LANDOLT-BORNSTEIN. Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik Neue Serie Gesamtherausgabe: K.- H. Hellwege
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1 LANDOLT-BORNSTEIN Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik Neue Serie Gesamtherausgabe: K.- H. Hellwege Gruppe VI: Astronomie Astrophysik und Weltraumforschung Band 2 Astronomie und Astrophysik Weiterführung und Ergänzung von Band 1 Teilband a Methoden Konstanten Sonnensystem W. I. Axford A. Behr A. Bruzek C. J. Durrant H. Enslin H. Fechtig W. Fricke F. Gondolatsch H. Grün О. Hachenberg W.-H. Ip E. K. Jessberger T. Kirsten Ch. Leinert D. Lemke H. Palme W. Pilipp J. Rahe G. Schmahl M. Scholer J. Schubart J. Solf R. Staubert H. E. Suess J. Trümper G. Weigelt R. M. West R. Wolf H. D. Zeh Herausgeber: K. Schaifers und H. H.Voigt Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1981
2 1 Astronomical instruments 1.1 Optical telescopes (R. WOLF) Introduction Optics Mounting Drive and control Building and dome Future developments List of large optical telescopes erected after References for General references for Solar telescopes (C. J. DURRANT) 13 References for Photoelectric photometry (A. BEHR) Symbols and definitions Acronyms and nomenclature Photoelectric radiation detectors Measuring techniques High speed photometry Detectors for two-dimensional (imaging) photometry The measured radiant flux Accuracy of measurements References for Photographic emulsions (R. M. WEST) Introduction Definitions Emulsions in use in astronomy - hypersensitization Exposure and calibration Processing Storage Measurements Copying Outlock References for Spectrometers and spectrographs (J. SOLF) Definitions Grating spectrometers Fabry-Perot spectrometers Fourier transform spectrometers References for Optical high resolution methods (G. WEIGELT/G. SCHMAHL) Michelson's stellar interferometry and related techniques Intensity interferometry of Hanbury Brown and Twiss Labeyrie's speckle interferometry and related techniques References for
3 XI 1.7 X-ray and y-ray instruments (R. STAUBERT/J. TRÜMPER) X-ray instruments Non-focusing instruments Non-focusing/non-imaging/non-dispersive instruments Non-focusing/imaging instruments Spectrometers and Polarimeters Focusing X-ray telescopes X-ray mirror systems X-ray imaging detectors Focal plane spectrometers y-ray instruments X- and y-ray satellites References for Infrared techniques (D. LEMKE) Infrared detectors Detector types Detector parameters Low background detectors Atmospheric transmission and emission Infrared telescopes Chopper Optics of the IR telescope Telescope platforms Infrared photometry, Photometric bands Absolute calibration Limiting magnitudes Filters Infrared spectroscopy Circular variable filter CVF Prism, grating Fourier spectrometer Fabry-Perot Heterodyne spectroscopy Infrared polarimetry Spatial resolution instrumentation References for Radio astronomical receiver systems (O. HACHENBERG) Radiometers (receivers) 50 References for The radio telescopes Radio telescopes for m wavelengths 51 References for Radio telescopes for lower dm and cm ranges Radio telescopes for mm wavelengths 57 References for and Very-long-baseline interferometer 61 References for Positions and time determination, astronomical constants 2.1 Determination of astronomical latitude and longitude (H. ENSLIN) Introduction Polar motion Definition and observation of astronomical latitude and longitude 63
4 XII Contents Definition and realization of the terrestrial reference system Origin of the coordinates of the pole Origin of longitudes Errors in latitude and longitude or time Coordinates of observatories Polar coordinates Time determination (H. ENSLIN) Notations used in Systems of time measurement Sidereal, solar, and universal time Definitions of sidereal and solar time, relations between their units Universal time (UT) Standard times Equation of time Julian date, modified Julian date; Greenwich sidereal date Ephemeris time (ET) Definition of epoch and unit, and determination of ephemeris time Lengths of the year Lengths of the month Atomic time Definition of the second of the International System of Units (SI) International atomic time (TAI) Coordinated universal time (UTC) Dynamical time for ephemerides (TD) Time signals Long term fluctuations of the earth's rotation speed References for 2.1 and The system of astronomical constants (W. FRICKLE) Introduction Units The IAU (1976) system of astronomical constants Notes References for The solar system 3.1 The sun The quiet sun Solar global parameters (C J. DURRANT) 82 References for Solar interior (C. J. DURRANT) Standard models Non-standard models Solar neutrinos Global oscillations Convection zone Solar rotation General magnetic field References for Solar energy spectrum (C J. DURRANT) Absolute energy distribution Relative energy distribution Limb polarization References for Solar photosphere and chromosphere (C. J. DURRANT) Models 96
5 NLTE studies Morphology of the solar photosphere and chromosphere References for Solar transition region and quiet corona (C. J. DURRANT) Models Physical parameters Diagnostics Morphology References for Radio emission of the quiet sun (O. HACHENBERG) Flux density of the quiet sun 105 References for The brightness distribution across the solar disk 107 References for Ill 1.2 Solar activity Active regions (A. BRUZEK) Features of active regions Active region development Spotgroups Activity indices, global data (daily values) References for year solar cycle (A. BRUZEK) 113 References for Sunspots (A. BRUZEK) General characteristics Magnetic field Spot umbra Spot penumbra Sunspot energy References for Faculae and plages (A. BRUZEK) Continuum Facula models Chromospheric plage References for Prominences and ejecta (A. BRUZEK) General characteristics Prominence spectrum Physical characteristics of quiescient prominences Ejections Interface prominence - corona References for Coronal active region (A. BRUZEK) Visible EUV line coronal enhancement X-ray corona Total radiation loss References for Flares (A. BRUZEK) General Flare spectrum Flare physics Flare particle emission References for Radio emission of the disturbed sun (O. HACHENBERG) The basic component of solar radio emission The slowly varying component References for and
6 Noise storms References for Solar radio bursts Microwave bursts Fast-drift bursts (Type III bursts) Slow-drift bursts (Type II bursts) Continuum bursts (Type IV bursts) References for The planets and their satellites Mechanical data of the planets and satellites The planets; orbital elements and related properties (F. GONDOLATSCH) 129 References for Dimensions and mechanical properties, rotation of the planets (F. GONDOLATSCH) 132 References for Satellites and ring systems of the planets (F. GONDOLATSCH) Orbital elements, diameters, masses of the satellites Ring systems of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus References for Earth data (F. GONDOLATSCH) Figure, mass, gravity Rotation of the earth, precession Orbital motion of the earth References for The moon (F. GONDOLATSCH) Distance, size, gravity, librations Orbital motion References for The orbital relations (W.-H.IP/W. I. AXFORD) The planets The satellites The planetary rings ' References for Physics of the planets and satellites (W.-H.IP/W. I. AXFORD) Introduction Internal compositions and structures The terrestrial planets The outer planets The satellites The planetary rings References for Surface properties The terrestrial planets The satellites References for Temperatures of the planets and satellites 168 References for Atmospheres Mercury Venus Mars The outer planets The moon The Galilean satellites Titan References for Magnetic fields The planets 178
7 The moon The satellites of Jupiter References for Appendix to Jupiter Saturn References for Small bodies in the solar system The asteroids (minor planets) (J. SCHUBART) Representative orbits Statistics of orbits Sizes and physical characteristics References for Meteors and meteorites (E. K. JESSBERGER) Definitions Meteors Significance of meteor study Orbits Classification References for Meteorites Definition Significance of meteorite study Orbits Classification and chemical composition Mineralogy and petrology Organic matter Rare gases Isotopic anomalies Origin of meteorites Meteorites on earth References for Comets (J. RAHE) Mechanical data Photometric observations; polarimetry Spectroscopic observations Nucleus Coma Tails The nature of cometary dust Laboratory studies and space experiments relevant to comets (References only) References for Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light (H. FECHTIG/C. LEINERT/E. GRÜN) Introduction Methods of measurements Direct methods Zodiacal light photometry Direct measurements of interplanetary dust Observations of the zodiacal light Definitions Intensity and polarization in the visible ( nm) Spectrum and colour Thermal emission Radial gradient of intensity Symmetry plane of zodiacal light Temporal variations 237
8 Interpretation of zodiacal light observations Spatial distribution Size distribution Scattering and absorption Models Dynamics of interplanetary dust Sources Forces Sinks References for Interplanetary particles and magnetic field Interplanetary gas of non-solar origin (neutral hydrogen and neutral helium) (W. PILIPP). 244 References for Interplanetary plasma and magnetic field (solar wind) (W. PILIPP) Introduction 245 References for In-situ observations 246 References for Ground-based observations 250 References for Energetic particles in interplanetary space (M. SCHOLER) Modulation of galactic cosmic rays 251 References for Anomalous component of low energy cosmic rays 252 References for Interplanetary propagation of solar cosmic rays 254 References for Coronal propagation and injection 255 References for Solar flare particle composition and charge state 255 References for Corotating energetic particle events 256 References for Abundances of the elements in the solar system (H. PALME/H. E. SUESS/H. D. ZEH) Introduction 257 References for Terrestrial and lunar surface rocks and meteorites 257 References for Table References for Table Relative atomic abundances N of the elements in a type 1 carbonaceous chondrite and in the solar photosphere 262 References for Table Primordial abundances in the solar system 265 References for Chronology of the solar system (T. KIRSTEN) Introduction Dating techniques Types of "ages" Time periods References for Age of the solar system 275 References for Duration of solar system formation 278 References for
9 XVII Planetary evolution Meteorites and their parent bodies 280 References for Lunar evolution 282 References for Geochronology 283 References for Summary and link to the ages of the elements 284 References for
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