Snowcover interaction with climate, topography & vegetation in mountain catchments
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1 Snowcover interaction with climate, topography & vegetation in mountain catchments DANNY MARKS Northwest Watershed Research Center USDA-Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Boise, Idaho USA
2 RCEW (239 km 2 ): 32 climate stations 36 precipitation stations 5 EC systems 14 weirs (nested) 6 soil microclimate stations 4 hill-slope hydrology sites 4 instrumented catchments 3 instrumented headwater basins: USC (0.25 km 2, 186m relief) ephemeral, groundwater dominated, annual precipitation mm RME (0.38 km 2, 116m relief) perennial, surface water dominated, annual precipitation mm Johnston Draw (1.8 km 2, 380m relief) ephemeral, rain-snow boundary, annual precipitation mm
3 Climate Trends from 45 Years of Monitoring at Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed DANNYANNY MARKSARKS PhD project, ANURAG (Utah State University) NURAG NAYAKAYAK Northwest Watershed Research Center USDA-Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Boise, Idaho USA
4 No Significant Trend Annual Precipitation Elevation: 2097 m (176) Elevation: 1652 m (127) Elevation: 1207 m (076)
5 Annual Stream Discharge RME (2023 m, Drainage: 39 ha) No Significant Trend Streamflow (km 3 ) 2004 Tollgate (1410 m, Drainage: 5,468 ha) Outlet (1099 m, Drainage: 23,828 ha)
6 % Annual Stream Discharge, by Month March, April, May & June (78-95% of Annual Flow) Headwater Catchment: March +3% April +14% May June -11% RME (2023 m, Drainage: 39 ha) Summer Flow: Reduced from 9% to 3% 67% Reduction 10 Mid-Elevation Drainage: March +1% April +12% May +1% June -5% MAR APR MAY JUN Tollgate (1410 m, Drainage: 5,468 ha) Summer Flow: Reduced from 21% to 10% 52% Reduction 10 Basin Outlet: March April +4% May +12% June -1% Outlet (1099 m, Drainage: 23,828 ha) Summer Flow: Reduced from 27% to 12% 56% Reduction
7 + 2.5: -0.6 to : +7.9 to : +2.5 to : to : +1.7 to : 15.4 to 16.3
8 Snow: -16%: 80% to 62% Still Snow Dominated Snow: -17%: 55% to 38% Now Rain Dominated Snow: -22%: 41% to 19% Almost Never Snows
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10 Annual precipitation & discharge are unchanged However, early spring flows are increased Summer flows are significantly reduced Climate is warming All temperatures have increased Minimum temperatures increased the most More precipitation falls as rain Smaller change at high elevation Large change at low elevation Strong elevation effect Effects availability of water in summer More area at lower elevation Increase in winter ROS events
11 Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed Tollgate Basin Area: 54.6 km 2 Elev: m
12 Scaling up to Tollgate
13 Snow & Hydrologic Modeling: Simulation of terrain and forest shelter effects on wind fields, patterns of snow redistribution, snowmelt and runoff DANNY MARKS PhD project, ADAM (University of Reading, UK) DAM WINSTRAL Northwest Watershed Research Center USDA-Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Boise, Idaho USA
14 Snow Redistribution and Drifting
15 Drifts and Forest Cover, RCEW
16 Forest Canopy- Snowcover Interaction
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19 Reynolds Mountain East Study Catchment (0.38 km 2, 118 m relief)
20 The Ridge Site
21 The Grove Site
22 The Grove Site
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25 Four Snow Seasons Selected for Simulation 1986, 1987, 1989 for SCA Data 1997 for ROS Event I. Verify Simulated Snow Distributions * Time-series AP II. Evaluate Terrain & Vegetation Shelter Effects on * Simulated Snow Cover Energy Balance * Snow Melt * Runoff
26 Modeled and Observed SWE (Point Comparison)
27 1986 Simulated Snow Distribution Aerial Photos Modeled SWE
28 1986 Simulated Snow Distribution Aerial Photos Modeled SWE: spatially constant wind and precipitation inputs
29 1986 Simulated Surface Water Inputs Spatially Distributed Wind and Precipitation Inputs Spatially Constant Wind and Precipitation Inputs
30 1987 Simulated Snow Distribution Aerial Photos Modeled SWE
31 1987 Simulated Surface Water Inputs
32 1989 Simulated Snow Distribution Aerial Photos Modeled SWE
33 1989 Simulated Surface Water Inputs
34 1997 Simulated Surface Water Inputs and SWE
35 Mid-winter ROS: Sensible + Latent Heat dominated
36 Early spring wind event: Sensible Heat dominated
37 Typical spring melt event: Radiation dominated
38 Simulated Daily SWE 1986 Snow Season View movie at
39 Boise River Basin (2150 km 2 ) 1998 Water Year DANNY MARKS and DAVID GAREN * KS and D * National Water and Climate Center USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service Portland, Oregon, USA Large Area Climate Data Distribution Canopy Corrections Satellite Derived Snow Covered Area for Verification Streamflow Simulation
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41 Boise River Snow Water Equivalent Water Year 1998 Atlanta Town (1649 m) Observed Simulated Snow Water Equivalent (mm) 9-Oct 29-Oct 18-Nov 8-Dec 28-Dec 17-Jan 6-Feb 26-Feb 18-Mar 7-Apr 27-Apr 17-May 6-Jun 26-Jun 9-Oct 29-Oct 18-Nov 8-Dec 28-Dec 17-Jan 6-Feb 26-Feb 18-Mar 7-Apr 27-Apr 17-May 6-Jun 26-Jun 9-Oct 29-Oct 18-Nov 8-Dec 28-Dec 17-Jan 6-Feb 26-Feb 18-Mar 7-Apr 27-Apr Mores Creek Summit (1859 m) Atlanta Summit (2310 m) Observed 500 Simulated Graham Guard Station (1734 m) Observed Simulated Snow Water Equivalent (mm) 9-Oct 29-Oct 18-Nov 8-Dec 28-Dec 17-Jan 6-Feb 26-Feb 18-Mar 7-Apr 27-Apr 17-May 6-Jun 26-Jun 9-Oct 29-Oct 18-Nov 8-Dec 28-Dec 17-Jan 6-Feb 26-Feb 18-Mar 7-Apr 27-Apr 17-May 6-Jun 26-Jun 9-Oct 29-Oct 18-Nov 8-Dec 28-Dec 17-Jan 6-Feb 26-Feb 18-Mar 7-Apr 27-Apr Snow Water Equivalent (mm) Jackson Peak (2155 m) Observed 500 Simulated Snow Water Equivalent (mm) 17-May Snow Water Equivalent (mm) 6-Jun 26-Jun Trinity Mountain (2368 m) Observed Simulated Observed Simulated 17-May Snow Water Equivalent (mm) 6-Jun 26-Jun
42 Simulated and Satellite Snow Covered Area (SCA) Boise River Basin, Water Year Snow Covered Area (%) Apr 16-Apr 1-May 16-May 31-May 15-Jun 30-Jun 15-Jul Satellite Simulated
43 Boise River Simulated Snow Water Equivalent and Satellite Snow Covered Area (SCA) 21 April 1998
44 Boise River Simulated Snow Water Equivalent and Satellite Snow Covered Area (SCA) 7 May 1998
45 Boise River Simulated Snow Water Equivalent and Satellite Snow Covered Area (SCA) 21 May 1998
46 Boise River Simulated Snow Water Equivalent and Satellite Snow Covered Area (SCA) 29 June 1998
47 Boise River Streamflow Simulation Water Year 1998
48 Comparing sensible and latent heat fluxes over snow along a North American Cordilleran Transect DANNY MARKS & John Pomeroy Students: Michele Reba (U of I) Warren Helgason (U of S) Dan Bewley (U of Wales) Northwest Watershed Research Center USDA-Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Boise, Idaho USA
49 GAPP North American Cordilleran Transect WCRB WCRB WCRB: Wolf Creek Research Basin, Yukon Territory, Canada MCRB MCRB MCRB: Marmot Creek Research Basin Alberta, Canada RCEW LSOS RCEW RCEW: Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, USA LSOS: Local Scale Observation Site Colorado, USA LSOS
50 RME Study Site Reynolds Mountain East
51 The Grove The Protected Site
52 The Ridge The Exposed Site
53 Exposed Site Protected Site
54 WY 2005 Monthly EC-Measured H & L v E Over Sage and Below Aspen:
55 WY 2005 Monthly EC-Measured CO 2 & ET Over Sage and Below Aspen:
56 Preliminary Conclusions First full-year measurements of evaporation/transpiration ~33% (211 mm) of 2005 deposition (630 mm) lost to ET over sage ~10% (90 mm) of 2005 deposition (879 mm) lost to ET below aspen First measurements of Carbon flux Sage site close to balance, but lost carbon to atmosphere Below aspen site took carbon from the atmosphere Critical to get Above Aspen Data Data only for 2005 water year; add 2004 & 2006 data
57 Scale effects on snowcover accumulation and melt modelling: Determining the minimum complexity required to capture essential features of snowmelt over large regions with complex terrain DANNYANNY MARKSARKS PhD project, ADAM (University of Reading, UK) DAM WINSTRAL Northwest Watershed Research Center USDA-Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Boise, Idaho USA
58 Scaling Issues Distributing Forcing Data Over Large Areas Orography (Pacific NW & BC - ROS events) Mixed phase precipitation events: Rain vs Snow Dew point temperature as an indicator of phase Terrain & canopy-induced variability Linkages between forcing & energy state Measurement & Validation
59 Johnston Draw Study Catchment (1.8 km 2, 380 m relief)
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63 Preliminary Conclusions Dew Point Temperature is a reliable predictor of precipitation phase. Need second year of data, and additional events for validation Need data from additional sites (Klamath River basin, Oregon; BC?) Summer Precipitation (Kananaskis( Kananaskis,, Wolf Creek)
64 A Scalable Shading Model for Radiation at the Forest Floor, using LiDAR-derived Canopy Parameters RICHARD ESSERY (University of Wales, Aberystwyth) DANNY MARKS (USDA-ARS ARS Northwest Watershed Research Center) See: Essery, Bunting, Hardy, Link, Marks, Melloh,, Pomeroy, Rowlands and Rutter, 2007, in review, Journal of Hydrometeorology; Pomeroy, Rowlands,, Hardy, Link, Marks, Essery, Sicart and Ellis, 2007, in review, Journal of Hydrometeorology
65 Geometric shading model d c l + + h θ cbh
66 Solar Radiation to Snow beneath Shrubs and Trees Tall Shrubs, Wolf Creek Marmot Creek level forest SW (W/m 2 ) SW (W/m 2 ) Day (2003) Day (2005) See: Pomeroy, et al., in review, 2007, Journal of Hydrometeorology; Bewley et al., 2007, in press, Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research; Link, Marks and Hardy, 2004, Hydrological Processes
67 Inventory map LiDAR + tree map 100 m
68 Stand Scale Modelling of Solar Radiation Simulated sky view SW (W/m 2 ) Simulated sky view Simulated sky view Clear Overcast Measured Modelled Day (2003) Essery et al.. (2007). In review for Journal of Hydrometeorology.
69 Fine Scale Modelling of Sub-alpine Solar Radiation Essery et al.. (2007). In review for Journal of Hydrometeorology.
70 LiDAR Forest CSM & DEM Characterization Pomeroy, et al., in review, 2007, Journal of Hydrometeorology; Essery et al.. (2007). In review for Journal of Hydrometeorology
71 Sky view From hemispherical photographs From LiDAR shading model Essery et al.. (2007). In review for Journal of Hydrometeorology
72 The Longwave Radiation Problem: Hot Canopy and Trunks Increase Forest Longwave Radiation : JD86 Cloudy JD87 Sunny Temperature (TC) C CLPX LSOS Open Canopy IOP1 Canopy North Trunk Snow Surface Canopy South Julian Day 2002 Pomeroy, Marks, Ellis, et al., 2007, in prep, Hydrological Processes
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