History and Status of the Chum Salmon Enhancement Program in Korea

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1 The Sea Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography Vol. 12, No. 2, pp , May 2007 [Note] {{ n{ {n r~ * r d p n d n History and Status of the Chum Salmon Enhancement Program in Korea CHAE SUNG LEE*, KI BAIK SEONG AND CHEUL HO LEE Yeongdong Inland Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Gangwon-do , Korea n p lp 1913 p ol eq l 1969 p l q p r p ll qos p o Œq 1980 p v eq l 1999 l 2,000 v p f e n l qos l q l. vlp }pl p qp o vlp tep mp, v l o Ž}l k v lp, l r DMZ, r v o l p vlp r p. pp 1973 l 0.06%l 1990 ll 1.57% p pp p 1% p p ov m. p 1999 l 0.72% lv 2000 l p p l 0.10% pp l v 0.22%p pp p p. ll qov p o l p ll lp ke, }p t o q, l lp o r rp l p lrk, r l ll p e m p Œp lk p. The chum salmon enhancement program in Korea started at Gowon in Hamgyeong nam-do in 1913 and the program has been more active since Yeongdong Inland Fisheries Research Institute was established at Yangyang in The major activities were the release of chum salmon fingerlings and the catch of adult chum salmon for artificial fertilization. The range of return rate to Korean waters was in 0.72~1.57% during 1990s, but it has declined seriously since To overcome the low return rate and enhance chum salmon resources in Korean waters, we must understand the mechanisms of mass mortality of chum salmon during their early life in rivers and coastal areas in conjuction with the fluctuation of return rates and climate. In addition, comprehensive and effective habitat protection and restoration policies will be needed. Keywords: Enhancement Program, Chum Salmon, Fingerlings, Return Rate ll, Oncorhynchus keta ~l (Clupeida), ll (Salmonidae) ll (Oncorhynchus)l l n kp l p lk,,, k d,, l lk v (r, 1977). ˆ kl ll(o. keta), e ll(o. masou), ll(o. gorbuscha), pll(o. kisutch), mll(o. tschawytscha), ll(o. nerka) k ll(o. rhodurus) 7sp ll e pp (Groot and Margolis, 1991), n p }l ll llm e ll p (, 1998). pt ll *Corresponding author: cslee@momaf.go.kr (O. keta) kp } l p k r p p, l kp v l p r p qop v o l p. ll l q ˆl }p km } l p tp, l ˆ kp o 3~5 l l l l p o. l lkl 30~50p ~ k k 70% l np l p l k 30% p kp p pp s vll lp 2~6% r p, s ll 2~2.5% q, ll r (2 ) km 4~6%p p pp p (t, 1990). n p lp 1913 p ol e 73

2 74 p} Ë Ëp~ q l 1950 p t r op l p n rlp, 1969 p l q p r p ll qos p o Œq 1980 p v eq l 1999 l 2,000 v p f e n l qos l q l., n ll t oqp ˆ kl o l o p, o l p l m ek lpl l p s p v p., 1990 p k(regime shift)l p kp k m d, mm, n l p } p k p m p 2000 l l p l ll qos lp l l nl } l. lll l t n ll ll q tk e q(1958), Atkinson et al.(1967), ~ r r s}(1973), v o(1987), Lim (1990) Seong (1998) p pp n ll lp l m l l p l erp n ll lp } erp r ll qop v eˆ q n q. ih im i n ˆ k t p ll (,, p, e k, 5 ) ˆ n p kp l }( l ˆv v)l p o mp, ll l p 1913 p ol p p l p l m(žµ) ll p qp p }pp 1925 m o p me} l lls l ll p qp l 1945 v r lp v l mp rqp qop p ˆ lp vv v 1960 ˆ p e p mr Ž v ,600 me}l m p }pp p tk e q v kl q( o l ) t p k l 100} } l e mp, v rqp llqop q r ol e ~ q p k me} o } me}l p lp e e m k l l 1.5} r, me}l l 2} r l l v klql 5 l p k } me}l p lp ee m, 1967 l ~ r r s}(usom)l n l p ll lp lr p, 6o 9 p 20p v p ll r 3 n p r s p k kp }p s v p k me} } me} l 3 l l p qp p ros el qp l p m (Atkinson et al., 1967; v o, 1987). l p ol }, 1969 l k p 3 ll p qp, 1 t el p nm }l ll } p k p p, e }l lp m. p k ll qp p vmm l p ll p l 1983 ll lp t m p ll p l 1} p p v l p ll }p o kk }l o kk l (, m l ) 1984 l l ll l lp r rp p p p o rp e, l eq m (t, 1990) l ~p lr lp op t v l 1989 p ll p 9o l 12o v k 12 }l 21,240 p l mp, 1990 r l l l ll l p p 1990 l ll l 104} e rp m l ˆ k l oo (NPAFC)l p l l l r l p l ql q pp k } p p vo p p lp, llm }p ll r, ˆ ~ p o l vl r l np p p. ih h h n ll (Table 1, Fig. 1 2)p 3 ll qp 1969 l k, me } o } me}p 3 }p t p mp, l ll p 100 r l m. n k p nv m }p p l 1978 v }l p ll p l 500 p m ( v o, 1987) l kk }p oe l o p 5 } p l p eq l, 1984 l o kk l ( m l ) p p v l 1985 l 6,011 m r l l ll l p l 104} ( } 29,542, 74,571 ) l }pp 100} e kp, p v rp v l 1997 l 217} l m. p p t l 2000 l ll ~ 17} l v kk p o kp, v p 100} v p erp. ll q }ll p (Table 2), 1969 ll qp p n }l p p 421,711 p, (kk)l 275,992, o ( })l 101,616, l 42,416, l 676 r l 1,011 p. }pl o ( }), ql

3 ll lp l m 75 Table 1. Adult salmon catch, the number of released fingerlings, and return rate Year Released fingerlings Catch (number) Return rate (*1000) Total River Coastal area (%) Total 274,919 1,660, ,711 1,238, ,195 2, ,234 2,855 2, ,108 3,349 3, ,139 4,486 4, ,810 6,011 6, ,490 8,883 8, ,645 9,950 9, ,160 14,164 14, ,848 21,240 21, , ,113 29,542 74, ,000 94,927 15,272 79, , ,885 19,690 83, , ,828 20,683 90, , ,868 18,834 99, , ,437 23, , , ,650 21, , , ,873 26, , , ,711 36, , , ,971 22,060 91, ,000 16,991 7,146 9, ,620 43,802 19,341 24, ,450 59,932 18,093 41, ,735 36,259 13,828 22, ,930 28,553 12,422 16, ,250 22,833 12,128 10, ,350 45,482 25,623 19, Fig. 1. Catch of adult chum salmon in Korea. Fig. 2. Catch of adult chum salmon in rivers.

4 76 p} Ë Ëp~ Table 2. The adult chum salmon catch by area (Unit : number) Year Total Yangyang 1) Samcheok 2) Gyeongbuk 3) Gyeongnam 4) Jeonnam 5) Total 421, , ,616 42, , , , , , ,349 1,523 1, ,486 2,316 1, ,011 3,283 2, ,883 4,660 3,162 1, ,950 5,745 3, ,164 8,993 4, ,240 12,995 6,500 1, ,542 16,767 11,047 1, ,272 8,372 5,766 1, ,690 13,680 4,859 1, ,683 14,380 5,019 1, ,834 12,835 3,942 2, ,285 18,519 2,018 2, ,969 15,337 2,652 3, ,680 19,370 4,826 2, ,954 27,721 5,493 3, ,060 14,979 3,818 3, ,146 3,782 2,007 1, ,341 12,331 3,769 3, ,093 11,954 3,164 2, ,828 9,162 3,006 1, ,422 8,299 3, ,128 9,002 2, ,629 18,660 5,280 1, ) Yeongdong Inland Fisheries Research Institute, NFRDI. 2) Samcheok River Development Project Agency. 3) Gyeongbuk Research Center for Freshwater Fish. 4) Gyeongnam Fisheries Resources Institute. 5) Jeonnam Marine Bio Research Institute. p l mp, n k pl p lp p l p v p erplp qp l mm p l 1983 l ll lp t l. o kk }l ll qp l l p v l. r v llqo p o l 1998 q(kk)l vo k p p lv p. n p l (Table 1, Fig. 3)p 1970 l n k pl p l 305} mp k pp t 1970 t p rs m l o kk l p

5 ll lp l m 77 Fig. 3. Number of released fingerlings of chum salmon. p v l 1986 l 5,490} m. p p v l 1990 l p 10,120 } }pp 1} e kp, 1999 l 21,500 } l m l v m p mp dp l llp p rs l (17} )p l p p 2001 l 5,620} p l p tl p, p r l 2005 l 11,250} m. ll q l p (Table 3), 1969 ll q ll l 1970 l p Table 3. Number of released chum salmon fingerlings by area GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGG(Unit: 1,000 numbers) Year Total Yangyang Samcheok Gyeongbuk Gyeongnam Jeonnam Others Total 274, ,934 54,121 31, , ) , ,108 1, ,139 1, ,810 2,130 1, ,490 2,900 1, , ,645 4,250 1, ,160 4,770 1, ,848 5,810 2, ,120 6,720 2,200 1, ,000 7,400 3,000 1, ,000 6,130 3, ,660 11,000 2, ,110 12,000 3, ,800 12,000 2,700 1, ,850 12,000 2,500 1, ,340 12,000 1,640 2, ,410 13,000 3,500 2, ) ,500 14,150 4,000 3, ,000 12,550 3,200 2, ,620 2,250 1,050 1, ,450 6,600 1,200 1, , ,735 9,085 2,300 2, , ,930 7,650 2,400 1, , ,250 7,110 2, ,350 4,790 1, ) Italic numbers in others column represent the number of imported eyed eggs 2) Non italic numbers in others show the fingerlings provided by institute into the control area outside.

6 78 p} Ë Ëp~ Table 4. Number of fingerlings provided by institute DMZ (Nam river) Jeonnam (Sumjin river) Ulsan (Taewha river) Busan (ilgwang stream) (Unit: 1,000 numbers) Year Total North Gangwon-do Yangyang Yangyang Gyeongbuk Yangyang Gyeongbuk Yanyang Total Yangyang Samcheok Total 6, , ,050 1,000 1, , , , ) ) ) It includes 50 thousands chum salmon fingerling provided from Samcheok 2) It includes 20 thousands chum salmon fingerling provided from Samcheok 274,919} (kk)l 178,934}, o ( }) l 54,121}, l 31,774}, l 510 }, r l 815} p, p l n k p l p l 2,570} ˆ 8,765} p vlp o l DMZ( )l 410}, r v l 3,365}, n e ˆ l 230 }, e p }l 140} vo lp, 2001 l p o l 2,050} m (Table 4). vlp }pl p qp p vlp tep mp, v l o Ž}l k v v lp, l r DMZ, r v o l p vlp r p. n pp 1973 l 0.06%l 1979 l 0.1% v 1990 ll 1,57%p pp p 1% p p ov m. p 1999 l 0.72% lv 2000 l p p l 0.10% pp l v 0.22%p pp p p (Table 1, Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Return rate of Korean chum salmon. j g m v 3 ll qp el l l } p n rl llqop v p o n k p pp l p p p m. pl 1968 n r p n~p 1969 l m t lloo 50 p pll(o. kisutch) k k ~ (Quilcene) qp 10 p ll(o. keta) k p p v p p eqp 1976 v 60 l 300 p m (Table 5)., oo l 1974 l ll(o. keta) k 10, 1979 l pll k 25, 1985 l ll(o. keta) k 100, v ll(o. gorbuscha) k 20 jp p p p m. l pl 12,820} (pll 9,250 }, ll 1,000}, ll 2,570} )p k p e 12,388} p l m v ll }l 6,742}, o pol p qp } l 895}, l 1,728} lp, p o p r vl pll l l k k l l l kk }l m (t, 1990). l tl ll(o. keta) s q l k p p }p l mp p, pll 1 p p p l d p p l n p } s p l ~ rr m o(15~20 o C) p k p l }l o n pl l q p l erp ~190} p ll kk } l mp }p p p o v ro, m v, } p k v kv l l (t, 1990). im on, g n ll t oqp ˆ kl o l o

7 ll lp l m 79 Table 5. Import of salmon eyed eggs by species and their release Year Total Eyed egg(1,000 numbers) Number of released fingerling From USA From Japan (1,000 numbers) Coho Chum Coho Pink Chum Total 12,820 9,000 1, ,000 1,100 12, ,000 1, ,360 1, , ,000 3, , ,250 1, , , , , , , pp, o l p l ( ) lpl l p s p v p. n vl( o 36 21'~ 38 33') l k 20l p }p pp, }p p w p s l l p sv erp. ll }p q } m opl mm p llp ql eqp Ž pp, 2002 ˆ p l }p v ˆ rm llp l p vqp m. }l ll l p p lk v }p p sl q p m. v m p k m 1~2 o C d p l }l p lkl rp v p p. ll l }p p e rpn p v l pp p v l p e p lv pp, k p l llp mr v p. ll l r l p l p } p rl p ll l np p p q rp, llp p kk } l k r l (2006 9o) pl s vmm p n m. qp ll l e p l np p, k 18 }p ll l q 3 p p qp s erp. ll ll kp ll qo e v llp l p r(r ll) l r }p Š o l ll r p l pr l ( ) v eˆ } l pn p l l pp, ll e p l p p l q el l op e p k ep lk, e p v l pp v eˆ n p. ll l 1~2 o }l l v }p mmp v q ~l r lk, q} p v }p k. l }l p } pv p p }l t o qp l vt o p edšp k, k r ll l m v rp v s ee lk. p n, e ll kl o l o wk q p p sp p e sp l n pp, llp s k o l n vl p n ll s l lk. ll rn v l pn l l o pp pp r pl ll rn l ll q sp p p p p p pp p. o q p o l ~ mplˆ vl p pp r eˆ kp lk, s ll r pl l s l r p ll p o p r eˆ k n s p o l r r k k. ih im }s ˆ k l oo (NPAFC, 2005)p l p p ll l p }Š( 380}Š, p 254 }Š, ek 162}Š, 26}Š, 97Š)p l, ll l p l 9} p 19l 8

8 80 p} Ë Ëp~ }, 19l 4}, ek 6l 9}, 3l 8} p, p 1.2} m. n p 3 ll qp l p l 2} r p, kp o m ll qo l }l t l e p o p rp lk p. p o v tp ll q e p p p qp } l vt Œq p lv p j v p p p. ll l l wp k }l p kl } p pq p pv m q pv p k 90% }p, n p kp l }p lqp w e l o p ƒ q r l l v p rp pp }p rp r l p sp o ( ) }l p e p l p lv kp ll p r v p. qp pp 1% p pv l p ll lp ke, }p t o q, l lp o r rp e l p lv 1% p p pp pp p. m l o ll qov sl l (RP-2007-FR-020) ld. ll ll l te m l e, p s, t,, ˆm p jp. y of the republic of Korea. United States Department of State Agency for International Development and the Republic of Korea Office of Fisheries, Seoul, Korea, 103 pp. Groot, C. and L. Margolis, Pacific salmon life histories. Published in co-opration with the government of Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 564 pp. Lim, J.Y., A study on the production and the effect of sea ranching fingerling of anadromous chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (WALBAUM) in the eastern coast of Korea. Deportment of Aquaculture, Groduate School of Industry National Fisheries University of Pusan, 28 pp. NPAFC, North pacific anadromous fish commission. Records of the thirteenth annual meeting. Republic of Korea, pp Seong, K.B., Artificial Propagation of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Korea, NPAFC Bulletin No. l, v o, p ll p l. ke q v r6, m, 101 pp. Ë pë Ëpv, kk }l l lp ~q, l s, o l 54, ~ r r s}, p ll l qo s,. 92 pp. r, l, pv, tˆ, ll qos lp r. lke 25t,, pp tk e q, }l llqop ˆs m p l e. tke q l (2), o 10p o r o 14p r }ˆ voo: Atkinson, C.E., S.K. Chun, E.R. Jeffries, J.D. Kim, K.Y. Kim, K.H. Kim and R.T. Pressey, A survey of the salmon and trout resources

Seed Production from Pond Cultured Cherry Salmon, e ll, Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort) ll ll

J. of Aquaculture Vol. 20(1) : 14-18, 2007 µ Journal of Aquaculture Korean Aquaculture Society ~nr {o n~ t{{, Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort) nn *, f d p ndn Seed Production from Pond Cultured Cherry Salmon,