Nighttime Visibility of 3M AWP and 3M 380WR ES Durable Tape under Dry, Wet, and Rainy Conditions
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1 Nighttime Visibility of 3M AWP and 3M 380WR ES Durable Tape under Dry, Wet, and Rainy Conditions Dr. Ala R. Abbas Ms. Priyanka Sarker Department of Civil Engineering University of Akron 1
2 Acknowledgements Paul Singh (Traffic Engineering) Jim Roth (Traffic Engineering) Brad Young (Materials Management) Maria Kerestly (Materials Management) Randy Davis (Materials Management) Larry Eby (ODOT District 5) Rick Williams (ODOT District 5) 2
3 Outline Problem Statement Objectives Background Project Information Results and Analysis Conclusions Recommendations for Implementation Questions 3
4 Problem Statement 4
5 Problem Statement RPMs are typically used in Ohio to provide visual guidance to motorists under wet weather conditions. In rare occasions, the aged pavement surface has failed to provide adequate support to the RPM castings. As a result, this project was initiated to evaluate the performance of other alternative materials and determine the feasibility of using them as a replacement for RPMs. 5
6 Objectives 6
7 Objectives The main objectives of this study were to: Evaluate the wet night performance of alternative wet pavement markings Determine the feasibility of using them as a replacement for RPMs in Ohio 7
8 Background 8
9 Dry and Wet Retroreflectivity 9
10 Wet Pavement Markings Larger Glass Beads Dual Optics (Elements) Enclosed Lens Tape Structured Tape Profiled Markings 10
11 Alternate Marking Technique Rumble Strip Marking 11
12 Project Information 12
13 Project Information Three materials were installed along IR 70 in Licking County (ODOT District 5) following an asphalt resurfacing project These materials included: 3M All Weather Paint (AWP) on surface and on rumble strips 3M 380WR ES Durable Tape on surface and in groove Standard extruded thermoplastic on surface and in groove 13
14 Project Information (Cont.) Test Site Conditions: Average annual snowfall 20 to 30 inches Traffic Conditions (2 lanes per direction) AADT 44,000 vehicles per day Percentage of trucks 30% 14
15 Project Information (Cont.) Pavement markings were installed according to ODOT 2005 Construction and Material Specifications (C&MS) A standard line width of 4 inches was used Yellow markings were installed on the left edge line and white markings were installed on the lane line and right edge line The lane lines were applied in 10 ft long segments with 30 ft gaps in between 15
16 Project Information (Cont.) Treatment No. Mile Marker Line Type Treatment Type Yellow Edge Line AWP on Rumble Strips (EB) White Lane Line AWP on Surface White Edge Line AWP on Rumble Strips 16
17 Project Information (Cont.) Treatment No. Mile Marker Line Type Treatment Type Yellow Edge Line WR Durable Tape on Surface (EB) White Lane Line WR Durable Tape on Surface White Edge Line WR Durable Tape on Surface 17
18 Project Information (Cont.) Treatment No. Mile Marker Line Type Treatment Type Yellow Edge Line WR Durable Tape in Groove (EB) White Lane Line WR Durable Tape in Groove White Edge Line WR Durable Tape in Groove 18
19 Project Information (Cont.) Treatment No. Mile Marker Line Type Treatment Type Yellow Edge Line Thermoplastic in Groove (EB) White Lane Line Thermoplastic in Groove White Edge Line Thermoplastic in Groove 19
20 Project Information (Cont.) Treatment No. Mile Marker Line Type Treatment Type Yellow Edge Line AWP on Surface (EB) White Lane Line Thermoplastic on Surface White Edge Line AWP on Surface 20
21 Project Information (Cont.) Treatment No. Mile Marker Line Type Treatment Type Yellow Edge Line Thermoplastic on Surface Control (WB) White Lane Line Thermoplastic on Surface White Edge Line Thermoplastic on Surface 21
22 Project Information (Cont.) Marking Material Thickness Type Reflective Media Application Rate 3M AWP 20 mil Type 1 Glass Beads 3M Elements 12 lbs / gallon 5 lbs / gallon 3M 380WR ES 90 mil Intermixed Microcrystalline Beads N/A Thermoplastic 125 mil Type C Glass Beads 12 lbs / 100 ft 2 22
23 Performance Evaluation Plan Dry Retroreflectivity Dry Performance Dry Visibility Distance Color Pavement Marking Performance Durability Wet Performance Wet Retroreflectivity Wet Visibility Distance 23
24 Performance Evaluation Plan Quantitative measures: Dry and wet retroreflectivity (Delta LTL-X Retroreflectometer) Color (Miniscan XE Plus Colorimeter) Qualitative measures: Dry and wet visibility distance Durability (0 10) 24
25 Retroreflectivity (Delta LTL-X) 25
26 Retroreflectivity (30 m Geometry) 26
27 Daytime Color (Miniscan XE Plus) 27
28 Result and Analysis 28
29 Dry and Wet Retroreflectivity 29
30 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Dry Retroreflectivity (YEL) Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M AWP 3M 380WR ES on Rumble Strips Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermoplastic in Groove 3M AWP on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 30
31 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Wet Retroreflectivity (YEL) Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M AWP 3M 380WR ES on Rumble Strips Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermoplastic in Groove 3M AWP on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 31
32 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Dry Retroreflectivity (WLL) M AWP on Surface Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M 380WR ES Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermoplastic in Groove Thermoplastic on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 32
33 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Wet Retroreflectivity (WLL) M AWP on Surface Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M 380WR ES Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermoplastic in Groove Thermoplastic on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 33
34 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Dry Retroreflectivity (WEL) Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M AWP 3M 380WR ES on Rumble Strips Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermoplastic in Groove 3M AWP on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 34
35 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Wet Retroreflectivity (WEL) M AWP on Rumble Strips Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M 380WR ES 3M 380WR ES Tape on Surface Tape in Groove Thermoplastic in Groove 3M AWP on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 35
36 Dry and Wet Visibility Distance 36
37 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Dry Visibility Distance (ft) Dry Visibility Distance (YEL) M AWP onrumble Strips Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M 380WR ES Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermplastic in Groove 3M AWP on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 37
38 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) N/A N/A Wet Visibility Distance (ft) Wet Visibility Distance (YEL) M AWP onrumble Strips Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M 380WR ES Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermplastic in Groove 3M AWP on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 38
39 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Dry Visibility Distance (ft) Dry Visibility Distance (WLL) M AWP on Surface Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M 380WR ES Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermplastic in Groove Thermoplastic on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 39
40 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) N/A N/A Wet Visibility Distance (ft) Wet Visibility Distance (WLL) M AWP on Surface Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M 380WR ES Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermplastic in Groove Thermoplastic on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 40
41 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Dry Visibility Distance (ft) Dry Visibility Distance (WEL) M AWP on Rumble Strips Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M 380WR ES Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermoplastic in Groove 3M AWP on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 41
42 troreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) N/A N/A Wet Visibility Distance (ft) Wet Visibility Distance (WEL) M AWP on Rumble Strips Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years 3M 380WR ES Tape on Surface 3M 380WR ES Tape in Groove Thermoplastic in Groove 3M AWP on Surface Thermoplastic on Surface 42
43 etroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs Dry Visibility Distance (ft) Dry Visibility Distance (RPMs) Mile Marker (EB) Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years Mile Marker (EB) Mile Marker (EB) Mile Marker (EB) Mile Marker (EB) Mile Marker (WB) 43
44 etroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs No RPMs Wet Visibility Distance (ft) Wet Visibility Distance (RPMs) Mile Marker (EB) Initial 6 Months 1 Year 1.5 Years Mile Marker (EB) Mile Marker (EB) Mile Marker (EB) Mile Marker (EB) Mile Marker (WB) 44
45 Daytime Color 45
46 CIE Color Diagram ODOT Yellow Color Specifications ODOT White Color Specifications 46
47 Color (e.g., 3M AWP, YEL) 47
48 Color (e.g., 3M AWP, WLL) 48
49 Color (e.g., 3M AWP, WEL) 49
50 Durability 50
51 Durability Almost all materials performed satisfactorily throughout the first year of evaluation. 3M AWP installed on rumble strips had a drop in durability after the first year. During the second winter season, the WR durable tape installed on the surface was caught by snowplows in many locations. 51
52 Service Life Prediction 52
53 Retroreflectivity Models Linear Model y a bx R L a b. Age Power Model Exponential Model y a. x b b R L a. Age R L ae bx b. Age y ae Natural Logarithmic Model y a b. ln( x) R L a b. ln( Age) 53
54 Retroreflectivity Modeling The model parameters a, b and c were obtained using MS Excel. The exponential model provided the most reasonable estimates of the pavement markings service lives. 54
55 Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity (WEL 3M AWP on Surface) Dry Wet Age (Days) 55
56 Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity (WEL 3M AWP on Rumble Strips) Dry Wet Age (Days) 56
57 Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity (WEL 3M 380WR ES on Surface) 1200 Dry Wet Age (Days) 57
58 Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity (WEL 3M 380WR ES in Groove) Dry Wet Age (Days) 58
59 Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity (WEL Thermoplastic on Surface) Dry Wet Age (Days) 59
60 Retroreflectivity, R L (mcd/m 2 /lux) Retroreflectivity (WEL Thermoplastic in Groove) 700 Dry Wet Age (Days) 60
61 Estimated Service Life 61
62 Treatment Type Line Dry Wet 3M AWP on Rumble Strips YEL 3.3 < 0.5 3M AWP on Surface WLL 3.1 < 0.5 3M AWP on Rumble Strips WEL 2.8 < 0.5 YEL M 380WR ES on Surface WLL WEL YEL M 380WR ES in Groove WLL WEL YEL 10.8 < 0.5 Thermoplastic in Groove WLL 6.5 < 0.5 WEL 1.9 < 0.5 3M AWP on Surface YEL 2.8 < 0.5 Thermoplastic on Surface WLL 1.8 < 0.5 3M AWP on Surface WEL 3.3 < 0.5 YEL 1.6 < 0.5 Thermoplastic on Surface WLL 1.8 < 0.5 WEL 1.1 <
63 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 63
64 Life Cycle Cost Analysis(LCCA) One maintenance strategy was used in performing the analysis. It included restriping with traffic paint at the end of service life every year until the end of the analysis period. The following equation was used in the analysis PV 1 Ao At 1 i t Assume, analysis period, t = 6 yrs and rate of return, i = 4%. 64
65 Life Cycle Cost Analysis(LCCA) Material Type Assumed Service Life (yrs) Installation Cost ($/mile) Grooving Edge Line Lane Line Removal Cost ($/mile) 3M All Weather Paint 1 to 2 N/A 1,990 1,290 N/A 3M 380WR ES on Surface 3 to 5 N/A 12,702 4,607 3,960 3M 380WR ES in Groove 3 to 5 4,478 12,702 4,607 3,960 Thermoplastic on Surface 1 to 3 N/A 1, N/A Thermoplastic in Groove 1 to 3 4,478 1, N/A RPMs 6 N/A N/A Each 6 Each 65
66 Material Type Assumed Service Life (Years) Edge Line Present Value ($/mile) Lane Line 3M AWP 1 4,611 2, ,130 2, ,505 8,966 3M 380WR ES on Surface 4 17,321 8, ,368 8, ,378 13,444 3M 380WR ES in Groove 4 21,799 13, ,241 12, ,301 2,161 Thermoplastic on Surface 2 3,820 1, ,358 1, ,779 6,639 Thermoplastic in Groove 2 8,298 6, ,836 6,167 RPMs 6 N/A 1,232 66
67 Conclusions 67
68 Conclusions 3M AWP had relatively high initial dry and wet retroreflectivity. However, it lost most of its wet retroreflectivity during the first winter season. Therefore, this product would require regular restriping to maintain a reasonable level of wet visibility, which may not be cost effective. 3M 380WR ES durable tape lost most of its wet visibility in less than 1.5 years. Therefore, it will not be cost effective to use this relatively expensive material as a replacement for RPMs to guide motorists under inclement weather conditions. 68
69 Conclusions (Cont.) When installed on the surface, 3M 380WR ES durable tape was caught by snowplows. Therefore, this material must be installed in groove to protect it from snow plowing activities. 69
70 Recommendations for Implementation 70
71 Recommendations RPMs provided the longest wet night visibility distance throughout this study. Therefore, it is recommended to continue to use them in Ohio to provide wet night visibility. It is also advised to continue to check the condition of the RPMs from time to time, especially on aged asphalt pavements, to ensure proper adhesion to the pavement surface. 71
72 Recommendations (Cont.) While rare incidents have occurred where an RPM detached from an aged pavement surface, it is believed that RPMs prevent countless crashes during inclement weather conditions. Furthermore, RPMs help snowplow truck drivers detect the center of the roadway when roads are covered with snow. 72
73 Questions? 73
74
Nighttime Visibility of 3M AWP and 3M 380WR ES Durable Tape under Dry, Wet, and Rainy Conditions
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