Dr. Hatem ElBehairy. Cairo University BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 1

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1 Bridge Management Systems Dr. Hatem ElBehairy Cairo University BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 1

2 Infrastructure Asset Management Infrastructure asset management is the integrated, multi- disciplinary set of strategies in sustaining public infrastructure assets such as: water treatment facilities, sewer lines, Transit roads, bridges, and railways. Generally, the process focuses on the later stages of a facility s life cycle specifically maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement (MR&R). Asset management software tools are used to organize and implement these strategies with the fundamental goal to preserve and extend the service life of long-term infrastructure assets which are vital underlying components in maintaining the quality of life in society and efficiency i in the economy. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 2

3 Infrastructure Asset Management In Canada, municipal infrastructure worth $1.1 trillion, approximately 20% of total built asset of $5.5 trillion (NRC) Municipalities are spending $12 - $15 billion/year on maintenance and rehab (FCM) Huge backlog Infrastructure Backlog Current funding level will deficit $1 trillion in 60 years (CSCE 2003) $ b illio n BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 3

4 Infrastructure Asset Management 79% useful service life of infrastructure has been used (CSCE 2003) Condition degradation Infrastructure gap $50 to $125 billion, 6-10 times of current annual infrastructure budget Estimated cost for upgrading Canadian sewer infrastructure t is $11.8 billion (2003) BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 4

5 Infrastructure Asset Management McGill Survey 2003 (Mirza and Haider) Good/Acceptable Needs Repair/Not Acceptable Roads Side dewalk Bridges Water Distribu bution Sewage Treatm ment Storm Sewer Solid Waste Build ildings Transit Parks BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 5 R Condition (% of Acceptability)

6 Challenges Infrastructure demand and population p growth Aging of infrastructure and condition deterioration Infrastructure deficit Service level improvement Lack of integrated systems/tools and consistent approach Inadequate funding Organizational restructuring BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 6

7 US infrastructure condition BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 7

8 Step 6 Step 1 to 3 Data oriented Step 4 to 5 Methodology and policy issues Step 6 Decision-making Step 5 Decision-making Decision-making Step 4 Step 2 Step 3 Calculations Calculations Models Models Protocols Protocols Step 1 Asset knowledge Asset knowledge BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 8

9 What do you own? What is it worth? Six Whats Asset knowledge What is the condition? C l l ti What is the deferred maintenance? What is the remaining service life? What do you fix first? Calculations Decision-making Models Protocols BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 9

10 What do you own? Asset inventory Database Paper based Electronic (relational database and spreadsheets) Integration with GIS and CMMS What is it worth? Asset valuation Book value, historical value, depreciated value, PV Current Replacement Value (CRV) Cost modeling (direct and indirect costs, PSAB, FCA) Life cycle cost/whole life cost BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 10

11 What is the condition? Condition assessment Condition grading systems (subjective evaluation, distress based matrices ti and dhybrid bidsystems) Structural and functional (defects, breaks, hydraulics, blockages etc.) Protocols (IT tools) PMS, BMS, WRc, NAAPI or homegrown Prediction modeling (Markov, survival functions, NN) What is the deferred maintenance? Facility Condition Index (FCI) Maintenance backlog and economic inflation/deflation BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 11

12 What is the remaining service life? Service life modeling Analytical and probabilistic methods Costs for alternative maintenance, repair and renewal What do you fix first? Prioritization Methods: AHP, B/C, weighted factor methods, PAN, MOO and expert knowledge Ranking: Asset by asset or group of assets Costs for alternative maintenance, repair and renewal Decision-making Combination of all and political agenda BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 12

13 Bridge Management System A bridge management system or BMS is a means for managing bridges throughout design, construction, operation and maintenance of the bridges. As funds available become tighter, road authorities around the world are facing challenges related to bridge management and the escalating maintenance requirements of large infrastructure assets. Bridge management systems help agencies to meet their objectives, such as building inventories and inspection databases, planning for maintenance, repair and rehabilitation (MR&R) interventions in a systematic way, optimizing the allocation of financial resources, and increasing the safety of bridge users. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 13

14 The major tasks in bridge management are: collection of inventory data; inspection; assessment of condition and strength; repair, strengthening or replacement of components; prioritizing the allocation of funds. A BMS is a means of managing bridge information to formulate maintenance programs within cost limitations. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 14

15 Bridges are important assets BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 15

16 Bridges are important assets BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 16

17 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 17

18 Increase in Funds required for Bridges BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 18

19 A BMS includes four basic components: data storage, Cost deterioration models, optimization and analysis models, and updating functions. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 19

20 Basic Components of a BMS (Modified from AASHTO, 2001) Data Base Bridge Inventory Condition Rating Decision Tools and Optimization Models Inspection Deterioration and Improvement Cost User cost Monitoring Improvement BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 20

21 Data Base Bridge Inventory BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 21

22 Bridge Inventory Bridge Inventory provides bridge engineers and decision makers a way of tracking and recording the bridges in a network. The information needed to be available in the bridge inventory can be but not limited to the following items (recording and coding guide for the structural t inventory and appraisal of the nation's bridges, 1995): BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 22

23 Bridge Inventory 1. Bridge location (province, city, district) Latitude and longitude: expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds Year built Bridge number or code 2. Route data: whether it is on Highway (connecting providences), intercity route number on the map. directional (west, east, north, or south). Features intersected. Functional classification of the Inventory Route: Main highway, collector, local. type of service: highway, railroad, pedestrian. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 23

24 3. Bridge geometry data: Lanes on and under the bridge. approach roadway width. Bridge Inventory bridge median: indicates whether the median is non-existent, closed, or open. Bridge skew angle: the angle between the center line of the a pier and a line normal to the roadway centerline expressed in degrees. Structure Flared: indicate whether the bridge is flared or not (the bridge width varies). Navigational Control, navigation vertical and horizontal clearance. number of spans in main unit, number of approach spans, length of maximum span, and structural length curb or width walk width. bridge roadway a width and curb-to-curb c width. desk width, out-to-out. Minimum vertical clearance over bridge roadway and under clearance. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 24

25 4. Bridge structure data: Bridge Inventory deck structure t type: concrete cast in-place, concrete pre-cast panels, steel plates. structure type and system: concrete, steel, or pre-stressed. Wearing surface, protective system. pier or abutment protection. scour critical bridges. 5. Traffic data: Average daily traffic (ADT) and the recorded year Detour length: represent the additional distance to be traveled by the vehicle which would result from bridge closing. Toll: indicates whether the toll status of the bridge. Traffic safety features: bridge railings, transitions, approach guard rail. average daily truck traffic. Future average daily traffic, year of estimation: should not be less than 17 years but more than 22 years BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 25

26 6. Design load. Bridge Inventory 7. Historical significance: if the bridge has a historic record. 8. Bridge condition data: condition rating. bridge posting: indicates the load limit if the bridge is deteriorated or the design loads are increased. structure open, posted, or closed to traffic. 9. Maintenance data: Maintenance responsibility and owner: indicates the actual names of the agencies responsible for the maintenance of the structure. Maintenance and type of work, and included by whom. length of structural improvement. inspection date and designated inspection date. Bridge, roadway improvement cost, and total project cost. year of maintenance cost estimate. year reconstructed. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 26

27 Bridge Inventory 10. Pictures 11. Documents 12. CAD drawings. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 27

28 FORM IB GENERAL BRIDGE INVENTORY BRIDGE NO: Inspection Leader : Inspection Date Road No. Distance from Kilometer Post - m Chainage at Start of Bridge Structure Number Bridge number Location Description Feature ID Bridge number X Y Z District Contract Area Bridge Type 104 No. of Spans 29 Type of Abutment Open Type of Pier Column with cap beam{5} Type & Length of Expansion Joint Steel angle (6) - 240m Type & No. of Bearing tar paper (1) - 30 Type of Railing/Parapet Concrete with handrail (1)&(2) Type of fdeck wearing Surface Bituminouse i Pavement 2 Slope Protection at Abutment slope Bitching 4 No. of Lanes on Structure 2 Bridge Roadway Width (Kerb to Kerb) 8 Bridge Deck Width (Out to Out) 9.5 Approach Roadway Width 7.7 Vertical Clearance 3 Bridge Curve (Y/N) N Bridge Skewed (Y/N) N Bridge Sidewalks Type Concrete 1 Kerb Height (cm) 20 Bridge Median (Y/N) 1 Drainage System (Y/N) Y Utility (Y/N) BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy N 28 Remarks Bridge Referen nce Bridge Element Geome etry

29 Inspection Categories BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 29

30 Data Base Bridge Inventory & Inspection BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 30

31 Bridge Rating BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 31

32 Bridge Rating BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 32

33 Bridge Rating BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 33

34 Bridge Rating BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 34

35 Bridge Rating BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 35

36 Bridge Rating BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 36

37 Assessment and Evaluation Bridge testing methods Non-Destructive tests Destructive tests BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 37

38 Non-Destructive Testing Methods Visual inspections are the most common types of inspections when dealing with bridge members. These inspections do not require sophisticated, highly technical apparatus to perform the inspection, and therefore, are the most economical. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 38

39 Destructive Testing Methods Core sampling is a destructive form of concrete inspection, and it can weaken a member. Cores can be used for many of the destructive tests Strength tests are normally considered destructive tests since they usually involve tests conducted on pieces of steel removed from the bridge BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 39

40 Data Base Bridge Inventory & Inspection BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 40

41 Bridge Deterioration Bridge deterioration is the result of decline in bridge condition resulting from normal operation Excluding damages from events like earthquake, accidents, fire and flood It is considered a complex phenomena where physical and chemical changes happen Each element in the bridge has its own deterioration process Actual prediction of the deterioration is considered critical for the success of a BMS BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 41

42 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 42

43 Very similar to the deterioration models in Pavement Management system But with different elements and loading criteria Top factors affecting deterioration: Age Average daily traffic Environment Bridge design parameters Quality of construction and material used BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 43

44 Parameters affecting deterioration BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 44

45 Bridge Rating BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 45

46 Study By NBI (National Bridge Inventory) deterioration rates tend to predict slower declines in condition ratings after 15 years. results suggest that the average deck condition rating declines at the rate of points per year for approximately the first 10 years and points per year for the remaining years. the overall structural condition declines at a value of per year for 10 years and per year thereafter. results suggest that the condition will not fall below 6 until after 60 years BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 46

47 the estimated average deterioration of decks was about 1 point in 8 years and 1 point in 10 years for the superstructure and substructure. This is not the case in real life: bridges deteriorate at a much higher rates BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 47

48 deterioration models can be categorized into four main categories: mechanistic models, deterministic models, Stochastic models, and artificial intelligence (AI) models BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 48

49 Mechanistic Models Mechanistic models are detailed models that describe the specific deterioration mechanisms of particular bridge components most of these models have not been tested in practice and none of the DOTs uses such models. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 49

50 Deterministic Models dependent on a mathematical or statistical formula for the relationship between the factors affecting bridge deterioration and the measure of a bridge s condition. The models can be categorized as using straight-line extrapolation, regression, and curve-fitting method BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 50

51 Stochastic Models The use of stochastic models has contributed significantly to the field of modeling infrastructure deterioration because of the high uncertainty and randomness involved in the deterioration process The most commonly used stochastic technique for infrastructure deterioration is the Markov chain model. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 51

52 Markov chain based on the concept of defining states in terms of bridge condition ratings and obtaining the probabilities of a bridge condition changing from one state to another Deterioration Matrix BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 52

53 Probability that the bridge will remain in the same condition Deterioration Probability Matrix Probability that the bridge will move to the next condition BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 53

54 Deterioration Probability Matrix BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 54

55 Markov Chain Calculation Calculate the condition rating after 6 years R = [9,8,7,6,5,4,3] At initial stage BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 55

56 Markov Chain Calculation BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 56

57 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 57

58 Data Base Bridge Inventory & Inspection BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 58

59 Improvement Model It is important that the impact of each repair option on the condition of a bridge be analyzed. For example, to raise the condition of the bridge deck from 3 to 5, a medium repair should be selected, while to raise it to condition 7,extensive repair should be selected BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 59

60 Impact of MR&R actions BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 60

61 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 61

62 After Repair the rate of deterioration of rehabilitated bridges is greater than that of newly constructed bridges. rehabilitated bridges do not revert back to their best condition most BMSs assume that the rate of deterioration after repair is the same as that in effect when the bridge was constructed The study concluded that a reconstructed deck has at least a 25% shorter life span than new decks BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 62

63 After Repair BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 63

64 Artificial Intelligence Deterioration Models Artificial neural networks (ANNs) case based reasoning (CBR) machine learning (ML) BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 64

65 ANN was utilized to relate the age of the bridge superstructure (in years) to its condition rating (a numeric value from 1 to 9) The inspection records for 50 bridge superstructures were utilized to train and test the network; 75% of the data were used for training, while the remaining data were used for testing The use of this ANN resulted in 79% of the predicted values were with a 15% prediction error BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 65

66 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 66

67 Data Base Bridge Inventory & Inspection BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 67

68 Cost Model Repair Intensity Deck Superstructure Substructure Light 28% 49% 26% Medium 65% 74% 63% Extensive 100% 100% 100% BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 68

69 Life Cycle Cost Sum of all recurring and one-time (non-recurring) costs over the full life span or a specified period of a good, service, structure, or system. In includes purchase price/construction cost, installation cost, operating costs, maintenance and upgrade costs, and remaining i (residual or salvage) value at the end of ownership or its useful life. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 69

70 Life Cycle Cost (LCC) as the total discounted dollar cost of owning, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or a building system over a period of time. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is an economic evaluation technique that determines the total t cost of owning and operating a facility over period of time. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 70

71 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 71

72 Data Base Bridge Inventory & Inspection BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 72

73 Bridge Deck Management system BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 73

74 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 74

75 4 50 Number of Variables = N x T Each variable can take an integer from 0 to 3 A simple network of 10 bridges in 5-years plan BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 75

76 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 76

77 2012 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 77

78 Condition rating BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 78

79 Component Weight 1 Bearings 6 2 Back wall 5 3 Abutments 8 4 Wing walls 5 5 Piers 8 6 Primary members 10 7 Secondary members 5 8 Deck 8 9 Curb 1 10 Wearing surface 4 11 Bridge seats 6 12 Sidewalks 2 13 Joints 4 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 79

80 Condition rating BCE = BRIDGE CONDITION RATING BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 80

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92 Priority Ranking: Ranking Techniques Choosing the bridges with the worst condition Does not maximize the benefits Do not reduce life cycle cost Do not guarantee optimal selection BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 92

93 Commercial BMS Pontis BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 93

94 Commercial BMS BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 94

95 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 95

96 User Cost the first one estimates the user cost for a network of bridges under service conditions, the other estimates the user costs incurred when crossing work zones during repair activities and optimizes the work zone strategies in order to minimize the user costs BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 96

97 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 97

98 User costs are costs incurred by the public because of deficiencies in bridges, such as a narrow width which causes accidents, low load capacity, or low vertical clearance some vehicles to detour thus leading to an increase in vehicle operating costs and an increase in the trip time which is translated into user delay costs It is estimated that user costs may exceed the repair costs by a factor of 5 or more. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 98

99 User benefits of three types of functional improvements as follows: Widening the bridge approach roadway primarily reduces the risk of accidents on the bridge. Raising the height of the clearance affects the ability of tall trucks to pass under the bridge. The Pontis user model predicts the savings with respect to truck detours. Strengthening the bridge affects the ability of heavy trucks to cross the bridge. The model predicts the potential savings with respect to truck detour costs. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 99

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106 Work Zone BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 106

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112 Cost Model Repair Intensity Deck Superstructure Substructure Light 28% 49% 26% Medium 65% 74% 63% Extensive 100% 100% 100% BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 112

113 Life Cycle Cost Sum of all recurring and one-time (non-recurring) costs over the full life span or a specified period of a good, service, structure, or system. In includes purchase price/construction cost, installation cost, operating costs, maintenance and upgrade costs, and remaining i (residual or salvage) value at the end of ownership or its useful life. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 113

114 Life Cycle Cost (LCC) as the total discounted dollar cost of owning, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or a building system over a period of time. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is an economic evaluation technique that determines the total t cost of owning and operating a facility over period of time. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 114

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116 Bridge Deck Management system BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 116

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121 Multi-Element Bridge Management System (ME-BMS) BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 121

122 Condition rating BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 122

123 Component Weight 1 Bearings 6 2 Back wall 5 3 Abutments 8 4 Wing walls 5 5 Piers 8 6 Primary members 10 7 Secondary members 5 8 Deck 8 9 Curb 1 10 Wearing surface 4 11 Bridge seats 6 12 Sidewalks 2 13 Joints 4 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 123

124 Condition rating BCE = BRIDGE CONDITION RATING BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 124

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136 Traditional Priority Ranking Choosing the bridges with the worst condition Projects are selected until the available fund is exhausted Does not maximize the benefits Do not reduce life cycle cost Do not guarantee optimal selection BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 136

137 Commercial BMS Pontis BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 137

138 Commercial BMS BRIDGIT BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 138

139 Ontario Bridge Management System BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 139

140 User Cost User costs consists to 2 components: the first one estimates the user cost for a network of bridges under service conditions, the other estimates the user costs incurred when crossing work zones during repair activities and optimizes the work zone strategies in order to minimize the user costs BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 140

141 BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 141

142 User costs are costs incurred by the public because of deficiencies in bridges, such as a narrow width which causes accidents, low load capacity, or low vertical clearance some vehicles to detour thus leading to an increase in vehicle operating costs and an increase in the trip time which is translated into user delay costs It is estimated that user costs may exceed the repair costs by a factor of 5 or more. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 142

143 User benefits of three types of functional improvements as follows: Widening the bridge approach roadway primarily reduces the risk of accidents on the bridge. Raising the height of the clearance affects the ability of tall trucks to pass under the bridge. The Pontis user model predicts the savings with respect to truck detours. Strengthening the bridge affects the ability of heavy trucks to cross the bridge. The model predicts the potential savings with respect to truck detour costs. BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 143

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150 Work Zone BMS - Dr. Hatem ElBehairy 150

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