Lesson 1 Matter and Its Properties

Transcription

1 Lesson 1 Student Labs and Activities Page Launch Lab 8 Content Vocabulary 9 Lesson Outline 10 MiniLab 12 Content Practice A 13 Content Practice B 14 Math Skills 15 School to Home 16 Key Concept Builders 17 Enrichment 21 Challenge 22 Skill Practice 23 Matter: Properties and Changes 7

2 Launch Lab LESSON 1: 15 minutes How can you describe a substance? Think about the different ways you can describe a type of matter. Is it hard? Can you pour it? What color is it? Answering questions like these can help you describe the properties of a substance. In this lab, you will observe how the properties of a mixture can be very different from the properties of the substances it is made from. Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. 2. Using a small plastic spoon, measure two spoonfuls of cornstarch into a clear plastic cup. What does the cornstarch look like? What does it feel like? 3. Slowly stir one spoonful of water into the cup containing the cornstarch. Gently roll the new substance around in the cup with your finger. Data and Observations Think About This 1. What were some properties of the cornstarch and water before they were mixed? 2. Key Concept How were the properties of the mixture different from the original properties of the cornstarch and water? 8 Matter: Properties and Changes

3 Content Vocabulary LESSON 1 Directions: Use the clues and the terms listed below to complete the puzzle. 2 1 chemical property density gas liquid mass matter physical property solid solubility state volume Across 2. matter s condition or physical property 4. has no definite shape or volume 9. any characteristic that you can observe without changing a material s identity Clues 11 Down 1. ability or inability to change into one or more new substances 3. amount of matter in an object 5. has definite shape and volume 10. amount of space a material occupies 11. has definite volume; no definite shape 6. has mass and takes up space 7. substance dissolves into another 8. a substance s mass per unit volume Matter: Properties and Changes 9

4 Lesson Outline LESSON 1 A. What is matter? 1. Anything that takes up space and has mass is. 2. from the Sun is not matter, although you can see it. B. States of Matter 1. The amount of space a material occupies is its. 2. Any matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume is a(n). 3. Any matter that has a definite volume but does not have a definite shape is a(n). 4. Any matter that does not have a definite shape or a definite volume is a(n). 5. All matter is formed of tiny particles that are constantly. a. The particles in a(n) stay in one place but move quickly back and forth in all directions. b. The particles in a(n) can slide past one another. c. The particles in a(n) move freely. 6. The particles in matter one another. C. What are physical properties? 1. A physical property is any characteristic of a material that you can observe without the identity of the material. 2. One physical property is, which is the amount of matter in an object. 3. is the gravitational pull on an object. 4. The weight of an object depends on the of an object; for example, objects weigh more on Earth than on the Moon. 5. Multiply the length, width, and height of a regular object to calculate its. 6. The mass per unit volume of a substance is its. 10 Matter: Properties and Changes

5 Lesson Outline continued 7. The ability of one material to dissolve in another is. 8. The point is the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid. 9. The point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas. 10. is a property that allows some materials to attract certain metals. D. What are chemical properties? 1. A chemical property is a characteristic of a material that you can observe as it to a different substance. 2. is the ability of a material to burn easily. 3. changes to rust when it reacts with water and oxygen in the air. E. Identifying Matter Using Physical Properties 1. and boiling points do not depend on the amount of the material, so they are good properties for identifying unknown substances. 2. Sometimes you have to observe more than one to identify an unknown material. F. Sorting Materials Using Properties 1. Physical properties and chemical properties are useful for materials. 2. An example of a(n) property is the tendency for milk or yogurt to spoil. G. Separating Mixtures Using Physical Properties 1. You can separate mixed materials by melting or the mixture. 2. You can separate some mixed materials using a(n) to attract some materials and not others. Matter: Properties and Changes 11

6 MiniLab LESSON 1: 10 minutes How can you find an object s mass and volume? Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. 2. Obtain a small sample of modeling clay. 3. Using a balance, find the mass of the sample. Record it in the Data and Observations section below. 4. Add exactly 25 ml of tap water to a 50-mL graduated cylinder. Data and Observations 5. Shape the clay so that it can be placed into the graduated cylinder. 6. Slide the clay into the graduated cylinder. Record the new volume of the water. Analyze and Conclude 1. Compare the volume of the water with the total volume of the water and the clay. What is the volume of the clay? 2. Key Concept Why are mass and volume considered physical properties? 12 Matter: Properties and Changes

7 Content Practice A LESSON 1 Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. 1. anything that has mass and takes up space 2. a state of matter with a definite shape and volume 3. a state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape 4. a state of matter that does not have a definite volume or a definite shape 5. the amount of matter in an object 6. the gravitational pull on an object A. liquid B. mass C. physical property D. volume E. gas F. solubility G. chemical property H. solid I. weight J. flammability K. matter L. density 7. the amount of space an object occupies 8. the mass per cubic volume of a substance 9. a characteristic of a material that can be observed without changing the identity of the material 10. a characteristic of a material that can be observed as the material reacts with or changes into a different substance 11. the ability of one material to dissolve in another 12. the ability to burn easily Matter: Properties and Changes 13

8 Content Practice B LESSON 1 Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. 1. What is matter? 2. Explain the properties of a solid, a liquid, and a gas. a. solid: b. liquid: c. gas: 3. Explain the difference between mass and weight. 4. What are physical properties of a material? 5. What are chemical properties of a material? 6. What is density? 7. What happens when iron rusts? 14 Matter: Properties and Changes

9 Math Skills LESSON 1 Solve a One-Step Equation Density is the mass per unit volume of a material. Density can be calculated using the equation below, where D = density (in g/cm 3 ), m = mass (in g), and v = volume (in cm 3 ). D = m v You can rearrange the equation to solve for mass or volume. m = D v v = m D A mineral sample has a mass of 32.5 g and a volume of 9 cm 3. Find the density. Step 1 Identify the variable you will solve for and choose the appropriate equation. You are solving for D, density. D = m v. Step 2 Substitute the known values to solve the equation. D = 32.5 g 9 cm 3 D = 3.61 g cm 3 Practice 1. If the mass of a solid is 25 g and its volume is 50 cm 3, what is its density? 2. If the volume of a solid is 100 cm 3 and its mass is 400 g, what is its density? 3. A solid has a volume of 64 cm 3. Its mass is 288 g. What is its density? 4. The mass of a rock sample is 25 g and its density is 5 g/cm 3. What is the volume of the rock sample? 5. The volume of a rock sample is 8 cm 3 and its density is 2 g/cm 3. What is the mass of the rock sample? Matter: Properties and Changes 15

10 School to Home LESSON 1 Directions: Use your textbook to answer each question or respond to each statement. 1. With your learning partner, half-fill a small, clear drinking glass with water. Then add a small amount of vegetable oil to the glass. Let the liquids sit. Record your observations. 2. Which liquid has a greater density the oil or the water? How do you know? 3. Density is a physical property of objects. List five other physical properties. a. b. c. d. e. 4. List two chemical properties of matter. a. b. 16 Matter: Properties and Changes

11 Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept How do particles move in solids, liquids, and gases? Directions: Water is a familiar substance that moves easily among the three states. In the box below, put a check mark in the column that represents the state of each of the given forms of water. Gas Liquid Solid 1. Cloud 2. Ice 3. Snow 4. Steam 5. Rain Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence. 6. Matter is made of particles that are constantly (moving/transforming). 7. A solid has a definite volume and (temperature/shape). 8. A material that flows freely in all directions is a (liquid/gas). Matter: Properties and Changes 17

12 Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept How do particles move in solids, liquids, and gases? Directions: Complete the chart below. Write the missing characteristics for each of the states of matter and draw a simple sketch of molecules in the states of matter. Some information has already been filled in for you. State of Matter Characteristics Sketch of Molecules 1. Gas weak attractive forces between particles 2. Liquid particles close together 3. Solid definite shape and volume 18 Matter: Properties and Changes

13 Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept How are physical properties different from chemical properties? Directions: Tyson and Maria have been assigned to write a report on some common characteristics of materials. Tyson says that he will write about characteristics that represent physical properties of materials. Maria will write about characteristics that are chemical properties. Next to each of the characteristics listed below, write the name of the person who will be writing about it. 1. boiling point 2. ability to rust 3. density 4. solubility 5. flammability 6. heat absorption 7. reactions with acids Directions: Complete each item on the lines provided. 8. Hydrogen and helium have been used in airships because they are lighter than air. Is that a physical or a chemical property of the two gases? 9. Which chemical property of helium makes it a better choice than hydrogen for use in airships? 10. An object has mass and weight. On the Moon, an object would have the same as on Earth, but it would have a lower. 11. Are mass and weight physical or chemical properties? Matter: Properties and Changes 19

14 Key Concept Builder LESSON 1 Key Concept How are properties used to identify a substance? Directions: Suppose you were given five plastic balls of different sizes containing unknown materials. The colors, masses, and volumes of the balls are given below. Sort the balls by increasing volume, mass, and density. red ball 3 cubic centimeters, 6 grams yellow ball 50 cm 3, 25 g green ball 25 cm 3, 100 g white ball 2 cm 3, 2 g black ball 10 cm 3, 150 g 1. volume: 2. mass: 3. density: Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. 4. What type of properties did you use to sort the balls? 5. One of the balls contains a porous material with a density of 0.5 g/cm 3. Which ball is it? 6. Pure gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm 3. One of the balls contains a metal with a very high percentage of gold. Which ball is it? 7. Give three physical properties that can be used to separate a mixture. 20 Matter: Properties and Changes

15 Enrichment LESSON 1 Mass, Weight, and the Planets Mass and weight are concepts that are often misunderstood. It is important to remember that mass and weight are not the same thing and that size does not determine an object s mass or weight. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. A beach ball can be larger than a bowling ball, but the bowling ball has more mass because it has more matter in it than the beach ball has. Weight can be understood as a particular kind of force a force due to the attraction of gravity. The bowling ball weighs more than the beach ball because the gravitational pull on the amount of mass in the bowling ball is greater than the gravitational pull on the amount of mass in the beach ball. The same concept can be applied to your mass and weight. Your mass is the amount of matter in your body, and it remains the same wherever you go. Your weight will be the same anywhere on Earth, because the same force of gravity is pulling on it. The force of gravity on other planets, however, is different from the force on Earth, so your weight on other planets will also be different. Another difference between planets is density, which is the amount of matter in a given space, or how closely packed the material is in objects of the same size. One example of this would be the difference between how closely the Applying Critical-Thinking Skills Directions: Respond to each statement. material in a glass is packed compared to the material in a plastic foam cup of the same size. Density is measured in grams per cubic centimeter. The table lists the relative gravity and density of each of the planets in the solar system. The gravity and mass values are calculated relative to Earth, which is given a value of 1.0. Select a piece of sports gear, a backpack filled with school books, or another item you use often. Find out how much it weighs. Record it on the chart. Multiply the object s weight times the gravity at each location to calculate its weight on the planets and in outer space. Location Weight on Earth Weight Planet in Gravity Other Places Density of Planet Diameter of Planet (km) Earth ,756 Outer 0 space Venus ,104 Mars ,794 Mercury ,879 Jupiter ,980 Saturn ,540 Uranus ,120 Neptune , Describe where something weighs the most and where it weighs the least and explain what causes the difference. 2. Explain why an object s weight in outer space is zero. Matter: Properties and Changes 21

16 Challenge LESSON 1 Advertising Create an advertising or propaganda poster, flyer, newspaper ad, or video clip praising the virtues of one of the states of matter. For example, a liquid moves in beautiful shapes and makes pleasant sounds. Compare the perceived benefits of the properties of your chosen state of matter with the perceived negatives of the other states. Include a slogan, jingle, or any other advertising or propaganda strategy. 22 Matter: Properties and Changes

17 Skill Practice Measure LESSON 1: 15 minutes How can you calculate density? Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. In this lab, you will measure the mass of a solid block. Next you will measure the volume in two different ways. Then you will calculate the density of the block for each volume measurement. Learn It Scientists take measurements when collecting data. In this lab, you will measure mass and volume, then use these data to calculate density. Try It 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. 2. In your Science Journal, copy the data table from your textbook. Use a triple beam balance to measure the mass of the metal block. Record your measurements. 3. Use a metric ruler to measure the length, width, and height of a metal block. Record your measurements. 4. Pour about 30 ml of water into a 100-mL graduated cylinder. Record the volume of the water. 5. Carefully slide the metal block into the graduated cylinder. Record the total volume. 6. Using the measurements from step 3, determine the volume of the block using this equation: volume = length width height. 7. Find the volume of the block using displacement. Subtract the volume of the water in step 4 from the volume of the water and block in step 5. Apply It 8. Calculate Using the mass and each volume measurement of the block, calculate the density. 9. Compare the density of the block calculated by the two different methods. Hint: 1 ml = 1 cm 3. Are they the same? Why or why not? 10. Key Concept Why is density a physical property of the block? Matter: Properties and Changes 23