Astronomy and Astrophysics

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1 Landolt-Bornstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series I Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Group VI: Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume 3 Astronomy and Astrophysics Extension and Supplement to Volume 2 Subvolume B Stars and Star Clusters Editor: H.H. Voigt Contributors: L.H. Aller, I. Appenzeller, B. Baschek, K. Butler, C. de Loore, H.W. Duerbeck, M.F. El Eid, H.H. Fink, T. Herczeg, T. Richtler, H. Schneider, M. Scholz, W. Seggewiss, W.C. Seitter, J. Triimper, P. Ulmenschneider, R. Wehrse, V. Weidemann Springer

2 for subvolumes VI/2b and VI/3b The content of the present subvolume VI/3b is indicated in roman. Sections of the former subvolume VI/2b (and partly VI/2c) which have not been supplemented or treated in the present subvolume VI/3b are referred to in italic. In some fields the arrangement of subdivisions has ben changed for objective reasons. For a synopsis of these chapters see sects. 4.3, , , and 6.2, respectively. 4 The stars Pages in: VI/2b VI/3b 4.1 Physical parameters of the stars (TH. SCHMIDT-KALER) General remarks Classification of stellar spectra Intrinsic colors and visual absolute magnitudes (calibration of the MK system) :, Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, color-magnitude diagram Effective temperatures T e tp bolometric corrections B.C. and luminosities L Mass M, radius R, density p, surface gravity g Rotation of stars Magnitudes and colors (H. SCHNEIDER) General remarks Data dissemination centers Definitions General problems in photometry of stars Photographic photometry Photoelectric photometry Introduction 44 2 References for to Johnson UBV system 48 8 References for The original UBV system, reconstructed at Vilnius The DDO color system A Stromgren uvby system (incl. Hfi) 57 8 References for The 7 color system of Borgman (RQPNMLK) The 4 color system uvgr 60

3 IX Geneva 7 color system References for The Wood 12 color system (Stromgren extension) The Vilnius WBVR color system The Vilnius UPXYZVS color system The 13 color system (Johnson, Mitchell, Latham) The Johnson color system UBVRIJK...Q The color system used in the southern hemisphere Walraven VBLUW system References for UBVRI system (incl.cousins V(RI) C, subsect in LBVI/2b) References for The Cousins (Cape) VRI color system Graphs of some response functions S(X) Infrared photometrey (< 30 urn) Near-infrared photometry (JHKLM) Mid-infrared photometry (5 to 30 um) - 25 References for CCD photometry..* Photometric reduction algorithms, methods and software packages Technical realization of photometric systems Standard fields - 29 References for Photometry from space Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) TYCHO Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) Hubble Space Telescope (HST) - 37 References for ^ Physics of stellar atmospheres (B. BASCHEK, K. BUTLER, M. SCHOLZ, P. ULMENSCHNEIDER, R. WEHRSE) Radiative transfer Fast numerical methods for ID media Methods for moving envelopes Methods for multidimensional configurations 43 References for Line blanketing Statistical treatment Individual lines outside LTE 45 References for Convective energy transport 46 References for Chromospheres and coronae Mechanical heating and modification of the energy equation Classification of heating mechanisms Simple heating laws Hydrodynamic shock heating laws Magnetic heating laws Modelling of chromospheres and coronae Empirical chromosphere models 50

4 X Empirical transition-layer models Empirical corona models Theoretical chromosphere models Theoretical corona models Tube models and other special geometries Coronae of accretion disks 52 References for Stellar winds Empirical mass loss Thermal winds Winds driven by radiation pressure Pulsation-driven winds Wave-driven winds 56 References for Atomic and molecular data Atomic energies and wavelengths Collisional data Line broadening Radiative data ^ Molecular data ' 59 References for Atmospheres of accretion disks 60 References for , 60 Appendix (Errata to LB VI/2b, sect. 4.3) Stellar structure and evolution (M.F. EL EID, C. DE LOORE) List of symbols Equations of stellar structure Properties of stellar matter The equation of state Functions V a^ and Cp Stellar opacities Nuclear burning phases in stars Hydrogen burning Helium burning Carbon burning Advanced burning phases and nuclear statistical equilibrium Screening factors Neutrino loss rates Network for thermonuclear reactions Model computations Main-sequence stars Evolved stars Stars with special properties Low- and intermediate mass stars Massive stars The progenitor of SN 1987A Late evolutionary phases Binary stars Orbital elements: their variation due to mass exchange Model computations for low- and intermediate-mass close binaries - 107

5 XI Model computations for massive close binaries O-type binaries and Wolf-Rayet binaries Final stages of close binary evolution The origin of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXRB) Origin and evolution of massive X-ray binaries (MXRB) Final evolution of massive X-ray binaries References for Special types of stars 5.1 Variable stars (H.W. DUERBECK, W.C. SEITTER) Abbreviations and notations Definitions and general remarks General catalogues and bibliographies Monographs Notation and classification References for Pulsating variables Generalities Radial and nonradfal stellar pulsations Fourier decomposition technique Cepheids - CEP Classical Cepheids - DCEP W Virginis stars - CW BL Bootis stars (Anomalous Cepheids) - BL BOO RR Lyrae stars - RR SX Phoenicis stars (Dwarf Cepheids) - SXPHE Scuti stars - DSCT RV Tauri stars - RV Mira Ceti variables - M Semiregular variables - SR Slow irregular variables stars - L fi Cephei stars (8 Canis Majoris stars) - BCEP PV Telescopii variables - PVTEL a Cygni variables - ACYG ZZ Ceti stars - ZZ 152 References for Rotating variables SX Arietis variables (helium variables) - SXARI a 2 Canum Venaticorum variables - ACV Ellipsoidal variables - ELL Reflection variables - R FK Comae variables - FKCOM BY Draconis variables - BY Pulsars - PSR 161 References for Supernovae and cataclysmic variables Supernovae - SN Type I Supernovae - SN Type II Supernovae - SN II SN 1987A 166

6 XII Novae - N Novalike variables (nonmagnetic systems) - NL AM Herculis stars (magnetic systems, polars) - AM U Geminorum stars (dwarf novae) - UG Z Andromedae stars (symbiotic stars) - ZAND 177 References for Eruptive variables S Doradus variables (Hubble-Sandage variables) - SDOR Wolf-Rayet variables - WR y Cassiopeiae variables - GCAS Variable Be stars - BE R Coronae Borealis stars - RCB RS Canum Venaticorum stars - RS UV Ceti stars (flare stars) - UV FU Orionis variables - FU Irregular variables References for Peculiar stars (W.C. SEITTER, H..W. DUERBECK) 269 VI/3c 5.3 Protostars, pre-main sequence objects (I. APPENZELLER) Definitions List of symbols." Distribution of protostars and pre-main sequence (PMS) objects Low-mass protostars and PMS stars Evolutionary tracks T Tauri stars Massive protostars Other very young objects related to the final stages of star formation or very early stellar evolution References for Planetary nebulae (L.H. ALLER) Introduction Catalogues of planetary nebulae Distances of planetary nebulae Use of planetary nebulae to determine distances of galaxies Basic physical processes in gaseous nebulae Basic atomic data Molecules and dust grains Morphologies and structures of planetary nebulae Theoretical models of nebular structure and evolution Classifications of planetary nebulae Chemical compositions of planetary nebulae Magellanic Clouds and other galaxies The transitional stage, AGB to PN Binary stars and planetary nebulae Central stars of planetary nebulae (PNN) Tables of some basic data References for

7 XIII 5.5 White dwarfs (WD) (V. WEIDEMANN) General Luminosity function, space density Spectral types Spectral classification Magnetic white dwarfs Variable DA (or ZZ Ceti) stars and other pulsating white dwarfs. Asteroseismology Catalogues, observation lists Atmospheres, HR diagram Radii, masses Interior, envelopes Evolution, age References for Compact objects VI/2c: Neutron stars (M. GREWING) VII2c: 1 VI/3c Radiopulsars (M. GREWING) VI/2c: 10 VI/3c Pulsating X-ray sources (J. TRUMPER, H.H. FINK) VI/2c: General properties' VI/2c: Periodic pulsations in HMXB Quasi-periodic oscillations (QPO) and noise in LMXB Z-sources Atoll sources X-ray emission of radio pulsars Determination of binary-system parameters VII2c: Neutron star properties as derived from observations of pulsating X-ray sources VI/2c: 28 References for \ X-ray bursters (J. TRUMPER, H.H. FINK) VI/2c: General properties Mass-radius relation of neutron stars The Rapid Burster References for ; ' Black holes (J. TRUMPER, H.H. FINK) VI/2c: References for X-ray and y-ray sources (H.H. FINK, J. TRUMPER) VII2c: X-ray sources VI/2c: Overview VI/2c: Skysurveys, VI/2c: X-ray emission processes VII2c: Y" ra y sources VII2c: Overview VII2c: y-radiation processes VI/2c: 42 References for Double stars and star clusters 6.1 Double stars (T. HERCZEG) General remarks

8 XIV Classification Orbital elements Masses Statistics 265 References for Visual (wide) binaries Catalogues and collections of data Space astrometry of double stars New observational techniques 270 References for Close binaries Catalogues New techniques Orbital perturbations, apsidal motion Tidal evolution in close binaries Circumstellar matter: the "Barr effect" Atmospheric eclipes: Zeta Aurigae type stars Symbiotic stars RS Canum Venaticorum stars. # Mass exchange. The Algol problem and its essential solution 279 References for Systems with compact objects X-ray binaries Introduction and catalogues Classifation of binary X-ray sources High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB) Low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB) Super-soft sources Variable sources: transients and bursters Neutron star masses based on X-ray binaries Binary systems with possible black hole components (stellar black holes) Binary radio pulsars Introduction Binary pulsars in globular clusters Binary pulsars as probes of General Relativity Neutron star masses from radio pulsars Millisecond pulsars Secondaries in binary pulsar systems Binary evolution leading to compact objets 296 References for Star clusters and associations (W. SEGGEWISS, T. RICHTLER) Galactic globular clusters Structure and dynamics of globular clusters Chemical abundances and relation to galactic structure Colour-magnitude diagrams and relation to stellar evolution Stellar content of globular clusters Interstellar matter in globular clusters Galactic open clusters Formation and dynamics of open clusters Galactic structure, abundances and ages 310

9 XV Stellar content of open clusters Associations Clusters in extragalactic systems Open clusters in extragalactic systems Globular clusters in extragalactic systems Magellanic Clouds Local Group galaxies M M Other Local Group galaxies Galaxies outside the Local Group 316 References for