WEATHER MODIFICATION
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1 WEATHER MODIFICATION Test Technology Symposium 97 Session B: Advanced Weapon/Instrumentation Technologies John Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory by Dr. Arnold A. Barnes, Jr. Senior Scientist Optical Effects Division Phillips Laboratory 19 March 1997 Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
2 POTENTIAL WEATHER MODIFICATION CAPABILITIES AF 2025 DEGRADE ENEMY FORCES Precipitation Enhancement Flood Lines of Communication Reduce PGM/Recce Effectiveness Decrease Comfort Level/Morale Storm Enhancement Deny Operations Precipitation Denial Deny Fresh Water Induce Drought Space Weather Disrupt Communications/Radar Disable/Destroy Space Assets Fog and Cloud Removal Deny Concealment Increase Vulnerability to PGM/Recce Detect Hostile Weather Activities ENHANCE FRIENDLY FORCES Precipitation Avoidance Maintain/Improve LOC Maintain Visibility Maintain Comfort Level/Morale Storm Modification Choose Battlespace Environment Space Weather Improve Communication Reliability Intercept Enemy Transmissions Revitalize Space Assets Fog and Cloud Generation Increase Concealment Fog and Cloud Removal Maintain Airfield Operations Enhance PGM Effectiveness Defend Against Enemy Capabilities Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
3 TREATY ISSUES The U. N. Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification, which went into effect 5 October 1978, applies only to widespread, long-lasting or severe environmental modifications.» Local, non-permanent changes, such as precipitation enhancement, hail suppression, fog and cloud dispersal, are permitted under the U. N. treaty. Since 1978 the official Air Force position has been that weather modification had little utility or military payoff as a weapon of war. The official Air Force position needs to be reevaluated:» In the light of 19 years of scientific advances» In the light of advanced weapon systems which are more environmentally sensitive» To prepare against technological surprise Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
4 POTENTIAL WEATHER MODIFICATION CAPABILITIES AF 2025 DEGRADE ENEMY FORCES Precipitation Enhancement Flood Lines of Communication Reduce PGM/Recce Effectiveness Decrease Comfort Level/Morale Storm Enhancement Deny Operations Precipitation Denial Deny Fresh Water Induce Drought Space Weather Disrupt Communications/Radar Disable/Destroy Space Assets Fog and Cloud Removal Deny Concealment Increase Vulnerability to PGM/Recce Detect Hostile Weather Activities ENHANCE FRIENDLY FORCES Precipitation Avoidance Maintain/Improve LOC Maintain Visibility Maintain Comfort Level/Morale Storm Modification Choose Battlespace Environment Space Weather Improve Communication Reliability Intercept Enemy Transmissions Revitalize Space Assets Fog and Cloud Generation Increase Concealment Fog and Cloud Removal Maintain Airfield Operations Enhance PGM Effectiveness Defend Against Enemy Capabilities Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
5 SOLAR ACTIVITY Next Maximum: Jan 1999 Mar 2000 Jun 2001 Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
6 HAARP Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
7 POTENTIAL WEATHER MODIFICATION CAPABILITIES AF 2025 DEGRADE ENEMY FORCES Precipitation Enhancement Flood Lines of Communication Reduce PGM/Recce Effectiveness Decrease Comfort Level/Morale Storm Enhancement Deny Operations Precipitation Denial Deny Fresh Water Induce Drought Space Weather Disrupt Communications/Radar Disable/Destroy Space Assets Fog and Cloud Removal Deny Concealment Increase Vulnerability to PGM/Recce Detect Hostile Weather Activities ENHANCE FRIENDLY FORCES Precipitation Avoidance Maintain/Improve LOC Maintain Visibility Maintain Comfort Level/Morale Storm Modification Choose Battlespace Environment Space Weather Improve Communication Reliability Intercept Enemy Transmissions Revitalize Space Assets Fog and Cloud Generation Increase Concealment Fog and Cloud Removal Maintain Airfield Operations Enhance PGM Effectiveness Defend Against Enemy Capabilities Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
8 HISTORY OF AIR FORCE WEATHER MODIFICATION PREVIOUS WEATHER MODIFICATION WORK BY THIS LABORATORY S PREDECESSORS FIDO; WW II Clearing of Supercooled Fog at Airfields in Alaska and other cold regions; 50s and 60s Hole Clearing with Carbon Black; 50s and 60s Hole Clearing with Silver Iodide, etc.; 50s through 70s Hole Clearing by Helicopter; 60s and 70s Ho Chi Minh Trail Muddying; 60s and 70s Contrail Suppression; 70s Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
9 CLOUD SEEDING WEATHER MODIFICATION USING CARBON BLACK (1) Increase Precipitation» Muddy dirt roads to decrease tractability» Flood fields and small rivers» Decrease troop comfort level» Decrease tractability by snow or freezing rain when the temperature conditions are right Decrease Precipitation #» Dry out roads/fields for improved tractability» Deny fresh water to troops in semi-dry regions Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
10 CLOUD SEEDING (cont.) WEATHER MODIFICATION USING CARBON BLACK (2) Increase Cirrus Cloud Cover» Deny visual satellite or high altitude reconnaissance» Decrease light level for night time operations Dissipate Fog» Uncover targets for visual raids» Provide visual inspection of damage» Provide visual reconnaissance» Open airfields for landing / recovery Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
11 STRATEGY FOR RE-EVALUATION OF CLOUD AND FOG MODIFICATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF NUCLEATION CLOUD PHYSICS AND RADIATION COMPUTERS AND NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION (NWP) MODELS Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
12 MODELING AND SIMULATION WARNING - MUST TEST AGAINST REAL DATA NUCLEAR WINTER vs NUCLEAR SUMMER US SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT AND OZONE WEATHER FORECASTS GET TIMELY FEEDBACK NWP BASIC EQUATIONS CORRECTED EMPIRICAL Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
13 CLOUD COVER OVER THE EARTH CHANCES = CLIMATOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF CLOUDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SIMULATIONS COMPLETE GLOBAL COVERAGE EVERY HOUR FOR ONE YEAR IR & VISUAL DATA FROM SATELLITES CLOUD/NO CLOUD (C/NC) FOR (5 KM)**2 AREAS SERCAA = SUPPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOUD ANALYSIS AND ARCHIVES REAL-TIME COVERAGE FOR OPERATIONAL USE BEING DEVELOPED BY PL/GPA INCLUDES CLOUD HEIGHT INFORMATION Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
14 CHANCES IR DATABASE 23 APR 1994, 2000 UTC Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
15 CHANCES C/NC PRODUCT 23 APR 1994, 2000 UTC Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
16 CLOUD IMPACTS ON DOD OPERATIONS AND SYSTEMS WW II - Aborted Missions, FIDO VIETNAM - Operation POPEYE GULF WAR - Aborted Missions CIDOS - CONFERENCES EVERY 18 MONTHS September 1997, Naval Warfare Center, RI POC: Donald Chisholm, PL/GPA, Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
17 POTENTIAL WEATHER MODIFICATION CAPABILITIES AF 2025 DEGRADE ENEMY FORCES Precipitation Enhancement Flood Lines of Communication Reduce PGM/Recce Effectiveness Decrease Comfort Level/Morale Storm Enhancement Deny Operations Precipitation Denial Deny Fresh Water Induce Drought Space Weather Disrupt Communications/Radar Disable/Destroy Space Assets Fog and Cloud Removal Deny Concealment Increase Vulnerability to PGM/Recce Detect Hostile Weather Activities ENHANCE FRIENDLY FORCES Precipitation Avoidance Maintain/Improve LOC Maintain Visibility Maintain Comfort Level/Morale Storm Modification Choose Battlespace Environment Space Weather Improve Communication Reliability Intercept Enemy Transmissions Revitalize Space Assets Fog and Cloud Generation Increase Concealment Fog and Cloud Removal Maintain Airfield Operations Enhance PGM Effectiveness Defend Against Enemy Capabilities Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
18 STORM MODIFICATION ENERGY REACHING TOP OF ATMOSPHERE FROM THE SUN 1340 WATTS/m 2 = 1340 joules m -2 sec x joules sec -1 4 x 10 7 Tons TNT sec -1 = 40 Megatons TNT sec -1 SMALL THUNDERSTORM 7 x 10 9 joules sec -1 2 Tons TNT sec -1 LARGE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM 7 x joules sec Tons TNT sec -1 MAJOR STORM SYSTEM 7 x joules sec Kilotons TNT sec -1 HURRICANE 7 x joules sec Kilotons TNT sec -1 AVAILABLE MAN RETRIEVED ENERGY SMALL CHAOS BUTTERFLY EFFECT UNPREDICTABLE Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
19 IMPROVEMENTS IN WEATHER FORECASTS SATELLITE WITH 26 IR CHANNELS 2004 PROJECTED LAUNCH WILL PROVIDE WORLD WIDE VERTICAL TEMPERATURE PROFILES BY 2020 CHAOS SEEMS TO BE LIMITED TO ACTIVE REGIONS LOOK FOR THE BUTTERFLY LIMITS OF FORECASTS DAYS DAYS DAYS MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN CLOUD FORECASTS BY 2010 Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
20 NEW WEAPON SYSTEMS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE ATMOSPHERE COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LIGHTNING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND LIGHTNING NEED TO INVOLVE WEATHER OFFICERS VERY EARLY WW II RADAR EXAMPLE THE ATMOSPHERE CAN HELP AS WELL AS HINDER CLOUDS AND THE AIRBORNE LASER LASER LIGHTNING ROD TO TRIGGER LIGHTNING LASER FOG CLEARING AND HOLE BORING Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
21 SUMMARY MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN SHORT TERM FORECASTS BY DAY FORECASTS BY 2040 CURRENT CAPABILITIES TARGETED FOG DISPERSAL LOCAL CHANGES IN PRECIPITATION CLOUD MODIFICATION - SURVEILLANCE/COVERAGE HOLE BORING CREATE/SUPPRESS CIRRUS/CONTRAILS IONOSPHERIC MODIFICATION ENERGY REQUIREMENTS TOO LARGE FOR MAJOR STORMS TREATY RESTRICTIONS NEW WEAPON SYSTEMS PUSH THE ENVELOPE THE ENVIRONMENT MUST BE CONSIDERED FROM THE START OF THE CONCEPT/DESIGN FOR ALL NEW WEAPON SYSTEMS Weather Modification/PL/GPA/AAB/
WEATHER MODIFICATION
WEATHER MODIFICATION Test Technology Symposium 97 Session B: Advanced Weapon/Instrumentation Technologies John Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory by Dr. Arnold A. Barnes, Jr. Senior Scientist
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