Data report, : Water properties of Narragansett Bay observed at GSO dock from

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1 University of Rhode Island Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory Graduate School of Oceanography 213 Data report, : Water properties of Narragansett Bay observed at GSO dock from Mary Frances Fox University of Rhode Island Heather Stoffel University of Rhode Island, stoffelh@hotmail.com Follow this and additional works at: Recommended Citation Fox, Mary Frances and Stoffel, Heather, "Data report, : Water properties of Narragansett Bay observed at GSO dock from " (213). Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory. Paper 1. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School of Oceanography at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@etal.uri.edu.

2 Data Report Water Properties of Narragansett Bay Observed at GSO Dock from Mary Frances Fox and Heather Stoffel Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island Narragansett, RI 2882 March 6, 213

3 Narragansett Bay is a medium-sized (37 km 2 ) northeastern U.S. estuary. The Narragansett Bay watershed drains approximately 1,8 square miles through numerous freshwater inputs into the Bay. The major source of fresh water to the Bay is the Blackstone River. Narragansett Bay covers approximately 147 square miles with an undulating shoreline that creates a string of sheltered coves where water circulation may be restricted (Figure 1). The circulation in the Bay was described in detail by Rodgers (Rogers, 28) and Kincaid, et. al. (Kincaid, et. al., 23; Pilson, 1985). This report describes the time series data collected at the dock of Graduate School of Oceanography (GSO) at the Narragansett Bay Campus of the University of Rhode Island from 1995 through 211. This site is located about 4.6 km from the mouth of the West Passage in Narragansett Bay. A. Methods In situ measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, ph, and pressure have been made at the GSO dock (41.49 N, W) starting in June 1995 and continuing to the present. The average depth at the site is 3 meters and the water is well mixed throughout the year. The data were collected using Yellow Springs Incorporated (YSI) sensors and sondes. Details of the calibration of these sensors and sondes have been described previously (Magnuson, 1994; Bergando et al, 25, NBFSMN, 27). The depth of the sampling platform was adjusted periodically during the 16 years of observations so the depth data, which reflected tidal activity, was normalized to zero. The average tidal range was.5 m. The sampling interval varied slightly in this 16 year study: from June 1995 through July 1997, measurements were taken every 1 minutes; from August 1997 through February 1998, the sampling interval was extended to 2 1

4 minutes; starting in March 1998 and continuing to the present, measurements were taken every 15 minutes. Data taken at 2 minute intervals were linearly interpolated to 1 minutes. For the tidal analyses, hourly averages were used. B. Observed Data The observed temperature and salinity data for July 1995 through December 211 are shown in Figure 2. The temperature profile illustrates that warming and cooling of the surface waters of the Bay were important features. Four periods of the annual cycle were defined: i.) ii.) iii.) iv.) Temperature > 17 C (summer) Temperature cooling from 17 C to 7 C (fall) Temperature < 7 C (winter) Temperature warming from 7 C to 17 C (spring). The rational for the selection of these periods will be discussed later. The average temperature and salinity with the tidal component removed observed during each year were computed (Table 1). The number of days in each annual cycle and the maximum and minimum temperature and salinity for each year were also included. The mean temperature during the 16 years of observations was 11.8 C with a standard deviation of only.6 C. The average temperature of the Bay has been remarkably consistent during this 16 year study. There was more variability in the annual lower temperature than in the higher; the range for the minimum was 4.5 C whereas for the maximum it was only 2.5 C. The mean salinity for the 16 years was 3.15 / with a standard deviation of.53 /. Again there was more variation in the lower salinity; the range for the minimum was 6.57 / whereas for the maximum it was 1.23 /. This reflects the importance 2

5 of river flow on salinity (note the low salinity spikes in Figure 2). C. Separation of Tidal Components The tides are a significant factor influencing the water properties of the Bay. To separate the tidal and non-tidal components from the water properties, an harmonic analysis was made using the MATLAB program t_tide (Pawlowiez, et. al., 22). The amplitude and phase of the tides are due to the gravitational forces exerted by the moon and sun as the earth rotates on its axis. In classical harmonic analysis, the tidal signal is modeled as the sum of set of sinusoids at specific frequencies. The tidal constituents important in Narragansett Bay are summarized in Table 2 (Rodgers, 28). The program, t_tide, requires a minimum of 3 days of continuous observations. There were gaps in the depth data during this 16 year study; however, from June 1996 to September 1997 the data were continuous and were used for t_tide. Using this data observed over 4 consecutive days resolved most of the variations in planetary motions. The amplitude and phase determined from this year-long study can be used to predict the tides during other time periods. The observed and predicted tide data for a 31 day period during August 1996 are compared in Figure 3. The program t_tide was applied to the observed temperature and salinity data to separate the tidal and non-tidal components. For these properties the results were unacceptable. Although tidal activity does affect the temperature and salinity of the Bay, other factor such as air temperature and fresh water inputs were also important. These processes vary seasonally. Figure 4 illustrates the results obtained when the program t_tide was applied to the temperature data during There was a dramatic difference between the results obtained during the early summer than those obtained during the late summer and early fall. Since the 3

6 program, t_tide, requires a minimum of 3 days of continuous observations and there were intermittent data gaps in temperature and salinity (Table 4 and 5), a different approach was used. The Godin filter (Godin, 1972) was used to separate the tidal and non-tidal components of temperature and salinity. This technique required a minimum of three days of continuous data. The initial evaluation was made using the 1998 data which had several time gaps. The results were satisfactory. Although the magnitude of the tidal component varied throughout the year, the pattern was similar. The residual non-tidal component was consistent with the observed data. To minimize the number of days not included in tidal analysis (for each data gap three days of observed data were lost), all data gaps were eliminated using the following technique: i.) A 96 hour segment with a strong tidal signal was identified in the observed data close to the time of the data gap. ii.) iii.) This segment was inserted into the observed data several time to fill the gap. Adjustments were made to the slope and/or the height of the insert to make it consistent with the observed data. The details of the inserts are summarized in Table 6 (temperature) and Table 7 (salinity). To verify that this technique did not alter the integrity of the data, the results obtained using the observed data and the data with inserts were compared. The results were identical for periods when the Godin filter was valid. Using the data with inserts provided 6 more days of continuous data. It should be emphasized that the data inserts were not included in the calculation of averages and rates. The tidal and non-tidal components (corrected temperature) for are shown in 4

7 Figure 5 through 2 for temperature and Figure 21 through 36 for salinity. The tidal and nontidal components were color coded to reflect seasonal variations: blue for winter (temperature < 7 C); green for spring ( temperature warming from 7 C to 17 C); red for summer (temperature > 17 C); and aqua for fall (temperature cooling from 17 C to 7 C). Data gaps indicate periods when inserts were used. Warming and cooling (spring and fall) lasted an average of 6 days, shorter than the average 118 days observed during the summer and winter. With few exceptions (winters between 23-25), the corrected temperature range was between C to 25 C and the tidal temperature range was consistently between -3 C and +3 C. The greatest tidal variations occurred in spring and summer and the least in fall. For salinity, there was greater variation in the annual range. For example, in 1999 the corrected salinity range was from 17 / to 31 / and the tidal range was from -1. / to 1. /; whereas during 21 the corrected salinity ranged from 22 / to 32 / and tidal variations were from +6 / to -6 /. Seasonal variations were not consistent, but tidal variation was the greatest during periods of low salinity. To examine this, an estimate of the lag time was calculated. The lag time used for this study was the difference in days between an increase in river flow and lower salinity observed at the GSO dock. Lag times were different for different rivers. Since the Blackstone River accounts for 7% of the total fresh water input into the Bay, the gauged flow of this river was used for the lag time calculation. The results are summarized in Table 8. Flow data from the Blackstone River was obtained from USGS website ( and the weather data from the NOAA website ( Salinity data were the average daily salinity measured at the GSO dock. Generally, the maximum in river flow occurred 1 day after the rain event. The day of the rain was the start time in Table 8. The background river flow 5

8 was the average flow one week before and one week after the event. The range of the lag time was from 1 day to 15 days indicating the complexity of the processes controlling river flow. The mean was 4.4 ± 3.7 days. There were times with multiple rain events and flows entering the system from other sources. On a seasonal scale, most of the freshwater flow to the Bay occurred between December and June with the maximum monthly flow typically in March. The flow was lowest during the summer months, July through September. The largest single day rain event (4 in) occurred on March 3, 21; the total rainfall for the entire month was 12 inches. This event resulted in the greatest flood during the past 1 year with a peak flow of 382 m./sec. from the Blackstone River (note the scale change in Figure 35). The lowest daily average salinity observed at the GSO dock was / was also recorded during this event. Using the Bay temperature as an indicator of seasonal changes provided a better understanding of the annual cycles. To determine the seasonal temperature ranges the corrected temperature (T Bay ) for the 16 year study was visually inspected.. The onset of warming (cooling) varied from year to year (Figure 2); but during warming (cooling) periods, each day was warmer (cooler) than the previous day. During summer (winter), there were temperature fluctuations and T Bay varied between the maximum and minimum temperature of the season. For the entire 16 year study, when 7. C < T Bay > 17. C, there was continuous warming or cooling of the Bay. Using this observation, four periods were defined: i.) ii.) iii.) iv.) Temperature > 17 C (summer) Temperature cooling from 17 C to 7 C (fall) Temperature < 7 C (winter) Temperature warming from 7 C to 17 C (spring). 6

9 The year, which were based on Bay temperature not the chronological year, started in early December and ended in February. 1. Tidal Corrected Temperature and Salinity The average temperature and salinity, with the tidal component removed, observed during the summer (T > 17 C ) and winter (T < 7 C) were computed (Table 9 and 1). The average mean temperature observed during the summer for this 16 year period was ±.37 C and the average mean salinity was 3.58 ±.62 /. The temperature range during the winter (5.2 C) was significantly greater than during the summer (1.2 C). The stratified condition observed in summer lead to more homogenous surface water. The Bay temperature was above 17 C for an average of 116 days. The shortest summer (1 days) was 1997; the longest (135 days) was 27. There was more variability during the winter months (T < 7 C). The average temperature for these 16 years was 3.91 ±.82 C and the average salinity was 3.2 ±.74 /. Although there was a marked difference in the temperature during the summer and winter, the salinity was consistent throughout the year (2.1 / in summer and 2.3 / in winter). The Bay temperature was below 7 C for an average of 117 days. The shortest winter of 99 days was 27; the longest (136 days) was 1996 and 23. The warming of the Bay began in mid-april and continued until mid-june, a period of approximately 6 days (Table 11). During this time the mean warming rate was.167 ±.23 C/day. The fastest rate was.28 C/day in 27 and the slowest was.13 C/day in Cooling of the Bay started in October and continued through December. The average cooling rate was ±.3 C/day and the cooling lasted an average of 6 days. The slowest rate of C/day was observed in 26 and the fastest rate of -.28 C/day was 7

10 the next year (27). 2. Tidal Temperature and Salinity Tidal temperature and salinity are an indication of the horizontal stratification of the Bay (Wimbush, private communication). At a fixed location, such as the GSO dock, a lense of surface waters is moved with the tides. During a high tide, the offshore waters of RI Sound are drawn into the Bay; at low tide, the water from the Upper Bay are moved down the Bay. To determine when tidal fluctuations were the greatest during each year, the following procedure was used: i.) The tidal temperature and salinity data with fractional Julian Day (JD) were sorted using the amplitude of the temperature/salinity as the criterium. ii.) iii.) Only values of tidal temperature >.5 C and salinity >.4 / were retained. These data were again sorted according to ascending JD. The fractional portion of JD was truncated and the number of times/day the tidal temperature >.5 C and tidal salinity >.4 / were determined. The results for temperature are shown in Figure 37 and for salinity in Figure 38. The x-axis is the JD; the y-axis is the number of JD/year high tidal values were observed. For temperature, there was a minimum during February and October with a strong maximum during June/July and a weaker maximum in mid-january. For salinity, highest values were observed in the spring with lower values in summer and fall (Figure 38 top). Similar patterns were observed when the average river flow for the 16 year study were plotted (Figure 38 bottom). Since the offshore surface waters in RI Sound are usually warmer than waters in Upper Narragansett Bay in winter and cooler in the summer, one might expect seasonal fluctuations in 8

11 the tidal temperature. Is this observed more often at high tide or low tide? To address these questions, the variations in tidal temperature at high and low tide were examined: i.) For each year, a file was created with the fractional JD, the depth, temperature and salinity for all observations. These files were divided into seasonal components using the JD listed in Table 9-1. ii.) These data were separated into tidal sections (time periods of 12 hours representing a tidal cycle ). The first point in each segment was the maximum depth (high tide); the minimum was low tide. The maximum temperature and its index (number of points after high tide) for each segment was determined. Since the data were hourly observations, the indices represented the number of hours after high tide and they ranged in values from 1 to 12 (13). Three groups were identified: a.) high tide with an index of 1, 2, 12 (13) hours, b.) low tide with an index of 5, 6, 7 hours, c.) mid tide with an index of 3, 4, 8, 9, 1, 11 hours. iii.) The data files were sorted using ascending tidal temperature as the criterium; only data with tidal temperature >.5 C at high tide or data with tidal temperature < -.5 C at low tide were retained. The purpose was to determine if the extreme tidal fluctuations occurred at high or low tide and if these varied seasonally. iv.) The data for each season for each year were sorted by the index number and grouped into high tide and low tide bins. The percent of tidal temperature >.5 C at high tide and the percent of tidal temperature < -.5 C at low tide for each 9

12 season was calculated. (Table 12). The mean for the 16 year study showed more variation at high tide than at low tide for all seasons. In addition, there were greater variations in the winter and fall than during the spring and summer. E. Comparison of Temperature with Off-Shore and Upper Bay Site The water properties observed at the GSO dock were compared to those observed at two other locations. One was an off-shore site, the NOAA buoy in Buzzards Bay and the second was a station in the upper Bay, T-Wharf at the south end of Prudence Island. 1. Buzzards Bay The NOAA buoy is located southeast of Newport RI (41.4 N, 71.3 W) and the surface water temperature collected at this location was used to evaluated the conditions in Buzzards Bay There were several significant gaps in the water temperature: from early February to December 1998; from January to December 21; and from January to December 24 (Figure 39). Tidal corrections were made using the Godin filter and the corrected data was partitioned into seasonal components using the criteria described previously. The amplitude of the tidal signal was similar to that observed in the Bay. The average temperature during summer and winter were calculated using the corrected data (Table 13). The summer mean temperature for the entire period was ±.99 C similar to that observed at the GSO dock (19.97 ±.35 C); however different patterns were observed. In the summer at the GSO dock, the range of surface temperature was only 1.15 C during the 16 year study; at Buzzards Bay the range was 2.92 C. Closer inspection showed that during the past 3 years (29-211) the temperature observed in Buzzards Bay was 1

13 1. C warmer than that observed at the GSO dock. During winter the mean temperature was essentially the same (3.68 ±.98 C at Buzzards Bay and 3.96 ±.83 C at GSO) but the range was much greater at the GSO dock (5.19 C) than in Buzzards Bay (2.41 C). Clearly the proximity of the land around the Bay influences the surface water temperature in the winter. Warming in Buzzards Bay began in mid-april and continued to mid-june (Table 14). The shortest time was 5 days in 21 and 211 with a warming rate of.2 C/day. The longest period was 75 days in 23 with a rate of.132 C/day. Buzzards Bay started cooling in mid-october and reached 7. C in mid-december. The shortest time was 52 days in 21 with a cooling rate of C/day. The longest period was 1 days in 26 with a rate of.1 C/day. 2. Prudence Island Data were also collected from the Upper Bay at a site on Prudence Island (T-Wharf at 41.8 N and W) starting in 23 (Figure 4). Tidal corrections were made using the Godin filter and the corrected data was partitioned into seasonal components (Table 15). There was little variation in the average summer temperature (2.61 ±.21 C) and the average surface water temperature was slightly warmer (-.6 C) than that at the GSO dock. The average winter temperature was 3.9 ±.76 C the same as that observed at the GSO dock ( C). Warming of the Bay observed at the T-Wharf station on Prudence Island began in mid-april and usually continued into June (Table 16). The exception was 21, when the surface water reached 17. C on May 3. Cooling began in mid-october and usually extended into December. In 26, the cooling period lasted into January (88 days); the shortest cooling period of 37 days was observed in 27 (28 October - 26 December). 11

14 3. Comparison with GSO Dock Since data were collected at different time periods at the three sites, a clearer understanding can be gained by examining annual seasonal differences. The average temperature differences are summarized in Table 17. Prior to 29, the surface water temperature at Buzzards Bay in the summer was 1. C cooler than that observed at the GSO dock. For the last three years the opposite was observed, Buzzards Bay was 1. C warmer. During the winter, the temperature in Buzzards Bay was cooler or the same as that at the GSO dock. This warming trend in Buzzards Bay cannot be verified by the limitations of this time series. On Prudence Island in the summer, the mean surface water temperature at T-Wharf was.8 C warmer than at the GSO dock. During the winter the temperature was the same. The average warming and cooling rates for the entire 16 years of this study were essentially the same. The variation from year to year was almost as great as the range for the entire study. For example, the range in the warming rates at the GSO dock from 1996 to 211 was.78 C/day. For the year 26 the rate was.143 C/day and the next year (27) it was.28 C/day, a difference of.65 C/day. The warming and cooling rates were dependent on weather conditions for that year. A better comparison can be made by examining the rates at the different sites during the same year. The difference between the warming rates calculated at Buzzards Bay and the GSO dock from are summarized in Table 18. For the last two years (21-211) the warming rate was faster in Buzzards Bay than at the GSO dock; prior to 21 it was slower or the same. The greatest deviation in cooling rates were in 27 and 21. The warming rate at Prudence Island was the same as that calculated at the GSO dock. The cooling rate was more variable but no trends were observed. 12

15 F. Conclusions The temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, ph, and pressure of Narragansett Bay were measured at the GSO dock starting in June 1995 and continuing to the present The mean yearly temperature for the Bay was ±.6 C and the mean salinity was 3.15 ±.53 /. Both temperature and salinity were very consistent during the summer when water column was stratified. In winter, when Bay waters were well mixed, there was more variability especially in temperature. There was usually a 2 degree temperature change during the year; thus, warming and cooling were promenade features in the seasonal cycle. Seasonal changes were defined by Bay temperature rather than the chronological date. Four periods were defined: i.) ii.) iii.) iv.) Temperature > 17 C (summer) Temperature cooling from 17 C to 7 C (fall) Temperature < 7 C (winter) Temperature warming from 7 C to 17 C (spring). The tides were important factors in Narragansett Bay and the tidal and non-tidal components were separated. For depth, the program t_tide was used to determine important constants. These constants were used to predict tides in the future. For temperature and salinity this program was unsatisfactory and Godin filter was used. to separate tidal and non-tidal components. Using the tidally corrected data and surface water temperature defined above, seasonal averages and warming and cooling rates were calculated. The mean summer temperature ±.37 C and the mean salinity was 3.58 ±.62 /. For winter, the mean temperature was 3.91 ±.82 C and the salinity was 3. ±.74 /. The average warming rate 13

16 was.167 ±.23 C/day and the cooling rate was ±.3 C/day. Seasonal variations in the tidal component were examined by plotting the number of JD/year high tidal signals ( temperature >.5 C )were observed against JD. For temperature, there was a strong maximum in June/July and weaker maximum in mid-january with a minimum during March and November. For salinity, highest values were observed in the spring with lower values in summer and fall, similar to the patterns observed for the average river flow. Since the offshore surface waters in RI Sound are usually warmer than waters in Upper Narragansett Bay in winter and cooler in the summer, the seasonal fluctuations in the tidal temperature were examined. There was more variation at high tide than at low tide for all seasons and there were greater variations in the winter and fall than during the spring and summer. The relationship between river flow and salinity was examined by calculating the lag time. The lag time used for this study was the difference in days between an increase in river flow of the Blackstone River and lower salinity observed at the GSO dock. The average was 4.4 ± 3.7 days with a range from 1 to 15 days indicating the complexity of the processes controlling salinity variations. The water properties observed at the GSO dock were compared to those observed at the NOAA buoy in Buzzards Bay and a station in the upper Bay, T-Wharf at the south end of Prudence Island. The annual seasonal differences were compared, since the data were collected at different time periods at the three sites. Prior to 29, the surface water temperature at Buzzards Bay in the summer was 1. C cooler than that observed at the GSO dock. For the last three years Buzzards Bay was 1. C warmer. During the winter, the temperature in Buzzards Bay was cooler or the same as that at the GSO dock. On Prudence Island in the 14

17 summer, the mean surface water temperature at T-Wharf was.8 C warmer than at the GSO dock. During the winter, temperature was the same. At Buzzards Bay, for the last two years (21-211), the warming rate was faster than that calculated at the GSO dock; prior to 21 the rate was slower or the same. The greatest deviation in cooling rates were in 27 and 21. The warming rate at Prudence Island was the same as that calculated at the GSO dock. The cooling rate was more variable but no trends were observed. G. Acknowledgments Data collection for this report was initiated by Dana R. Kester and reflects his love and insight into the field of oceanography. This report id dedicated to him and reflects the love of oceanography he instilled in us. The help of Dr. Mark Wimbush in the tidal analysis are greatly appreciated. The data provided by the Narragansett Bay Fixed Site Monitoring Network (NBFSMN)and Narragansett Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NBNERR) were invaluable for this work. The NOAA National Data Buoy Center offshore buoy temperature and meteorological data were essential for this study and are gratefully acknowledged. 15

18 H. References Bergondo, D L., Kester, D.R., Stoffel, H. E.,Woods, W.L., 25. Time-series observations during the low sub-surface oxygen events in Narragansett Bay during summer 21 Marine Chemistry 97,1-2. Godin, G., The Analysis of Tides. University of Toronto Press, 264 pp. Kincaid, C., Pockalny, R A., and Huzzey, L.M., 23. Spatial and temporal variability in flow at the mouth of Narragansett Bay. Journal of Geophysical Research. C. Oceans, 18, (C7), Magnuson, A., Chemical Variability in Coastal and Mixed Layer Waters. PhD, Thesis. University of Rhode Island. NBFSMN, Datasets. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of Water Resources. Data available at NBFSMN, Datasets. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, 17Office of Water Resources. Data available at NBFSMN, Datasets. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of Water Resources. Data available at NBFSMN, Datasets. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of Water Resources. Data available at NBFSMN, Datasets. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of Water Resources. Data available at NBFSMN, Datasets. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of Water Resources. Data available at NBFSMN, Datasets. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of Water Resources. Data available at NBFSMN, Datasets. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of Water Resources. Data available at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s (NOAA) National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), 212. BUZM3 station dataset ( Downloaded 1/2/12. NOAA s National Weather Service Forecast Office, 212. Weather dataset from Newport, RI station ( Downloaded 1/2/12.

19 Pawlowicz, R., Beardsley, B., and Lentz, S., 22. Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE. Computers & Geosciences 28, (8), Pilson, M.E.Q., On the Residence Time of Water in Narragansett Bay. Estuaries 8, (1), Rogers, J., 28. Circulation and Transport in Upper Narragansett Bay. Masters Thesis, University of Rhode Island. RIDEM, Narragansett Bay Estuary Program, and Narragansett Bay Estuarine Research Reserve, 2. Narragansett Bay Water Quality: Status and Trends 2 (A Summary of Water Quality Information) pp 35. RIDEM, 27. Quality assurance project plan: Narragansett Bay fixed-site water quality monitoring network seasonal monitoring. Office of Water Resources, Department of Environmental Management, State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 37pp. [ Stoffel, H.E., 23. Corrected data sets, NBFSMN 23. Unpublished. University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography. Data available at ( USGS, 211. Blackstone River Flow data from ( (downloaded 1/2/12).

20 I. Table Legend Table 1. Average Temperature and Salinity Observed at GSO Dock from Tidal Component Removed. Table 2. Tidal Amplitude and Phase Determined by T_TIDE for Depth. Table 3. Summary of Consecutive Days for Depth Data at GSO Dock. Table 4. Summary of Consecutive Days for Surface Temperature Data at GSO Dock Table 5. Summary of Consecutive Days for Surface Salinity Data at GSO Dock. Table 6. Summary of Insert Data for Surface Temperature Data at GSO Dock. Table 7. Summary of Insert Data for Surface Salinity Data at GSO Dock. Table 8. Lag Times Between Blackstone River and GSO Dock from Table 9. Average Temperature and Salinity Observed at GSO Dock during Summer from Table 1. Average Temperature and Salinity Observed at GSO Dock during Winter from Table 11. Warming and Cooling Rates Observed at GSO Dock for Table 12. Percent of Tidal Temperature >.5 C and < -.5 C at High and Low Tide Observed at GSO Dock from Table 13. Average Temperature Observed at Buzzards Bay during Summer and Winter from Table 14. Warming and Cooling Rates Observed at Buzzards Bay for Table 15. Average Temperature and Salinity for T-Wharf Station on Prudence Island Table 16. Warming and Cooling Rates Observed at for T-Wharf Station on Prudence Island from Table 17. Comparison of Seasonal Temperature at GSO dock, Buzzards Bay and Prudence Island for Table 18. Warming and Cooling Rates Observed at GSO Dock, Buzzards Bay and Prudence Island for

21 Table 1 Average Temperature and Salinity Observed at GSO Dock from Tidal Component Removed Year No Days Avg Temp ± Std, Avg Salinity ± Std Min Temp Max Temp Min Sal Max Sal C / C C / / ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mean 365 ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.38

22 Table 2 Tidal Amplitude and Phase Determined by T_TIDE for Depth Symbol Tidal Frequency Period Amplitude Phase Component M2 main lunar semi-diurnal ± ± 1. N2 larger lunar elliptic semi-durnal ± ± 4.1 S2 main solar semi-diurmal ± ± 4.9 K1 * lunar-solar declinational diurnal ± ± 8.9 M4 second overtone of M ± ± 6. O1 lunar declinational diurnal ± ± 12.2 M6 third overtone of M ± ± 11.2 S1 ** solar declinational diural * Used for depth and salinity instead of S1. * * Used for temperature instead of K1

23 Table 3 Summary of Consecutive Days for Depth Data at GSO Dock Property Year Consecutive Day Date File name MATLAB Name Depth Jun 95-6 Aug 95 dep95a_hr contdep95_99 Depth Dec 95-3 Dec 95 dep95b_hr contdep95_99 Depth Jan 96-4 Mar 96 dep96a_hr contdep95_99 Depth Mar May 96 dep96a_hr contdep95_99 Depth Jun Dec 96 dep96c_hr contdep95_99 Depth Jan 97-1 Sep 97 dep97a_hr contdep95_99 Depth Sep Sep 97 dep97b_hr contdep95_99 Depth Nov Nov 97 dep97c_hr contdep95_99 Depth Nov Nov 97 dep97d_hr contdep95_99 Depth Dec Dec 97 dep97e_hr contdep95_99 Depth Jan 98-3 Feb 98 dep98a_hr contdep95_99 Depth Feb 98-8 Mar 98 dep98b_hr contdep95_99 Depth Mar Apr 98 dep98c_hr contdep95_99 Depth Apr 98-7 Jun 98 dep98d_hr contdep95_99 Depth Jun 98-8 Aug 98 dep98e_hr contdep95_99 Depth Sep Sep 98 dep98f_hr contdep95_99 Depth Sep Dec 98 dep98g_hr contdep95_99 Depth Jan Dec 99 dep99a_hr contdep95_99 Depth Jan - 22 Jan depa_hr contdep_11 Depth Mar - 24 Mar depb_hr contdep_11 Depth Apr - 4 Jun depc_hr contdep_11 Depth Jun - 31 Dec depd_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 1-31 Dec 1 dep1a_hr contdep_11

24 Table 3 (cont.) Property Year Consecutive Day Date File name MATLAB Name Depth Jun 2-3 Jan 2 dep2a_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 2-31 Dec 2 dep2b_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 3-24 Dec 2 dep3a_hr contdep_11 Depth Dec 3-31 Dec 2 dep3b_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 4-2 Jul 4 dep4a_hr contdep_11 Depth Jul 4-31 Dec 4 dep4b_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 5-24 Aug 5 dep5a_hr contdep_11 Depth Sep 5-31 Oct 5 dep5b_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 5-24 Aug 5 dep5a_hr contdep_11 Depth Sep 5-31 Oct 5 dep5b_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 6-23 Jun 6 dep6a_hr contdep_11 Depth Jul 6-16 Sep 6 dep6b_hr contdep_11 Depth Nov 6-31 Dec 6 dep6c_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 7-24 Aug 7 dep7a_hr contdep_11 Depth Sep 7-29 Nov 7 dep7b_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 8-17 May 8 dep8a_hr contdep_11 Depth May 8-9 Oct 8 dep8b_hr contdep_11 Depth Oct 8-26 Nov 8 dep8c_hr contdep_11 Depth Dec 8-31 Dec 8 dep8d_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 9-31 Dec 9 dep9a_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan 1-31 Dec 1 dep1a_hr contdep_11 Depth Jan Jan 11 dep11a_hr contdep_11 Depth Feb Dec 11 dep11b_hr contdep_11

25 Table 4 Summary of Consecutive Days for Surface Temperature Data at GSO Dock Property Year Consecutive Day Date File name MATLAB Name Temp Jul Oct 95 tp95a_obs gso95_obs Temp Dec 95-4 Mar 96 tp95b_obs gso96_obs Temp Apr Dec 96 tp96a_obs gso96_obs Temp Jan 97-1 Sep 97 tp97a_oba gso97_obs Temp Sep Nov 97 tp97b_obs gso97_obs Temp Dec 97-3 Feb 98 tp_98a_obs gso98_obs Temp Feb 98-9 Mar 98 tp_98b_obs gso98_obs Temp Mar Apr 98 tp_98c_obs gso98_obs Temp Apr 98-8 Jun 98 tp_98d_obs gso98_obs Temp Jun Sep 98 tp_98e_obs gso98_obs Temp Jun Dec 98 tp_98f_obs gso98_obs Temp Jan Mar 99 tp_99_obs1 gso99_obs Temp Apr Dec 99 tp_99_obs15 gso99_obs Temp Jan - 22 Jan tpa_obs gso_hrobs Temp Feb - 31 Dec tpb_obs gso_hrobs Temp Jan 1-3 Jan 2 tp1a_obs gso1_hrobs

26 Table 4 (cont.) Property Year Consecutive Day Date File name MATLAB Name Temp Jan 2-31 Dec 2 tp2a_obs gso2_hrobs Temp Jan 3-31 Dec 3 tp3a_obs gso3_hrobs Temp Jan 4-2 Jul 4 tp4a_obs gso4_hrobs Temp Jul 4-31 Dec 4 tp4b_obs gso4_hrobs Temp Jan 5-24 Aug 5 tp5a_obs gso5_hrobs Temp Sep 5-8 Dec 5 tp5b_obs gso5_hrobs Temp Jan 6-28 Nov 6 tp6a_obs gso6_hrobs Temp Dec 6-31 Dec 6 tp6c_obs gso6_hrobs Temp Jan 7-25 Aug 7 tp7a_obs gso7_hrobs Temp Sep 7-3 Nov 7 tp7b_obs gso7_hrobs Temp Jan 8-8 Oct 8 tp8a_hr gso8_hrobs Temp Oct 8-25 Nov 8 tp8b_hr gso8_hrobs Temp Dec 8-3 Dec 8 tp8c_hr gso8_hrobs Temp Jan 9-31 Dec 9 tp9a_hr gso9_hrobs Temp Jan 1-28 Oct 1 tp1a_hr gso1_hrobs Temp Nov 9-31 Dec 1 tp1b_hr gso1_hrobs Temp Jan Jan 11 tp11a_hr gso11_hrobs Temp Mar Dec 11 tp11b_hr gso11_hrobs

27 Table 5 Summary of Consecutive Days for Surface Salinity Data at GSO Dock Property Year Consecutive Day Date File name MATLAB Name Sal Jul Oct 95 sal95a_obs gso95_obs Sal Dec 95-4 Mar 96 sal95b_obs gso96_obs Sal Mar Dec 96 sal96a_obs gso96_obs Sal Jan Aug 97 sal97a_oba gso97_obs Sal Sep Nov 97 sal97b_obs gso97_obs Sal Dec 97-3 Feb 98 sal_98a_obs gso98_obs Sal Feb 98-9 Mar 98 sal_98b_obs gso98_obs Sal Mar Apr 98 sal_98c_obs gso98_obs Sal Apr 98-8 Jun 98 sal_98d_obs gso98_obs Sal Jun Sep 98 sal_98e_obs gso98_obs Sal Jun Dec 98 sal_98f_obs gso98_obs Sal Jan Mar 99 sal_99_obs1 gso99_obs Sal Apr Dec 99 sal_99_obs15 gso99_obs Sal Jan - 22 Jan sala_obs gso_hrobs Sal Feb - 31 Dec salb_obs gso_hrobs Sal Jan 1-3 Dec 1 sal1a_obs gso1_hrobs

28 Table 5 (cont.) Property Year Consecutive Day Date File name MATLAB Name Sal Jan 2-31 Dec 2 sal2a_obs gso2_hrobs Sal Jan 3-31 Aug 3 sal3a_obs gso3_hrobs Sal Sep 3-31 Dec 3 sal3b_obs gso3_hrobs Sal Jan 4-2 Jul 4 sal4a_obs gso4_hrobs Sal Jul 4-31 Dec 4 sal4b_obs gso4_hrobs Sal Jan 5-24 Aug 5 sal5a_obs gso5_hrobs Sal Sep 5-8 Dec 5 sal5b_obs gso5_hrobs Sal Jan 6-28 Nov 6 sal6a_obs gso6_hrobs Sal Dec 6-31 Dec 6 sal6c_obs gso6_hrobs Sal Jan 7-25 Aug 7 sal7a_obs gso7_hrobs Sal Oct 7-3 Nov 7 sal7b_obs gso7_hrobs Sal Jan 8-8 Oct 8 sal8a_hr gso8_hrobs Sal Oct 8-25 Nov 8 sal8b_hr gso8_hrobs Sal Dec 8-3 Dec 8 sal8c_hr gso8_hrobs Sal Jan 9-31 Dec 9 sal9a_obs gso9_hrobs Sal Jan 1-28 Oct 1 sal1a_hr gso1_hrobs Sal Nov 1-3 Dec 1 sal1b_hr gso1_hrobs Sal Jan Jan 11 sal11a_hr gso11_hrobs Sal Mar Dec 11 sal11b_hr gso11_hrobs

29 Table 6 Summary of Insert Data for Surface Temperature Data at GSO Dock Year Consecutive Day Filename Interpolation MATLAB Name tp95a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp95ab_hr insert repeat 8.75 times slope comttp_95_ tp95b_hr observed comttp_95_ tp95ba_hr insert repeat 7.75 times slope 3.31 comttp_95_ tp96a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp97a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp97ab_hr insert repeat 2.5 times slope 1.6 comttp_95_ tp97b_hr observed comttp_95_ tp97ba_hr insert repeat 5.5 times slope 2.69 comttp_95_ tp_98a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp98ab_hr insert repeat 1.5 times add.1 comttp_95_ tp_98b_hr observed comttp_95_ tp98bc_hr insert repeat 12. times slope -1.6 comttp_95_ tp_98c_hr observed comttp_95_ tp98cd_hr insert repeat 2.5 times add 1. comttp_95_ tp_98d_hr observed comttp_95_ tp98de_hr insert repeat 1.75 times add 1. comttp_95_ tp_98e_hr observed comttp_95_ tp98ef_hr insert repeat 2.5 times slope.7 comttp_95_ tp_98f_hr observed comttp_95_ tp_99_hr observed comttp_95_ tp99ba_hr insert repeat 2.78 times add 1. comttp_95_ tpa_hr observed comttp_95_ tpab_hr insert repeat 3.33 times comttp_95_ tpb_hr observed comttp_95_ tp1a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp1aa_hr insert repeat 2. times add 1.19 comttp_95_ tp2a_hr observed comttp_95_8

30 Table 6 (cont.) Year Consecutive Day Filename Interpolation MATLAB Name comttp_95_ tp3a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp4a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp4ab_hr insert repeat 7.75 times slope 2.93 comttp_95_ tp4b_hr observed comttp_95_ tp5a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp5ab_hr insert repeat 9. times comttp_95_ tp5b_hr observed comttp_95_ tp5ba_hr insert repeat 5.75 times comttp_95_ tp6a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp6ac_hr insert repeat 5.25 times slope 2.54 comttp_95_ tp6c_hr observed comttp_95_ tp7a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp7ab_hr insert repeat 5.25 times comttp_95_ tp7b_hr observed comttp_95_ tp7ba_hr insert repeat 7.75 times slope 5. comttp_95_ tp8a_hr observed comttp_95_ tp8ab_hr insert repeat 4.5 times subtract 4.5 slope 2.96 comttp_95_ tp8b_hr observed comttp_95_ tp8bc_hr insert repeat 4.75 times comttp_95_ tp8c_hr observed comttp_95_ tp9a_hr observed contdat9_11hr tp1a_hr observed contdat9_11hr tp1ab_hr insert repeat 7.75 times slope contdat9_11hr tp1b_hr observed contdat9_11hr tp11a_hr observed contdat9_11hr tp11ab_hr insert repeat 46. times slope -.5 contdat9_11hr tp11b_hr observed contdat9_11hr

31 Table 7 Summary of Insert Data for Surface Salinity Data at GSO Dock Year Consecutive Day Filename Interpolation MATLAB Name sal95a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal95ab_hr insert repeat 8.75 times slope.13 comtsal_95_ sal95b_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal95ba_hr insert repeat 3.5 times comtsal_95_ sal96a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal97a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal97ab_hr insert repeat 7.25 times comtsal_95_ sal97b_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal97ba_hr insert repeat 5.5 times comtsal_95_ sal_98a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal98ab_hr insert repeat 1.5 times subtract.4 comtsal_95_ sal_98b_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal98bc_hr insert repeat 2 times slope comtsal_95_ sal_98c_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal98cd_hr insert repeat 2.5 times comtsal_95_ sal_98d_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal98de_hr insert repeat 1.75 times comtsal_95_ sal_98e_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal_98ef_hr insert repeat 2.5 times slope -.5 comtsal_95_ sal_98f_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal_99a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal99aa_hr insert repeat 2.75 times comtsal_95_ sala_hr observed comtsal_95_ salab_hr insert repeat 3.33 times comtsal_95_ salb_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal1a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal1aa_hr insert repeat 3. times comtsal_95_ sal2a_hr observed comtsal_95_8

32 Table 7 (cont.) Year Consecutive Day Filename Interpolation MATLAB Name comtsal_95_ sal3a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal3ab_hr insert repeat 6.75 times slope.98 comtsal_95_ sal4b_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal4a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal4ab_hr insert repeat 6.75 times slope.92 comtsal_95_ sal4b_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal5a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal5ab_hr insert repeat 9 times slope 1.18 comtsal_95_ sal5b_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal5ba_hr insert repeat 6.75 times add.5 comtsal_95_ sal6a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal6ac_hr insert repeat 5.25 times slope 3. comtsal_95_ sal6c_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal7a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal7ab_hr insert repeat 4.5 times comtsal_95_ sal7b_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal8a_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal8ab_hr insert repeat 4.5 times sub 4.5 slope 2.96 comtsal_95_ sal8b_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal8bc_hr insert repeat 4.75 times comtsal_95_ sal8c_hr observed comtsal_95_ sal9a_hr observed contdat9_11hr sal1a_hr observed contdat9_11hr sal1ab_hr insert repeat 7.75 times slope contdat9_11hr sal1b_hr observed contdat9_11hr sal11a_hr observed contdat9_11hr sal11ab_hr insert repeat 46 times -1. contdat9_11hr sal11b_hr observed contdat9_11hr

33 Table 8 Lag Times Between Blackstone River and GSO Dock Event Rain River Flow, m/sec Salinity, / Lag Time, days. Date JD No in No JD No JD Max Flow Bkg Flow Daily Sal Flow JD Sal JD Lag Days /16-4/ /2-11/ /14-2/ /1-11/ /7-11/ /5-1/ /23-1/ /1-3/ * 5/1-5/ /9-5/ * 6/11-6/ /3-7/ /2-2/ /25-3/ /23-5/ /25-8/ /19-9/ /26-12/ /16-12/

34 Table 8 (cont.) Event JD Rain Rain JD Flow JD Max Flow Bkg Flow Daily Sal Flow JD Sal JD Lag Days 21 3/21-3/ /29-4/ /2-6/ /3-4/ /12-5/ /5-6/ /16-11/ /29-4/ /9-8/ /15-1/ /26-11/ /31-4/ * 4/13-4/ /6-12/ /8-3/ /28-4/ /8-1/ /25-1/6/ /11-1/ /3-2/ /7-5/ /31-6/ * 6/26-7/ *

35 Table 8 (cont.) Date JD No in No JD No JD Max Flow Bkg Flow Daily Sal Flow JD Sal JD Lag Days 27 2/25-3/ /23-3/ * 4/27-5/ /16-5/ /18-2/ /1-4/ /5-7/ /15-8/ /7-9/ /28-2/ /2-5/ /1-7/ /7-7/ /21-8/ /28-9/ /23-3/ * 3/13-3/ * 3/22-3/ * 3/29-4/ * 6/5-6/ /8-11/ /21-3/ /29-4/ * multiple rain events

36 Table 9 Average Temperature and Salinity Observed at GSO Dock during Summer from Year Consecutive No Days Date Avg Temp ± Std, Avg Salinity ± Std, Day C / Temp < 17 C Jul Oct ± ± Jun 96-4 Oct ± ± Jun 97-1 Oct ± * Jun 98-3 Oct ± ± Jun Oct ± ± Jun -8 Oct 2.61 ± ± Jun 1-8 Oct ± ± Jun 2-13 Oct ± ± Jun 3-1 Oct ± ** Jun 4-12 Oct ± ± Jun 5-13 Oct *** *** Jun 6-23 Oct ± ± Jun 7-25 Oct ± ± Jun 8-6 Oct ± ± Jun 9-9 Oct ± ± Jun 1-7 Oct ± ± Jun Oct ± ±.87 Mean 117 ± ± ±.62 * no salinity data from 18 Aug 97 to 16 Sep 97 (961-99) ** no salinity data from 27 Aug 3 to 1 Sep 3 ( ) *** no temperature or salinity data from 27 Aug 5 to 2 Oct 5 ( )

37 Table 1 Average Temperature and Salinity Observed at GSO Dock during Winter from Year Consecutive No Days Date Avg Temp ± Std, Avg Salinity ± Std, Day C / Temp < 7 C Dec Apr ± ± Dec Apr ± ± Dec Mar ± ± Dec 98-5 Apr ± ± Dec 99-8 Apr 4.5 ± ± Dec -23 Apr ± ± Dec 1-11 Apr ± ± Dec 2-2 Apr ± ± Dec 3-19 Apr ± ± Dec 4-9 Apr ± ± Dec 5-13 Apr ± ± Jan 7-22 Apr ± ± Dec 7-11 Apr ± ± Dec 8-12 Apr ± ± Dec 9-4 Apr ± ± Dec 1-13 Apr * * Mean 118 ± ± ±.74 * no temperature or salinity data from 12 Jan 211 to 5 Mar 211 ( )

38 Table 11 Warming and Cooling Rates Observed at GSO Dock for Year Consecutive No Days Date Rate, Day C / day Warming Rate Apr Jun Apr Jun Apr Jun Apr 99-3 Jun Apr - 17 Jun Apr 1-12 Jun Apr 2-2 Jun Apr 3-19 Jun Apr 4-15 Jun Apr 5-11 Jun Apr 6-9 Jun Apr 7-11 Jun Apr 8-9 Jun Apr 9-14 Jun Apr 1-8 Jun Apr 11-7 Jun Mean 61 ± ±.23 Cooling Rate Oct 95-6 Dec Oct 96-2 Dec Oct 97-4 Dec Oct Dec Oct Dec Oct - 2 Dec Oct 1-25 Dec Oct 2-4 Dec Oct 3-2 Dec Oct 4-15 Dec Oct 5-2 Dec Oct 6-11 Jan Oct 7-12 Dec Oct 8-17 Dec Oct 9-14 Dec Oct 1-7 Dec Oct 1-3 Dec Mean 63 ± ±.3

39 Table 12 Percent of Tidal Temperature >.5 C and < -.5 C at High and Low Tide Observed at GSO Dock from Year Winter Spring Summer Fall High Low High Low High Low High Low %T>.5 C %T<-.5 C %T>.5 C %T<-.5 C %T>.5 C %T<-.5 C %T>.5 C %T<-.5 C * Mean * less than 2 total

40 Table 13 Average Temperature Observed at Buzzards Bay during Summer and Winter from Year Consecutive No Days Date Avg Temp ± Std Day C Temp > 17 C Jun Oct ± Jul Sep ± Jul Oct ± Jun Oct ± Jun 2-14 Oct ± Jun 3-3 Oct ± Jul 5-17 Oct ± Jun 6-7 Oct ± Jul 7-12 Oct ± Jun 8-11 Oct ± Jun 9-11 Oct ± May1-14 Oct ± Jun Oct ± 2. Mean 16 ± ±.99

41 Table 13 (cont.) Year Consecutive No Days Date Avg Temp ± Std, Day C Temp < 7 C Jan Apr ± Dec Apr ± Dec Apr ± Dec 97-6 Mar ± * * 19 Dec 1-12 Apr 2* 4.8 ± Dec 2-29 Apr ± Dec 5-13 Apr ± Jan 7-24 Apr ± Dec 7-19 Apr ± Dec 8-18 Apr ± Dec 9-9 Apr ± Dec 1-17 Apr ± 1.91 Mean 119 ± ±.98 * temperature extrapolated to 7 C. First point was 6.3 C on 3 Jan 22 (256).

42 Table 14 Warming and Cooling Rates Observed at Buzzards Bay for Year Consecutive No Days Date Rate Day C / day Warming Rate Apr Jun Apr 96-7 Jul Apr 97-2 Jul Apr Jun Apr 2-26 Jun Apr 3-15 Jun Apr 6-26 Jun Apr 7-8 Jul Apr 8-22 Jun Apr 9-26 Jun Apr 1-3 May Apr 11-7 Jun 11.2 Mean 67 ± ±.24 Cooling Rate Oct Dec Sep 96-1 Dec Oct Dec Oct 2-7 Dec Oct 5-13 Dec Oct 6-16 Jan Oct 7-11 Dec Oct 8-22 Dec Oct 9-12 Dec Oct 1-6 Dec Oct Dec Mean 64 ± ±.27

43 Table 15 Average Temperature and Salinity for T-Wharf Station on Prudence Island Year Consecutive No Days Date Avg Temp ± Std Avg Salinity ± Std Day C / Temp < 7 C Jan 3-21 Apr ± ± * 77* 4 Dec 3-19 Feb 4* * * Dec 4-5 Apr ± ± Dec 5-2 Apr ** ** Jan 7-2 Apr ± Dec 7-8 Apr ± Nov 8-14 Apr ± Dec 9-31 Mar ± 1.97 Mean 115 ± ±.6 Temp > 17 C Jun 3-11 Oct Jun 4-11 Oct ± Jun 5-15 Oct ± ± Jun 6-13 Oct ± Jun 7-25 Oct ± Jun 8-17 Oct ± Jun 9-7 Oct ± May 1-1 Oct ±.79 Mean 121 ± ±.88 * no data from 28 Jan 4 to 1 May 4 ( ) ** no data from 19 Jan 6 to 9 Mar 6 (1115 to 1164)

44 Table 16 Warming and Cooling Rates Observed at for T-Wharf Station on Prudence Island from Year Consecutive No Days Date Rate Day C / day Warming Rate Apr 3-22 Jun * Apr 4-14 Jun 4* Apr 5-8 Jun Apr 6-15 Jun Apr 7-16 Jun Apr 8-8 Jun Apr 9-25 Jun Apr 1-3 May1.169 Mean 63 ± 6.16 ±.16 Cooling Rate Oct 3-3 Dec Oct 4-16 Dec ** Oct 5-7 Dec Oct 6-1 Jan Oct 7-2 Dec Oct 8-28 Nov Oct 9-11 Dec Mean 57 ± ±.54 * no data from (28 Jan 4-1 May 4) ** no data from 1115 to 1164 (19 Jan 6-9 Mar 6)

45 Table 17 Comparison of Seasonal Temperature at GSO dock, Buzzards Bay and Prudence Island Year No Days No. Days No Days GSO Buzzards Bay Prudence Island GSO BB PI C C C Temp > 17 C ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mean 117 ± 9 16 ± ± ± ± ±.21

46 Table 17 (cont.) Year No Days No. Days No Days GSO Buzzards Bay Prudence Island GSO BB PI C C C Temp < 7 C ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mean 12 ± ± ± ±.76

47 Table 18 Warming and Cooling Rates Observed at GSO Dock, Buzzards Bay and Prudence Island for Year No Day No Day No Day Rate, C /day Rate, C /day Rate, C /day GSO BB PI GSO BB PI Warming Rate Mean 61 ± 8 67 ± 9 63 ± ± ± ±.15

48 Table 18 cont. Year No Day No Day No Day Rate, C /day Rate, C /day Rate, C /day GSO BB PI GSO BB PI Cooling Rate Mean 66 ± ± ± ± ± ±.54

49 J. Figure Legend Figure 1. Map of Narragansett Bay. Sampling sites shown as white diamonds. Figure 2. Observed temperature (top) and salinity (bottom) at the GSO dock from Figure 3. Observed (blue) and predicted (green) depth at GSO dock (normalized to zero) for August 1996 (top). Difference (obs.- pred.) between observed and predicted depths for August Figure 4. Observed temperature at GSO dock from June February 1997 (top). Tidal correction for same time period obtained using t_tide program (bottom). Figure 5. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 1996 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 1996 (bottom). Figure 6. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 1997 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 1997 (bottom). Figure 7. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 1998 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 1998 (bottom). Figure 8. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 1999 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 1999 (bottom). Figure 9. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 2 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 2 (bottom). Figure 1. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 21 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 21 (bottom). Figure 11. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 22 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 22 (bottom). Figure 12. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 23 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 23 (bottom). Figure 13. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 24 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 24 (bottom). Figure 14. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 25 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 25 (bottom). Figure 15. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 26 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 26 (bottom).

50 Figure 16. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 27 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 27 (bottom). Figure 17. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 28 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 28 (bottom). Figure 18. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 29 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 29 (bottom). Figure 19. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 21 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 21 (bottom). Figure 2. Tidally corrected temperature at GSO dock for 211 (top). Tidal temperature at GSO dock for 211 (bottom). Figure 21. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 1996 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 1996 (bottom). Figure 22. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 1997 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 1997 (bottom). Figure 23. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 1998 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 1998 (bottom). Note scale change from -4. to 4.. Figure 24. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 1999 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 1999 (bottom). Figure 25. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 2 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 2 (bottom). Figure 26. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 21 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 21 (bottom). Figure 27. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 22 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 22 (bottom). Figure 28. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 23 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 23 (bottom). Figure 29. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 24 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 24 (bottom). Figure 3. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 25 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 25 (bottom).

51 Figure 31. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 26 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 26 (bottom). Note scale change from -4. to 4.. Figure 32. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 27 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 27 (bottom). Figure 33. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 28 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 28 (bottom). Figure 34. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 29 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 29 (bottom). Figure 35. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 21 (top). Note scale change from 24. to 22.. Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 21 (bottom). Note scale change from -6. to 6.. Figure 36. Tidally corrected salinity at GSO dock for 211 (top). Tidal salinity at GSO dock for 211 (bottom). Figure 37. The number of times/day the tidal temperature exceeded.5 C, normalized to 16 years of study. Figure 38. The number of times/day the tidal salinity exceeded.4 /, normalized to 16 years of study (top). Average river flow of Blackstone River during the 16 year study (bottom). Figure 39. Tidally corrected temperature at NOAA buoy in Buzzards Bay (41.4 N, 71.3 W) from (top). Tidal temperature at same location and for the same time period (bottom). Figure 4. Tidally corrected temperature at T-Wharf on Prudence Island in Narragansett Bay (41.8 N and W) from (top). Tidal temperature at same location and for the same time period (bottom).

52 Figure 1. Map of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island with station locations (GSO-GSO Dock, TW-TWharf on Prudence Island) TW GSO

53 Figure 2. Observed Temperature and Salinity at GSO Dock Temperature at GSO Dock Temperature, C Salinity at GSO Dock Salinity, ppt Year

54 1.5 Figure 3. Observed and Predicted Tide -- August observed predicted Depth, m August 8 August 15 August 22 August 29 August Difference, m August 8 August 15 August 22 August 29 August

55 25 Figure 4. Harmonic Analysis Using T t ide 2 Observed Temperature, C June 96 August 96 October 96 December 96 Febrary Tidal Correction for Temperature, C June 96 August 96 October 96 December 96 February 97

56 25 Figure 5. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

57 25 Figure 6. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall 5 Tidal Temperature, C Month

58 25 Figure 7. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

59 25 Figure 8. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

60 25 Figure 9. Corrected and Tidal Temperature -- 2 Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

61 25 Figure 1. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

62 25 Figure 11. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

63 25 Figure 12. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

64 25 Figure 13. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

65 25 Figure 14. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

66 25 Figure 15. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

67 25 Figure 16. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

68 25 Figure 17. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

69 25 Figure 18. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

70 25 Figure 19. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

71 25 Figure 2. Corrected and Tidal Temperature Corrected Temperature, C winter spring summer fall Tidal Temperature, C Month

72 33 Figure 21. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

73 33 Figure 22. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

74 33 Figure 23. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

75 33 Figure 24. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

76 33 Figure 25. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

77 33 Figure 26. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

78 33 Figure 27. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

79 33 Figure 28. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

80 33 Figure 29. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

81 33 Figure 3. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

82 33 Figure 31. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

83 33 Figure 32. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

84 33 Figure 33. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

85 33 Figure 34. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

86 33 Figure 35. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

87 33 Figure 36. Corrected and Tidal Salinity Corrected Salinity, ppt winter spring summer fall Tidal Salinity, ppt Month

88 7 Figure 37. Tidal Temperature >.5 C 6 5 No. of days/year tidal temp >.5 C January March May July September Npvember Month

89