c. genetic variation D. acquired characteristics

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1 Chapter 10 Review c. genetic variation acquired characteristics Multiple Choice 6. Which description relates to an acquired 1. characteristic? How did Darwin explain the fact that only a A. Jamal is tall and thin. small number of offspring of any species sur- B. Olivia has curly, blond hair. vive to reproduce? C. Brittney has a widow's peak like her A. Each species acts to limit the size of its father. own population. B. Jose has large muscles from doing Every species is limited to a certain numexercises. ber of offspring. C. The members of a species allow only spe- 7. What happens during asexual reproduction? cific offspring to reproduce. A. Two organisms join together to become Offspring must compete for available re- one new orgamsm. sources in order to survive. B. A single parent organism splits to produce two organisms. 2. Which statement best describes competition? C. Two organisms mate to produce a new It exists between individuals single offspring. A. of the same species living in the same A single organism forms from the halves area only B. of two organisms. of different species living in the same area only 8. In sexually reproducing organisms, the off- C. of different species living in different spring inherit a combination of genetic traits areas only from the of the same species and different species A. mother only living in the same area B. father only C. mother and father 3. Suppose two animals live in the same loca- grandparents only tion and eat the same kind of food. What adaptation would decrease the competition 9. When compared to asexual reproduction, between them? sexual reproduction produces A. Both animals eat at the same time. A. less genetic variation among offspring B. Both animals breed at the same time. B. greater genetic variation among offspring C. One animal has hair and the other has C. offspring that are identical to their feathers. parents One eats during the day and the other eats offspring that are identical to one another at night. 10. A mutation usually results from 4. Heredity is best described as A. artificial selection carried out by humans A. a behavioral difference among offspring B. the fact that only the fittest organisms B. the struggle for existence among living survive things C. a sudden change in the genetic material C. traits that are passed from one generation of an organism to the next competition for resources such as food the gradual change in organisms over and water many years 11. When mutations occur in body cells, they 5. A couple had two children, one with blue can be passed along to A. sex cells only B. other body cells only eyes and the other with brown eyes. This difference is an example of A. natural selection C. offspring only B. artificial selection gametes only Chapter lo/the Theory of Evolution 139

2 12. Which statement best describes the current B. Paving large areas of land has decreased understanding of natural selection? habitats for certain organisms. A. Natural selection influences the fre- e. Scientific evidence indicates that large diquency of adaptive traits in a population. nosaurs once lived on land. B. Changes in gene frequencies due to natu- Characteristics of sharks have remained ral selection have little effect on unchanged for a very long time. evolution. C. Natural selection has been dismissed as 17. When a breeder allows only the strongest and an important concept in evolution. fastest horses to reproduce, she is practicing New combinations and mutations of ge- A. artificial selection netic material are due to natural selection. B. natural selection C. artificial mutation 13. The Florida panther, a member of the cat asexual reproduction family, has a population of fewer than 100 individuals and has limited genetic variation. 18. Unlike in natural selection, in artificial Based on this information, a valid inference selection would be that the panthers A. genetic information is passed down from A. will probably begin to evolve very rapidly one generation to the next B. B. can easily adapt to drastic changes in humans, not the natural, detheir cide which organisms will reproduce e. e. are less likely to survive any changes in the natural, not humans, detheir cides which organisms will reproduce will evolve to become more resistant to mating is random and all organisms may diseases pass their traits on to their offspring 19. People can develop new varieties of cultivated plants by carrying out 14. Which statement represents the major concept of the biological theory of evolution? A. random breeding for all traits A. A new species moves into a habitat when- B. selective breeding for all traits ever another species becomes extinct. e. B. random breeding for specific traits Present-day organisms on Earth devel- selective breeding for specific traits oped from earlier, different organisms. e. Every period of time in Earth's history 20. The situation that would most likely result in had its own group of organisms. the highest rate of natural selection in a pop- Every location on Earth's surface has its ulation would be the reproduction of own unique group of organisms. orgamsms A. by an asexual method in an unchanging 15. Which concept is not a part of the theory of evolution? B. in an unchanging that has A. Present-day species developed from ear- few predators lier, different species. C. that have a low mutation rate in a chang- B. Complex organisms have developed from ing simpler organisms. that show genetic differences in a chang- C. Some species die out when environmen- ing tal conditions change. Change occurs based on the needs of an 21. Selective breeding for particular traits can be individual organism. used to A. develop cultivated plants only 16. Which statement best describes a rapid bio- B. develop domesticated animals only logical adaptation that has actually occurred? e. develop cultivated plants and domesti- A. Pesticide-resistant insects have developed cated animals in certain s. breed rare, wild animal species only 140 Preparing for the New Jersey Biology EOC Test

3 22. Behaviors such as nest-building and caring for offspring are genetically determined in most species of birds. The existence of these behaviors is probably due to the fact that A. most birds do not have the ability to learn new behaviors B. these behaviors helped so many birds survive in the past C. individual birds need to learn to survive and reproduce within their lifetimes, birds developed these behaviors 23. According to the theory of evolution by natural selection, some organisms are more likely than others to survive and reproduce because they A. can pass on to offspring new characteristics they acquired during their lifetimes B. do not pass on to offspring any new characteristics they have acquired C. are better adapted to conditions in the than other organisms are tend to produce fewer offspring than others do within the same order to be passed along to offspring? Explain. 29. Organisms compete for access to various resources. Identify at least three resources for which animals in the same population would compete. How is this "struggle for existence" affected by natural selection? 30. Which concept is best illustrated by the diagram, which shows (in simplified form) some changes in the body size and foreleg structure of horse species over time? Foreleg 24. According to modern evolutionary theory, genes for new traits that help members of a species survive in a particular will usually A. not change in frequency over time B. decrease rapidly in frequency C. decrease gradually in frequency increase in frequency over time 60,000,000 years I i Analysis and Open Ended 25. How has the process of evolution led to the great diversity of species alive today? 26. Explain why the concept of a "struggle for existence" is important to the study of evolution. 27. In terms of evolution, why are the variations among individuals within a population more important than the similarities between them? 28. Give two possible causes of genetic mutations. What cells would they have to affect in A. acquired characteristics B. artificial selection C. genetic recombination evolution by natural selection 31. Why does sexual reproduction produce greater variation among offspring than asexual reproduction? How is this important for the process of evolution? 32. Briefly explain why mutations are important to evolutionary change in a population. Chapter IO/TheTheory of Evolution 141

4 r 33. The best title for the chart below would be Occur as random events Occur in the sex cells Can be passed on to offspring A. Types of Natural Selection B. Characteristics of Mutations C. Survival of the Fittest Asexual Reproduction Caused by chemicals and radiation 34. The following tenns relate to important factors in evolutionary change: struggle for existence,' natural selection; al change; variation among offspring. Which concept includes the other three? Explain why., 35. Describe how the process of natural selection can lead to the evolution of new species over time. 36. A patient was given an antibiotic for an infection. The doctor told the patient to take it for 10 days; but the patient took it for only three days and then stopped because he felt better. After several days, the patient became sick with the same infection again. Why? 37. Suppose there are two types of fur color, brown and white, in a species of rabbit that lives in an area with very little snow all year. Most of the rabbits have brown fur. Then the changes so that there is snow most of the year. Based on your knowledge of natural selection, you might predict that the proportion of white fur to brown fur in the new climate would change so that A. equal numbers of rabbits would have brown fur and white fur B. more rabbits would have white fur than brown fur C. more rabbits would have brown fur with white patches more rabbits would have white fur with brown patches 38. Briefly define, and give an example of, an adaptation, and explain how it helps an or-.. garusm survive. 39. Many pesticides have been used to kill insects that destroy crops or that spread diseases such as malaria. Unfortunately, some of these pesticides are no longer as effective as they once were for getting rid of insect pests. Explain why. Reading Comprehension Base your answers to questions 40 to 42 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Use one or more complete sentences to answer each question. o Atltibiptics-areusellio treat infections in people and animals.due to tj.1~e~ormql.t~~; -success of 'antibiotif~ltheir use is very common worldwide,. When~~are iu~.w~i~; hav~fol1le)oexpectquick,effe.ctive treatiilent with antibiotics. Physi~~ans<.Oft~~.,.;;: pr~scribe.rqti~iqtics~tthe'~(lfliestsign. of an. infection.....'... ".:'.iiy/(x:';:... glj,er.!iul~i?fth~<~id~spreadus~ofthese. medicines is a~r()~inwlj,'.: ' :.'antibiqtict'resistantstrains 'ofbacteria, Some scientists. have.warneu aboutthea. ingpqssibility ofinrections: tliatwill norbe treatable by theiantibiotics} ~~V~:~~~;l'i read),, ne disease.fuberculosis-ewhich was.largely underaqntrol~. h~#appeare~;~;f in astr.ain that is'mlich more difficult to treat with antibiotics.".~"..,;,".""'.; ~_. _, n, :~_'-, :"'-"-:T;_:_=_:, _--_-~ _, :~~, ::=~::~~_~_?~~"l'.r;~';"~ -':~f~:~'~,; :~;'%~~!~~~ Recently, scien,tists became:~iarmed to find bacteria, futhe food, tllarisgiv~attif~i chickens, that areresistant-to the most powerful antibiotics. Even~Qhghthosel;,~; :"particular bacteria were harmless, the finding raised the disturbing p,' "'\lity't.. ;, thesebacte~a;sotddpa~sontheifantibi()ticresist~r-ce:to'diseas<1-.causi. '~":" :;:::':>:::(~~)i,~,h,!,i:':t~,::;'::"":; 142 Preparing for the New Jersey Biology EOC Test

5 .x-: :~;,'",:,~,::.~~.;: '.~::,:_...'~c~-;? 5:~:~;....;.;n.~~;~i~.;~~~;:, :~ _..::: C':~,.:,'.:":.:.: :'".: :, : "~' ': m«~~s~ati1timately, inh~ans~ One reason it is thou~tthat such drug-resistant -.ba~t~i:i~at~\beirtgfound mor~]iequently is the heavy~rrutineuse of antibiotics in :fafniantm3.js!'.~~".'~". i......',..'.. ; :c,'f G~'~iian l~sucijqreveryone tq:bt!aware of and concerned about.seience'has '. f"prgti~~t:ps:witji:a group ofw()ilderdtugsto treat disea~sthat once killed many peo-t?,";~pl;c"~~wev~t, we mustbe~th~r.gntfuland wise in our use of antibiotics. The lawsof ' :2'!!. "intlri'~,case;::rn~,pi-o~~.ss~qfria.tural selection that produces resistance to ant >i:;~;,",.::,:'?~{~~ver bt{i~2t(!cr;,.. ~:;i~~i,:ij.2;:;:.::~.<:.~..y.<:':~':.: y;-::'.,. ~~' ;!~, How is the use of antibiotics a matter of both good news and bad news? 41. Why should people be concerned about the use of antibiotics in farm animals? 42. How is knowledge of the process of natural selection necessary in order to understand the problem of overuse of antibiotics? Chapter lo/the Theory of Evolution 143