Temora longicornis and T. stylifera in a changing ocean climate: A macroecological perspective
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1 Temora longicornis and T. stylifera in a changing ocean climate: A macroecological perspective Claudia Castellani 1 and Eric Goberville 1,2 1 Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS), Plymouth, UK 2 CNRS, Univ. Lille, Univ. Laboratoire d'océanologie et de Géosciences, Wimereux, France
2 Aim of the study Evidence that environmental changes affect species biogeography and abundance of many marine species (e.g. Beaugrand et al 2002). Investigate changes in the seasonal and spatial abundance of two congeneric species, Temora longicornis and T. stylifera, in the North Atlantic over the past 60 years. Focus on the Eastern North Atlantic (Bay of Biscay) Explore biogeographical changes in relation to environmental variables Compare two different periods of the time series: Cold period: Warm period: Determine environmental preferences for the two species
3 T. longicornis vs T. stylifera Biogeography (Literature source) T. longicornis Cold-temperate Neritic, epipelagic Peak in spring-summer 40 N 72 N T. stylifera Halsband-Lenk et al. (2002) JEMBE Warm-temperate Peak autumn-winter Neritic, epipelagic Bay of Biscay since 1980 (Valdes et al. 2007) English Channel since 1990 (Lindley & Dykin 2005)
4 Method and Data Continuous plankton Recorder CPR-Survey in the North Atlantic Towed by ships of opportunity Between 7 and 10 metres depth Plankton caught on silk mesh (~270μm) and fixed in formalin. 6.5 million nautical miles towed since 1931 Data analysed consistently since 1958 ~ 60 years time series
5 Data Analysis Variables: T. longicornis and T. stylifera (abundance) Phytoplankton colour Index (PCI): annual mean, max and min Sea Surface Temperature (SST): annual mean, max and min Salinity, Oxygen Bathymetry Data spatially interpolated with inverse squared distance (grid 1 lat x 1 long). Interpolation carried for each month and year (with min 5 month observations) over the period Spearman correlation and bootstrap (abundance vs environmental variables). Spatialised PCI to compare seasonal and long term variability in the two species Bergen Analysis 2016 of environmental preference for the species
6 Spatial distribution and abundance T. longicornis ( ) T. stylifera ( ) abundance (log10+1) abundance (log10+1)
7 abundance (log10+1) abundance (log10+1) Spatial distribution and abundance T. longicornis ( ) T. stylifera ( )
8 T. longicornis ( ) Long-term changes in abundance
9 Long-term changes in abundance T. stylifera ( )
10 T. longicornis (Bay of Biscay)
11 T. stylifera (Bay of Biscay)
12 Phytoplankton Colour Index (Bay of Biscay)
13 SST (Bay of Biscay)
14 Modified from Alheit, et al., (2014) Changes in SST SST increase from the 1980s: Cold period ( ) Warm period ( )
15 Biogeographic change in abundance T. longicornis Changes in the abundance between the cold ( ) and a warm ( ) period: Changes in abundance (log10+1) Increase in the north; Decrease in the south Particularly along the Iberian coast, the Celtic Sea and south of Iceland.
16 Biogeographic change in abundance T. stylifera Changes in the abundance between the cold ( ) and a warm ( ) period: Increase in the Bay of Biscay and the Celtic Sea during the warm period ( ) Changes in abundance (log10+1)
17 Seasonal change in abundance T. longicornis ( ) First principal component (~50% of the variability) Increases from March-April Peak during summer (June/July) Minimum from October
18 Phenology T. longicornis The seasonal cycle has anticipated Cold period ( ) (first positive values of the PC1 in April during the warm period) Warm period ( )
19 Seasonal change in abundance T. stylifera ( ) First principal component (~31% of the variability) Bay of Biscay Peaks in August Decline after October Celtic Sea Peaks in winter probably as a result of advection in this area
20 Environmental preferences T. longicornis ( ) Correlation PC2 vs PC1: Abundance +ve correlated with Chla, bathymetry and seasonal changes in SST -ve correlated with min SST Coastal species highly dependent on prey supply
21 Environmental preferences T. stylifera ( ) Correlation analysis PC2 vs PC1: Abundance +ve correlated with SST max and PAR High affinity for warm water environment
22 PCI preferendum The preferendum for the Phytoplankton Colour Index is similar for the two species T. longicornis has higher population abundance than T. stylifera at similar PCI values
23 SST Preferendum The preferendum for SST Varies for the two species with optimum: T. longicornis ~ 12 C T. stylifera ~ 18 C
24 Summary and Conclusions The biogeographical distribution of the two congeneric species in the NE-Atlantic has shifted northwards over the past 20 years The main changes have occurred in the Bay of Biscay where T. stylifera has increased and T. longicornis has slightly decreased: T. stylifera increase is linked to a higher SST (max) after summer which corresponds to the start of its seasonal cycle. T. longicornis decrease also seem related to higher SST. Increase in SST min. in spring appears to have anticipated the seasonal cycle of T. longicornis. T. longicornis appears more dependent on food availability than T. stylifera. The two species have distinct environmental preferences leading to specific adaptation of their life cycles
25 Temora species in the Bay of Biscay
26 Environmental affinity of the two species of the genus Temora Difference in the optimum of SST. T. stylifera is a warm adapted species compared to its congener T. longicornis appears more coastal in comparison to T. stylifera
27 Environmental affinity of the two species of the genus Temora The highest abundance of T. longicornis are found for the highest concentration in chloa: relation with the coastal environment
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