Research activities of ITP in Upper Indus River Basin (UIB), North Pakistan. Yinsheng Zhang. Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITP), CAS
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1 Research activities of ITP in Upper Indus River Basin (UIB), North Pakistan Yinsheng Zhang Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITP), CAS
2
3 CAS Strategic Priority Programme (B) -TIMI Tibet Multiple Sphere Interaction & Their Environment and Resource signicance 冰冻圈 Cryosphere 生物圈 Biosphere 高 大气圈 Atmosphere Land Surface Processes of TP 程 原 过 岩石圈 Lithosphere 环 境 水圈 Hydrosphere 智慧圈 Wisphere
4 Water phase change and impact Vapor Hydro process Snow/ice Melt/runoff water Impact/Water resources
5 Latitude Distribution of Gla mass balance during passed 20 yr (Yao et al, nature 2012) 40 N westerly 0.9 V 4.2 VII 35 N IV 2.0 VI II 东亚季风 30 N 25 N Advance III Retreat (m yr 1 ) (m yr 1 ) Monsoon I E 80 E 85 E 90 E Long tiude 95 E 100 E
6 Intensive observation Upper indus Gla mass balance Gla hydo Lake water Pre spatial Basin water balance Transite Gla mass balance Gla hydo Gla-lake dynamic Lake water Pre spatial Basin water balance Mosoon region Gla mass balance Gla hydo Gla-lake dynamic Lake water Pre spatial Basin water balance
7 Monitoring sites 固定台站河流径流水热通量同位素冰川湖泊冰湖
8 O B J E C T I V E S Goals of the project in UIB iv. Strategic Plan 1. Evaluate the different behavior of precipitation from the westerlies and the monsoon in UIB during past decades, and its impact to the glacier fluctuations 2. Investigate the role of snow and glacier-melt on UIB runoff quantity and seasonal stream flow distribution, and variations during last decade 3. Examine the influence of westerlies and monsoon climate on basin scale hydrological characteristics by comparing the downstream and source region of UIB
9 Framework in Upper Indus River Basin (UIB) NEPAL UIB region Installed Water Level Gauges Installed AWS Proposed Water Level Gauges Proposed AWS Proposed Snow Gauges Proposed Rain Gauges Int. Boundary Rivers JAMMU & KASHMIR O C H I N A Indus Three headwater region I N D I A
10 1. Source Region iv. Strategic Plan v. Field Installations vi. Current Progress NGARI W N S E Km PAKISTAN Discharge Gauge Station AWS J & K INDIA CHINA
11 2. Core Region - Astore Basin iv. Strategic Plan v. Field Installations vi. Current Progress Rain Gauge - Jaglot Rain Gauge - Skardu AWS Sachen Water Level Gauge Astore River Indus River UIB Astore Basin Glaciers
12 Sachen Glacier - Astore Basin iv. Strategic Plan v. Field Installations vi. Current Progress Water Level Gauge Sachen Glacier Rain Gauge AWS / Snow Gauge Water Level Gauge Astore River Exit
13 Glacier discharge monitoring
14 Water level monitoring
15 DGPS survey of debris cover and supra Glacier Lake at Rupal Glacier, Astore
16 Pakistan Expedition 2011
17 Pakistan Expedition 2012 Exit
18 Fieldwork in 2013
19 UIB Database
20 Data Retrieval from UIB S. No. Equipment Location Installation Date 1 AWS Sachen Glacier (Astore) Data Retrieved Period 2011/10/ /10/ /05/22, 2012/10/ /11/02 2 Water Level Gauge - I 2012/10/ /10/ /09/05 3 Rain Gauge - I 2012/10/ /10/ /11/02 4 Snow Gauge 2012/10/ /10/ /11/02 5 Rain Gauge - II Skardu 2012/10/ /10/ /09/08 6 Rain Gauge - III Jaglot (Gilgit) 2012/10/ /10/ /08/31
21 WAPDA Met Stations Data (North Pakistan) Sr. No. Stations Data Availability Elevation 1 Khunjerab Daily Ziarat Daily Naltar Daily Rattu Daily Rama Daily Burzil Daily Yasin Daily Shendur Daily Ushkor Daily Hushey Daily - 11 Shigar Daily - 12 Shangla Daily Deosai Daily Zani Pass Daily - 15 Khod Pass Daily -
22 PMD Met Stations Data (North Pakistan) Sr. No. Stations Data Availability Elevation 1 Bunji Daily Skardu Daily Chillas Daily Gilgit Daily Gupis Daily Astore Daily Hunza Daily Chitral Daily - 9 Dir Daily - 10 Drosh Daily - 11 Murree Daily -
23 WAPDA Hydro Stations in North Pakistan Sr. Hydro Stations Basin Catchment Area Data Availability 1 Kharmong UIB Upstream (Near Pak-China Border) 70, Daily 2 Yogo Shyok 33, Daily 3 Shigar Shigar Daily 4 Kachura UIB Upstream (Skardu) 114, Daily 5 Gilgit Gilgit 12, Daily 6 Dainyor Bridge Hunza 13, Daily 7 Alam Bridge Gilgit & Hunza 27, Daily 8 Partab Bridge UIB Downstream 144,407 No Data 9 Doyian Astore Daily 10 Shatial Bridge UIB Downstream 155,689 No Data 11 Besham Qila UIB Downstream (Near Tarbela Dam) 164, Monthly 12 Swat Swat River Daily
24 vi. Results & Discussions Glacier Covered Area ~560 Km 2 Glaciers in Astore No. of Glaciers ~500 W N S E Valley Glaciers Cirques / Mountain Glaciers
25 Objectives Methodology Results Outcome Suggestions Problems Improved Degree Day Model Glacier Discharge measurement for calibration & Uncertainty Analysis a Where, DDF = Degree Day melting Factor T = Mean Daily Temperature = Threshold temp. for Snow/Rain T T a Where, TFT = Temperature Factor (mmh -1 o C -1 ) SRF = Shortwave Radiation Factor (mmw -1 h -1 ) G = Incoming Shortwave Radiation T = Mean Daily Temperature = Threshold temp. for Snow/Rain T T α = Snow Albedo Source: Pellicciotti et al (2005) Field Observation MODIS (MOD09GA) Daily Reflectance Data Liang et al (2001)
26 Objectives Methodology Results Outcome Suggestions Problems Distributed Snow and Glacier Melt Model Snow Glacier Debris Snow & Glacier Zones Snow Depletion Curves
27 Snow coverd Area (%) Precipitation (mm) Glacier & Snow melt flow Temperature ( O C) vi. Results & Discussions Astore River Hydrograph 120 Annual Mean Flow: 137 m 3 /s Snowmelt & Glaciermelt & Rain flow Rain flow 50 Glacier Area (14%) 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 Discharge SCA % Mean Precipitation
28 Discharge (m 3 /s) 600 Glacier Melt Simulation Glacier Melt Simulated Discharge Measured Discharge Snow-melt 54.6% 100 Glacier+Pre 45.4% Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
29 Future plan calling cooperation Glacier hydrology: mass balance, its contribution to drainage Snow cover: westerly climate, its impact to water resource Basin scale hydrological simulation: Verify distributed hydrological model-insitu meteorological and hydrological Data TPE program
30 TPE Program: two working group: Glacier & precipitation
31 Update on the TPE precipitation working group Establishment of Precipitation Working Group (PWG) for the TPE Program Yinsheng Zhang (ITP) Daqing Yang (Water Res Center, Candina) Ueno (tsukuba Uni, Japan)
32 Precipitation Products in TPE Area:N25-40;E70-110, Gauge:389(China:215 个,Other:174) Data: ,Daily temperature (mean, max,min) daily wind speed, daily precipitation Fig.1 The distribution rain gauge in TPE
33 Various type of gauge Country Type (name) WMO code Setting orifice height (cm) Area of orifice (cm2) Refer of bias Afghanistan Tretyakov G Yang 2001 Bangladesh USWB C Yang 1995 China Chinese standard C Ye, 2006 India* Indian P ? Kazakhstan Tretyakov G Yang 2001 kyrgyzstan Tretyakov G Yang 2001 Nepal** Nepal S ? Pakistan*** Mk C ? Tajikistan Tretyakov G Yang 2001 Turkmenistan Tretyakov G Yang 2001 Uzbekistan Tretyakov G Yang 2001
34
35 Result: Observed/Corrected Precipitation in Third Pole Region Corrected Precipitation Observed Precipitation
36 Field Expedition Plan 2014
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38 Field Expedition with SUPARCO in Astore and Skardu (09-21 June 2014) Base Stations Upper Indus Basin Boundary Roads Muztag Ata O C H I N A SUST Khunjerab Pass GILGIT P A K I S T A N JAGLOT ASTORE DEOSAI SKARDU Scale: 1:2,000,000 ISLAMABAD D I S P U T E D T E R R I T O R Y Km
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