animals circumvent problems in this area. Know the definitions/function/significance of: supercooling heat shock/heat shock proteins intracellular freezing freezing point chaperone protein extracellular freezing melting point cryoprotectants/antifreeze proteins (AFPs) thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) What additional specializations does the Wood Frog show to survive freezing? Be aware that genes for all these specialized proteins evolved from genes with different original functions (neofunctionalization; evolutionary genomics). Thermal Relations : Homeotherms (Chapter 11 Lecture 9c) Recall the meaning/significance of: poikilotherm vs homeotherm forms of energy endotherm vs ectotherm physiological work regulator vs conformer Understand how the Second Law of Thermodynamics applies to heat transfer between living and non-living objects. Understand the analogy of homeotherm temperature control to a thermostat and furnace. Which components correspond to Sensor controller Set point effector Understand the relationship between resting metabolic rate and environmental temperature in homeotherms. Understand the relationship between resting metabolic rate and body temperature. What is the function of a fever? Understand the relationship between conductance and insulation. You need not memorize the equations for conductance and insulation. They will be provided if you need them. But know how to apply them. thermal radiation pilomotor response posture response convection ptilomotor response shivering thermogenesis conduction vasomotor response non-shivering thermogenesis Speaking of insulation and thermogenesis, know the meaning/function/significance of adipose tissue brown adipose tissue (BAT) fat storage locations in various adipocyte white adipose tissue (WAT) vertebrates leptin adiponectin thermogenin beige adipocytes Recall the meaning/significance of temporal and regional heterothermy. Understand the costs and benefits of homeothermy, and how animals evolutionarily cope with the expenses (e.g., insulation, cooling and warming behaviors, etc.)

2 stenothermal rete mirabile eurythermal heat retention counter current heat exchange Understand basic mechanisms of evaporative and non-evaporative cooling. Which is used first? Understand the meaning/significance/processes/challenges of: crepuscular panting body temperature cycling nocturnal gular fluttering hyperthermia tolerance Know which animals sweat, and where. Know the differences between apocrine and eccrine sweat gland, what they secrete, and how they are used. (What are apocrine, merocrine, and holocrine cells?) Know how some large fish can be homeothermic. Understand the adaptations exhibited by such cold-weather species as reinder and caribou for surviving extreme cold. Know the meaning/significance of the following to extreme cold environment survival: guard hairs fatty acid content of bone marrow feeding behavior undercoat microbiome organisms Neurons and Actin Potentials (Chapter 12 Lecture 10a) Know the components/general anatomy of central nervous system (CNS a generalized neuron peripheral nervous system (PNS) Be able to identify presynaptic neuron cell body (soma) myelin sheath postsynaptic neuron hillock nodes of Ranvier dendrites axon internodes Know the general function of each part, and where action potentials are generated in the cell. Know the different cell types in the nervous system and the location and general function of each: afferent neuron glial cells, including: ependymal cells satellite cells efferent neuron efferent) oligodendrocytes microglia myelin interneuron astrocytes Schwann cells Know the general anatomy of a synapse and how it works. Know the meaning/anatomy/function of: nerve ascending nerve tract dorsal root endoneurium descending nerve tract ventral root perineurium nuclei autonomic vs. sensory neurons epineurium ganglion Know the definition/significance/chemical nature of voltage capacitance resting potential graded potential electrotonic conduction action potential current spatial summation threshold resistance temporal summation Understand interaction of resistance and capacitance in determining neuron electrical properties. What part of the cell provides resistance? What part provides capacitance? Understand the ionic basis of membrane potentials. What happens to sodium and potassium ions across a membrane when an action potential is generated? Understand the action potential, and what happens at each phase of the action potential (in terms of ionic movement across the membrane). Know the basic sequence of events in the propagation of an action potential. What is the role of the myelin sheath in propagating an action potential? Which animals have myelin sheaths? WATCH the SciShow videos on the Nervous System (Part I and Part II), and take notes to shore up what s in our own lecture notes.

3 Synapses and Neurotransmitters (Chapter 13 Lecture 10b) What are the functional differences between electrical and chemical synapses? What are the functional and electrical differences between excitatory and inhibitory synapses? What is a post synaptic potential (PSP)? Know the definition/significance/chemical nature of depolarization excitatory synapse EPSP vs. IPSP hyperpolarization inhibitory synapse absolute vs relative refractory period ionotropic synapse metabotropic synapse electrical vs. chemical synapse fast (ionotropic) transmission slow (metabotropic) transmission quantum (of neurotransmitter), quantal and vesicular release, vesicular membrane (what happens to it after the neurotransmitter is released?). What the five criteria define a neurotransmitter? Which are the most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS and PNS? Know the general nature (inhibitory? excitatory?) of the major neurotransmitters acetylcholine GABA serotonin epinephrine glutamate glycine dopamine norepinephrine Do all neurons produce only one type, or several types of neurotransmitter? Do they respond to only one type? Do they respond only to the type of neurotransmitter they, themselves, produce? What happens to neurotransmitters after they have done their job? (Three possibilities) What ion, stimulated to enter the pre-synaptic terminal by the AP, stimulates vesicles to release neurotransmitter? (Hint: rhymes with balcium ) What is the role of neurotransmitter transporter proteins? Know the meaning/significance/mechanism of Stimulus integration axosomatic synapse temporal summation Axon hillock axodendritic synapse spatial summation ionotropic electrical synapse chemical synapse metabotropic connexon gap junction Understand the basic process of neurotransmitter release via SNARE protein interactions, as well as the basic mechanisms for recycling vesicles, but don t memorize all those proteins. Know the meaning/significance/mechanism of cotransmitter synaptic plasticity habituation tetanic stimulus facilitation sensitization long term potentiation antifacilitation (Study the hippocampus example with the AMPA and NMDA receptors to understand LTP.) Sensory Processes: Mechanoreception (Chapter 14 Lecture 11a) Know what these are: sensory receptor cell chemical stimulus sensory transduction mechanical stimulus stimulus electromagnetic stimulus sensory molecule sensory system Recognize the basic sensory modality classifications (sensory modality; stimulus energy received; mechanism of transduction; location) Where is a receptor potential generated? Where is an action potential generated? Understand the concept of the Labeled Line Principle Know the difference between sensitivity and specificity in sensory systems. Know the meaning/significance of these, with respect to mechanoreception: stretch-activated ion channels action potential (AP) sensillum sensory receptor cell receptor potential (RP) AP frequency sense organ exteroceptor interoceptor tonic vs. phasic response sensory adaptation

4 Recognize and know the general function of mammalian touch receptors and where they are found: Merkel disk Ruffini corpuscle Krause end bulb Meissner corpuscle Pacinian corpuscle nociceptor (Don t memorize details of their structure; just know which ones are shallow or deep.) What is sound? Does it move more effectively in air or in water? Why? Know the meaning/significance of these, with respect to sound/hearing/balance: proprioceptor hair cell tip links otolith statocyst hair bundle how the hair cell works statolith stereocilium lateral line system tympanal organ kinocilium fish inner ear and swim bladder Understand the significance of single vs. three ossicles in reptile vs. mammal middle ear. Understand the structure/function/significance of: eardrum/tympanum stapes sacculus semicircular canal middle ear incus utriculus ampulla inner ear malleus endolymph crista ampularis auditory canal perilymph tensor tympani stapedius muscle How are differences in frequency and amplitude of sound stimuli interpreted by the mammalian auditory system? WATCH the SciShow video on Hearing and Balance, and take notes. Understand the anatomy and function of the cochlea, including: scala vestibuli Organ of Corti (Organ of Corti video is very good!) scala tympani tectorial membrane Basilar membrane hair cells Be able to recognize the path of sound from the external ear to internal ear, including the eardrum, ossicles, oval window, and cochlea. What features of the basilar membrane contribute to the specificity of human hearing to particular sound frequencies? Where in the cochlea are high frequencies processed? Low frequencies? Some concepts and questions to consider: How do the semicircular canals allow vertebrate animals to sense acceleration and orientation of the head? Note their orientation, fluid, and hair cells. How do animals (such as owls) process sound information at their two ears to localize the location of a sound source? Sensory Processes: Chemoreception (Chapter 14 Lecture 11b) Understand the role of chemoreceptive interoceptors in maintaining homeostasis. Understand the example of the mammalian respiratory center, including the roles of medulla oblongata carotid body CO2 partial pressure pons aortic body Recognize examples of chemoreceptive exteroceptors in various animals. Know the meaning/significance/difference between olfaction and gustation. How is their perception different in aquatic vs. terrestrial environments? Recognize the anatomy and functions of an insect taste sensillum vs. insect olfactory sensillum. What do the receptor cells of an insect taste receptor receive? How do they respond to stimuli? Where are the receptors located on the insect s body? tastant vs. odorant deterrent cell taste peg gustatory receptor neuron (GRN) attractive vs. aversive responses Know the five basic taste qualities (at least for humans) and how they are mediated. Know the meaning/anatomy/function of: lingual papillae: taste bud filliform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate

5 Which taste sensations are mediated ionotropically? Metabotropically? How does the dimerization of G-coupled proteins allow a wider range of taste perception in a taste bud? Bonus question answer re: Why so many bitter combinations? Animals must be able to recognize thousands of different noxious compounds, many of them produced by plants as secondary metabolites. Because plants make such a wide variety of such things (e.g., alkaloids), it is adaptive to have a very versatile system for aversion stimuli. Hence, many taste receptor proteins can dimerize to give a fine-tuned perception of different bitter tastes. Understand the meaning/significance of pheromones and how animals use them. Know the meaning/significance/role, in vertebrate olfaction, of: olfactory epithelium (where is it?) vomeronasal organ/jacobson s organ mucous layer flehmen response receptor cell dendrites (where are they?)