LANDOLT-BORNSTEIN. Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik Neue Serie Gesamtherausgabe: K.- H. Hellwege

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1 LANDOLT-BORNSTEIN Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik Neue Serie Gesamtherausgabe: K.- H. Hellwege Gruppe VI: Astronomie Astrophysik und Weltraumforschung Band 2 Astronomie und Astrophysik Weiterführung und Ergänzung von Band 1 Teilband b Sterne und Sternhaufen L. H. Aller I. Appenzeller B. Baschek H. W. Duerbeck T. Herczeg E. Lamla E. Meyer-Hofmeister Th. Schmidt-Kaler M. Scholz W. Seggewiss W. С Seitter V. Weidemann Herausgeber: K. Schaifers und H.H.Voigt Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1982

2 4 The stars 4.1 Physical parameters of the stars (Тн. SCHMIDT-KALER) General remarks Classification of stellar spectra The (improved and extended) Harvard classification The (Yerkes or) MK system: spectral type and luminosity class Abundance effects in spectral classification Other spectral classification systems Spectral catalogues and surveys Spectral classification and interstellar extinction from wide band photometry References for Intrinsic colors and visual absolute magnitudes (calibration of the MK system) Intrinsic colors of normal galactic stars The absolute magnitudes of the stars Calibration of special luminosity criteria References for Hertzsprung-Russel diagram, color-magnitude diagrams The Hertzsprung-Russel diagram, stellar populations, stellar ages and metal contents References for Color diagrams Color and spectral types Color and extinction Color-magnitude and color-color diagrams References for Effective temperatures T M, bolometric corrections B.C. and luminosities L 451 References for Mass Ш, radius R, density Q, surface gravity g Determination of the mass Radius, density and surface gravity of the stars References for Rotation of stars Individual values of the rotational velocity Stellar rotation as a function of spectral type, luminosity class, and stellar evolution References for Catalogues of rotational velocities Magnitudes and colors (E. LAMLA) General remarks Data dissemination centers Definitions Symbols Definition of the apparent magnitude Isophotal and effective wavelength Passband width Definition of the color index Definition of the absolute magnitude Definitions of the bolometric magnitude and the bolometric correction General problems in photometry of stars 38

3 IX Photographic photometry Methods and catalogues RGU system Basel Photoelectric photometry Introduction Extinction of the earth's atmosphere Response function of receivers The original UBV color system, reconstructed in USA The original UBV color system, reconstructed at Vilnius The DDO color system The Strömgren uvby color system and Hß The 7 color system of Borgman (RQPNMLK) The 4 color system uvgr The Geneva 7 color system The Wood 12 color system (Strömgren extension) The Vilnius WBVR color system The Vilnius UPXYZVS color system The 13 color system (Johnson, Mitchell, Latham) The Johnson color system UBVRIJK...Q The color system used in the southern hemisphere The Walraven VBLUW color system The UBVRI color system The Cousins (Cape) VRI color system Graphs of some response functions S (A) References for Physics of stellar atmospheres (B. BASCHEK/M. SCHOLZ) General references List of generally and frequently used symbols Basic equations Assumptions and parameters Equation of hydrostatic equilibrium Equation of energy conservation Equations of kinetic equilibrium Equation of radiation transport Boundary conditions Mean extinction coefficients and optical depths Stellar radius and atmospheric extension Compact model atmosphere Statistical equilibrium and cross-sections Distribution functions Statistical (rate) equations CoUisional processes CoUisional ionization by electrons and three-body recombination CoUisional excitation and de-excitation by electrons Other collisional processes Radiative processes Photo-ionization and photo-recombination (bound-free transitions) Electron-ion bremsstrahlung (free-free transitions) Line absorption and emission (bound-bound transitions) Scattering of photons Line broadening Gauss, Lorentz, and Voigt profile Doppler line broadening Radiation (natural) line broadening Collision (pressure, Stark) line broadening LTE approximation in radiation transport Multi-level approach in radiation transport 114

4 X Continuous opacity in stellar atmospheres References for Thermodynamic properties Internal partition functions Occupation numbers of internal states Equation of state Chemical equilibrium (mass-action law) Some thermodynamic quantities and relations Some thermodynamic functions for the normal element mixture References for Methods of computation of stellar model atmospheres Approximations in radiation transport theory Convective energy transport Model computation with given parameters Spectral analysis References for "Non-standard" stellar model atmospheres Moving atmospheres Chromospheres and coronae "Turbulent" motions Depth-dependent abundances (diffusion) Deviations from spherical symmetry References for Stellar structure and evolution (E. MEYER-HOFMEISTER) List of symbols Equation of stellar structure Properties of stellar matter The equation of state Functions V ad and c P Stellar opacities Opacity tables Electron conduction Energy generation Hydrogen burning Helium burning Carbon burning Advanced burning stages Screening factors Neutrino loss rates Model computations Main-sequence stars Evolved stars Stars with special properties References for Special types of stars 5.1 Variable stars (H. W. DUERBECK/W. С SEITTER) Abbreviations and notations Definitions and general remarks General catalogues and bibliographies Monographs on general aspects of variable stars Notation and classification Statistical, kinematical, and evolutionary status Position of variable stars in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram References for

5 XI Pulsating and rotating variables Long period Cepheids С RR Lyraestars RR Dwarf Cepheids RRs Scuti stars 5Sct RV Tauri stars RV Mira stars (long period variables) M Semiregular variables SR Irregular variable stars L ßCephei stars ßC ZZ Ceti stars ZZ oc 2 Canum Venaticorum variables txcv BYDraconis variables BY References for Eruptive and depression variables Supernovae SN Novae N Dwarf novae DN Nova-like stars N Z Andromedae stars or symbiotic stars Z And R Coronae Borealis stars RCB S Doradus variables SD у Cassiopeiae variables yc Orion and RW Aurigae type variables In and Is UV Ceti stars UV References for Peculiar stars (W. С SEITTER/H. W. DUERBECK) Introduction, general remarks Peculiar stars of early spectral classes (0---A) Of stars General characteristics, classification Physical parameters Evolution Statistics and galactic distribution Wolf-Rayet stars WR General characteristics, classification Variability Physical parameters Evolution Galactic distribution and statistics P Cygni type stars Be, shell and related stars Classification criteria and phenomena Variability Physical parameters Models of Be and shell stars Statistics and galactic distribution CNO stars Helium strong, helium weak, helium variable stars References for and Peculiar stars in the range B---F Peculiar A stars Ap (Bp) General characteristics Variability Rotation, pulsation Magnetic fields Physical parameters 326

6 XII Theories of Ap stars Statistics and galactic distribution Metallic line stars Am (Fm) General characteristics, nomenclature Variability Rotation Physical parameters Models, theories of Am stars Statistics and galactic distribution X Bootis stars weak line population I stars References for Peculiar stars of late spectral classes (G---M) Peculiar G and К stars Stars with CH anomalies Stars with CN anomalies Ba stars С stars (Carbon stars) S stars References for Protostars, pre-main sequence objects (I. APPENZELLER) Definitions List of symbols Distribution of protostars and pre-main sequence objects Low mass protostars and pre-main sequence stars (9J( <3 TO Q ) Evolutionary tracks The T Tauri stars Massive protostars (9Л> 4 9K 0 ) Other very young objects related to the final stages of star formation or very early stellar evolution References for Planetary nebulae (L. H. ALLER) Introduction General references and review articles References for special topics Data for representative planetary nebulae White dwarfs (V. WEIDEMANN) General Luminosity function, space density Spectral type Spectral classification Magnetic white dwarfs Variable DA (or ZZ Ceti) stars Catalogues, observation lists Atmospheres, HR diagram Radii, masses Interior, envelopes Evolution, age References for Compact objects Neutron stars (M. GREWING) Radiopulsars (M. GREWING) Pulsating X-ray sources (J. TRÜMPER/H. H. FINK) X-ray bursters (J. TRÜMPER/H. H. FINK) Black holes (J. TRÜMPER/H. H. FINK) 5.7 X-ray and y-ray sources (H. H. FINK/J. TRÜMPER) see Subvolume c, p. 1 ff.

7 XIII 6 Double stars and star clusters 6.1 Double stars (T. HERCZEG) General remarks Classification Orbital elements Some binary systems of special interest Binary frequencies, distribution of separations Double and multiple stars in the solar neighborhood (r^ 10pc) References for Visual double stars Limits of separation; detectability Catalogues of visual double stars Apparent magnitudes Statistical relationships Wide pairs Multiple systems References for Astrometric binaries and systems with unseen companions 393 References for Spectroscopic binaries Orbital elements and catalogues Statistical relationships Spectral duplicity, composite spectra Rotation in close binaries Binaries among special types of stars Cataclysmic variables as close binaries References for X-ray binaries 403 References for Photometric or eclipsing binaries Catalogues Classification Close binary evolution Statistical relationships Contact systems The group of RS Canum Venaticorum stars Period changes of eclipsing binaries Apsidal motion Ellipsoidal variables Close binaries in star clusters and nearby galaxies Radioemission in close binary systems References for Star clusters and associations (W. SEGGEWISS) Globular clusters Definition and classification Catalogues Literature compilations Dimensions and structure of globular clusters Brightness and colour Integrated spectra of globular clusters Mass and luminosity function Colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) Evolution of globular clusters Variable stars and X-ray sources in globular custers Gas and dust content of globular clusters Abundances of chemical elements in globular clusters 427

8 XIV Motions and dynamics Distances and galactic distribution of globular clusters References for Open clusters Definition and classification Catalogues, atlases and literature Dimensions of open clusters Brightness and colours of open clusters Spectra of cluster stars Mass and luminosity Colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of open clusters Evolution and ages of open clusters Variable and peculiar stars in open clusters Gas and dust content of open clusters Abundances of chemical elements in open clusters Motions and dynamics of open clusters Distances and galactic distribution of open clusters References for Associations Definitions and designations OB associations T associations R associations References for