AN ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH. The Protection of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territory

Transcription

1 AN ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH The Protection of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territory BRIEFING PAPER 2017

2 AN ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH The Protection of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territory BRIEFING PAPER 2017

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4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank Marya Farah, Tanya Lee Roberts-Davis, Susan Power, Muhamad Raee, Tareq Al Haj, Fares Fuqha, a en na ar i e ia enni er Gleason, Wesam Ahmad, Lillian Zananiri, Samer Khalifa, and Lina Mustaklem for their valuable assistance, support, and guidance throughout the research process. 3

5 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION... 5 ENHANCING PROTECTION... 5 Pr e n a ra e r e n er n erna na a...8 International Humanitarian Law...9 International Human Rights Law en e r ing r Pr e ng a ra e r e in e P.. 13 International Environmental Law e P en a r ing a era n ir n en a gree en in n ring e Pr e n e n ir n en an a ra e r e in the OPT Conclusion: Why an Environmental Justice Approach Matters?

6 INTRODUCTION ENHANCING PROTECTION in e p ing e Pa e nian erri r P in 1 7 rae a appr pria e an e p i e Pa e nian re r e in ing er e an ea ea inera a er ne na ra ga an i ere epri ing e Pa e nian p p a n eir na ra ea i e e e n i i pa e p i a n are apparen an a e an fie e en ir n en a i pa a e e visible but immediate. e ni e a n n ir n en Pr gra e P re gni e a na ra re r e e p i a n an e re an en ir n en a egra a n i an in rea ing n ri ng a r a r n i e een na n re ng in en ir n en a ine a i e an a an rig a e r ing e P er e a 0 ear a ea 0 per en a in erna n i a e een in e e e p i a n na ra re r e a land, water, oil and high-value resources such as gold, oil and diamonds. Such n i a e a eig ene i pa n in igen ni e i en rely on natural resources to sustain their livelihoods. 1 e e p i a n na ra re r e ar e gr p an par e e n i i r p a ni e enefi r an a e na ra re r e an a ea p er r ra ine a i an argina i a n a ng ni e n ie i na ra re r e e p i a n a a een re gni e pr ng an a er e na i n i ran r ing ar in an e n i ra er an p re p i a a i 2 e ni e a n e ri n i a a a re e e nne n e een in erna na pea e an e pr e n e en ir n en an 1 a ra re r e are en e ri e a e ea e p r ni e a n n ir n en Pr gra e Pr e ng e n ir n en ring r e n i n n en r an na i n erna na a 200 < p p n i nep p i a n in a p 2 Ibid, 8. 5

7 na ra re r e in a n er re n 3 n ng e e p i a n ra ing an i i i ra e na ra re r e a e p a e a r e in area ere e a e n ri e e rea e a a n r n n a n ar e n i n i regar e e ri n i en rage a ran paren an a anage en na ra re r e in ing e arifi a n e re p n i i i e anage en na ra re r e pre en eir i ega e p i a n 5 ng i e n ri ng e e p i a n re r e ar e n i may irreparably damage natural resources and the environment. The use of environmentally harmful materials, such as weapons, explosives, and toxic ga e i pa an ea an en ea e e r n na ra a i a an area ignifi an i i er i Such impacts may have ran n ar e e n er ain a e a ni e ann pe i i en ir n en a egra a n a ing e ran er e a e e area Pa e ne i n e a e e e e i e i er ing an Be in ni e among the most vulnerable. 3 n er re n a e een a p e i regar e e ra ep i e ng i eria i a ierra e ne an a ia i e p a i e e in age e een na ra re r e an ar e n i See enera e ep r e n erna na a i i n n Pr e n e n ir n en in re a n r e n i 12 g 2011 para 7 ni e a n e ri n i a e en e Pre i en e 2 ne 2007 P Ibid. n e er ining e in e een re r e e p i a n an n i i i ne e ar n er an i re r e are e i i e ri ia fig er an ig e een a e n i a e en a See e i r e n i an e n ir n en ri e e i era re 1 rna Pea e e ear n pp 1 00 rae 201 i i ar en i e n e a a rip eig ene e nera i i an in a i i e en ir n en a i a n in e rip n en ir n en a a e en rep r e rae i a a pr i e a i a e a e eri a age e en ir n en an e a er a e e a rea pain n i n e pe p e e a a rip e i en fie a ern a a i aea Bei an n a a an a ern an ni a e area i e en e an a a a e aine e a ri en ir n en a i pa e pr i e a e rae i pera n a a e a re e in e en i e i a age an a e eri ra n in a er an air a i See Pa e nian n ir n en a e r e e 201 ar n a a rip Par ipa r n ir n en a pa e en er 201 p www. aan r rg fi e er er P i a n a ee are e201 p >, 8. 6

8 i paper a re e rae e p i a n Pa e nian na ra re r e n er in erna na a an pre en e i e re r e e p i a n r an en ir n en a e an p in e p ring e pr e n a r e na ra re r e n er in erna na en ir n en a a i a n State responsibility. n en ir n en a appr a pr e ng na ra re r e e n a eg ar ing e en ir n en a a ean pr e ng an ea an pr ng e aina e e re r e 7 The environmental approach also seeks to combine environmental and socio-economic rights. 8 Paragrap 1 e 1 72 e ara n re gni e a a pe an en ir n en e na ra an e an a e are e en a i e eing an e en en a i an rig a een re gni e a en ir n en a egra a n a e e en en of all human rights. Par ar rig are a e e re an er e e include rights to life, health, adequate standards of living, food, water, housing, and property. n ir n en a egra a n a a e e e er i e e e rig a e n a en a rig pe p e e e er ina n an per anen sovereignty over natural resources and the right to development. 10 Within 7 n 27 a 201 e ni e a n n ir n en e e ni e a n n ir n en Pr gra e a p e a re n n e pr e n e en ir n en in n i a e e area e re n i ai e e ignifi an re n n e en ir n en an n i in e 1 2 e re n a n e ge e nee i ga e en ir n en a i pa e i ega e p i a n an ra e na ra re r e an re gni e a aina e e e p en an e pr e n e en ir n en n ri e an e eing an e en en an rig e re n a a e n a e er a e i p e en app i a e in erna na a re a e e pr e n e en ir n en in i a n ar e n i See ni e a n n ir n en e e ni e a n n ir n en Pr gra e Pr e n e en ir n en in area a e e n i g 201 P 2 e 1 para 8 gar e e e r ge er n ir n en an i n i ig in e r ere a een a re gni n a en ir n en a i a n a e p en a in i a n ia e n i an ra rig e pe ia i e en ir n en a egra a n i a e ng in igen ni e See, Schmid, E. Taking Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Seriously in International Criminal Law an ig n i ep r e n epen en per n e e an rig iga n re a ng e en en a a e ean ea an aina e en ir n en n n Pre i inar ep r 2 e e er para 1 10 n i an ia n i ep r i e e pe ia app r e r n i a e n er e e e i i e en an ping i an anger Pr an a e n e n en an ig 1 an ar para 7

9 e P rae pra e an p i ie e p i ng Pa e nian na ra re r e n n n n e perpe a e e pa n n e gr n a rea en e rig Pa e nian e e er ina n e rig e e er ina n in e e rig ree e er ine ne p i a status, and freely pursue economic, social and cultural development. 11 Thus, e rren an re e er i e i rig i i pa e rae e p i a n an egra a n re r e Protection of Natural Resources under International Law erri r i n i ere pie en i a n er e e e e n r of the Occupying Power. 12 The general legal framework for the responsibility of the Occupying Power as the administrator of the occupied territory is e in r e e ag e eg a n e r e i p e p i e iga n n e pier en re p i ea an pr i i n and medical supplies and prohibits the occupier from changing local laws n e a e ne e ar r e re ra n p i r er an i i i e e n erna na r e a a r e a rae a e p ing P er i n in erna na ani arian a an in erna na an rig a in i i 200 i r pini n n e Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. e ing e n ine e pr e n a r e na ra re r e n er e pr i i n in erna na ani arian a in erna na an rig a an in erna na en ir n en a a 11 r e 1 e P r e 1 e 12 e re i i e e e e n r re ire i i ar pre en e an e n a ri e ag e n en n e pe ng e a an ar n an 1 07 r e 2 8

10 International Humanitarian Law n er in erna na ani arian a e p ing P er administer the natural resources of the occupied territory according to the a e igeren pa n eri e pri ari r e ag e eg a n 1 07 an e r ene a n en n 1 1 e pr e n na ra re r e n er e a pa n ari e r i e pri ar prin ip e a e pan e er i e a e p rar de facto authority and does not acquire sovereignty over the occupied territory, in ing i na ra re r e an ii e genera e p ing P er en re e a e an ea e i i ian p p a n in ing their property and means of subsistence. e pr e n a r e na ra re r e n er e igeren pa n epen n e e igna n e e re r e a p i r pri a e ne property, and whether the resources are movable or immovable property. i e pri a e pr per ann e nfi a e i a n e re i i ne r e nee e ar e pa n 1 a ra re r e e er are en n i ere a e r i a e public property. n er r e e ag e eg a n a e p i pr per i includes natural resources which have already been extracted or produced- a e e r i i ar pera n 1 Immovable public property of the occupied territory- which includes natural resources in situ are pr e e n er r e e ag e eg a n 1 r e an r e 2 e ag e eg a n an r e e r ene a n en n 1 ag e n en n e pe ng e a an ar n an an nne eg a n n erning e a an ar n an 1 07 r e an r e 2 1 e in erna na e e ere i a genera n en a p i a e pr per in e an e n in e r e a p e i an ga re r e i are n e ra e r refine are genera n i ere e p i i a e pr per n er r e e ag e eg a n e er r e i a i a rea e ra e r e gr n n refine e n i ere ea e pr per an re i i ne n er r e e ag e eg a n r a i na i i n see a nne ing nerg p i ng an Pre en ng e e e p en i an a in e pie Pa e nian erri r g 201 p a a rg p i a n nne ing nerg p 9

11 r e e ag e eg a n ine e a e p i immoveable natural resources in an occupied territory by the Occupying P er The occupying State shall be regarded only as administrator and usufructuary of public buildings, real estate, forests, and agricultural estates belonging to the hostile State, and situated in the occupied country. It must safeguard the capital of these properties, and administer them in accordance with the rules of usufruct. n a i n rae a eg ar e api a e pr per e in e pie erri r e r e r i p e e era i i a n n rae ability to use and administer the natural resources in the occupied territory. e ri i i a n pr i i e p ing P er r ing e pr per an na ra re r e in e pie erri r r e enefi i n e n e er rae a een e p i ng na ra re r e in e P r e enefi i e e en 1 an na na e n e i ega e p i a n na ra re r e in i i a r per na r pri a e e in e n e an ar e n i a n e e ar ri e pi age n er r e 2 an 7 e ag e eg a n an r e 2 e r ene a n en n e pi age pri a e an p i pr per i prohibited. r er e n fie e r n na ra re r e an e ee e a i a n r e e r ene a n en n i pr i i e e r n per na e e an a e ne pr per n e absolutely necessary for military purposes. 1 e pre en e rae i e e en an e er in e P i i ega n er r e e r ene a n en n an n e a ar ri e n er e e a e e n erna na ri ina r 10

12 e e en i e e r n an appr pria n pr per n fie i i ar ne e i an arrie n a an an n i pr i i e n er r e 1 7 e r ene a n en n e r n an appr pria n i n i ere a gra e rea e n en n an a ar ri e n er e e a e e n erna na ri ina r ere are a pr i i n a pr e e na ra en ir n en in e pie erri r n er r e an i na Pr n er e e pr i i n the Occupying Power is prohibited from employing methods or means of war i are in en e r a e e pe e a e i e prea ng er an e ere a age e na ra en ir n en n a r an e i en ar n r e e na ra en ir n en e n er ere in e i e en e a e i gi a en ir n en in i a p p a n i i ing 17 This reasonably includes the natural resources in the occupied territory. 17 r e i na Pr e ene a n en n gran e e fir pr e n r e en ir n en in an ar e n i n e e r e p a e a i i pr i i e e p e or means of warfare which are intended, or may be expected, to cause widespread, long-term and severe a age e na ra en ir n en an pr e e en ir n en again in en na a age a e a e pe e a era a age a ig re r i e r e e a e Pr i en re e i a e e pr e n e na ra en ir n en i in e n e e pr e n gran e i i ian objects. 11

13 International Human Rights Law Permanent sovereignty over natural resources is considered a pillar of the prin ip e e e er ina n i i a pere p r n r in erna na law. 1 e rig e Pa e nian pe p e e e er ina n in ing permanent sovereignty over natural resources, is underscored in numerous ni e a n enera e e n i a r e rig e Pa e nian pe p e per anen ereign er eir na ra ea an re r e e e in e in ere eir na na e e p en e e eing e Pa e nian pe p e an a par e rea i a n eir rig e e er ina n 1 n i a n pa n re ain app i a e pr e e per n an complements IHL. 20 n r e 1 e n erna na enan n i i an P i a ig P an n erna na enan n n i ia an ra ig a r a all peoples should be able to freely dispose of their na ra ea an re r e an pr i i a i e a epri e a pe p e i n ean i en e Pa e nian na ra re r e e e pp r e e e p en e Pa e nian e n an re r a in e in ere e Pa e nian p p a n rae a ini ra n e e na ra re r e e in ine i e r e in erna na ani arian a ine a e e er rae e en i e e p i a n an n r er na ra re r e in e P a i i e Pa e nian a e eir na ra re r e an n e other hand, de facto dispossessed them of their means of survival. 1 enera en 12 e ig e e er ina n Pe p e r 1 1 ar 1 1 enera e ig e Pa e nian Pe p e e e er ina n 2 ar B e an ig i ee an e a e a r e a rae in erna na an rig iga n e en e P ee a an ig i ee n ing er a n rae ep e er 2010 P paragrap i r pini n n e a n paragrap

14 r er e e p i a n na ra re r e an e re ng en ir n en a egra a n a a i a e er an rig inter alia, the rights to life, ea ean i en e a er ing pr per e a n ea environment, and development. e e rig are ine i a i pa e i ega rae i e e en an e nne a n a i a e e eri ra n a er a i e ep e n na ra re r e an egra a n air an n i e p n e eri ra n na re an i i er i i er i n an an an ae e i r n 21 rae i e e en en p i ne n i p ar e en ir n en r g e i ega i p a an ran er i i i an a ar a e into the OPT. i e i arge a e a er r rae i e e en reg ar a e e p n a i er an er a er re r e in Pa e nian ni e par ar e a ifie a e en ir n en a nera e n a i n en ir n en a egra a n e r ea rgani a n a er e a e e en a i a epri e e Pa e nian e apa i anage en ir n en a pr e n pr e an a a re n 1 per en a e a er i pr per rea e i e n 0 per en i waste is disposed of in a sanitary manner. 22 Avenues for Using IHRL for Protecting Natural Resources in the OPT ne e a a in erna na an rig a a een e pr e e en ir n en an na ra re r e ring ar e n i i r g pr e ng r eri age i e e n en n n erning e Pr e n e r ra an a ra eri age r eri age n en n a p e e ni e a n 21 Pa e nian n ir n en a a i ri e pa nne a n an pan i n a n e Pa e nian n ir n en 2010 p a p en a p r ea rgani a n ea n i n in e pie Pa e nian erri r in ing a er a e an e pie rian an 20 a 201 para 12 13

15 a na ien fi an ra rgani a n e er a e in 1 72 re gni e a er ain p a e are an ing in ere an therefore need to be preserved as part of the world heritage of mankind as a e an re gni e e a e in en ring e i en fi a n pr e n n er a n pre en a n an ran i i n p a e re genera n 23 e n en n re gni e a e rea r e rea an ar e n i i ien p a e a pr per n er e i r eri age in anger 2 n 2011 Pa e ne gaine e er ip in a ing i ra n n an e e a a e par eig n en n an re a e pr in ing e 1 72 n en n n erning e Pr e n e r ra an a ra eri age an e 1 ag e n en n n e Pr e n ra Pr per in e en r e n i an i two protocols. 25 n ne 201 e r eri age i ee appr e e in i n e an ape erra e e i age Ba r n e i r eri age in anger Ba r i a ar ing i age a 000 pe p e i an ape pri e a erie ar e a e an agri ra erra e a are pp ie a p e an e ni a irriga n e a a een aine r e pa 000 ear 2 This unique landscape was n er rea eing e r e a a re rae p an n r par e nne a n a r g e i e Ba r n 201 e rae i ig r r e e rae i g ern en p an i e nne a n a i a e a anne e a 000 n Ba r an n en n n erning e Pr e n e r ra an a ra eri age 1 72 prea e an r e 2 Ibid, r e ing Pa e ne a e i n e ni e a e n ing 2 ni e a n a na ien fi an ra rgani a n n en n n erning e Pr e n e r ra an a ra eri age r eri age i ee e i i n p e e r eri age i ee a e i n a 201 p ne rg ar i e en p 1 27 e rae i ig r ree e p an i epara n a r g e Ban i age Ba r 14

16 e 1 ag e n en n r e Pr e n ra Pr per in e en r e n i an i Pr pr e ra pr per in pie erri rie r e 1 1 e e n Pr e ag e n en n 1 r e Pr e n ra Pr per in e en r e n i pr i e a e e en i e e r n r appr pria n pr e e ra pr per r a ing pr e e ra pr per e e a a i an en e a e a i e n er e e a e en e r ea Par 28 MondoWeiss 7 an ar 201 p n ei ne epara n r g i age a a e e a n er r e 1 2 e e n Pr e ag e n en n 1 r e Pr e n ra Pr per in e en r e n i a e a p i genera prin ip e a an in erna na law, including the rules extending individual criminal responsibility to persons other than those who directly i e a 15

17 International Environmental Law n erna na en ir n en a a re ain a e e ping p e an e ni a a i a e e er ining i re a e in erna na ani arian a an i a n pa n pe ifi a 2 n erna na en ir n en a a pri e e an e pr e ra an in na r e in erna na a i a e a eir pri ar e e e pr e n n e en ir n en 0 e n erning e pr e n na ra re r e in e e pe in ain a in re gni ing a a e a e ereign er na ra resources, while also stressing that States must not cause damage to the en ir n en prin ip e pre en n in ing area e n eir ri i n 1 e prin ip e pre en n re ire e pre en n a age e en ir n en an er i e re e i i r n r a i e i ig a e r ri a age 32 e a e iga n pre en n re n an n r en ir n en a ar app in a e e ra erri ria ri i n i e i in e a e an pa n n a i n e prin ip e pre en n e pre a nar prin ip e i p e a duty of care on States and indirectly on non-state actors to protect the environment. 33 r e 1 e i e ara n n n ir n en an e e p en i e ara n i e fir ega in r en i e pre a nar prin ip e an pr i e a e a ien fi er ain a n e e p p ne a n en ere are ri eri r irre er i e a age e environment. 2 ni e a n n ir n en Pr gra e n 1 0 P Sands, Principles of International Environmental Law 2 nd i n a ri ge ni er i Pre i prin ip e i ifie in Prin ip e 21 e e ara n Prin ip e 2 e i e ara n See P an n P an n e a n ir n en a a 200 ra ni er i er a ra a 10 e pre a nar prin ip e i a genera prin ip e in erna na en ir n en a a an in rp ra n 16

18 i Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Rio Declaration) e fir ni er a ega in r en e p a i e e rig pe p e n er pa n in re a n e e na ra re r e an e pr e n e en ir n en i e 1 2 i e ara n n n ir n en an e e p en i e ara n n er e e ara n Prin ip e 2 p a e a the environment and natural resources of people under oppression, domination and occupation shall be protected. Prin ip e 2 e i e ara n re gni e e prin ip e per anen ereign er na ra re r e an en ir n en a pr e n na ra re r e 35 n i regar Prin ip e 2 ie a e r r a i eren area in erna na a in ing in erna na en ir n en a a in erna na ani arian a an in erna na an rig a i re e a i n ea re in erna na en ir n en a a i re gni e e in erre a n ip e in erna na ega r er in re a n en ir n en a i e Prin ip e 2 e i e ara n rge re pe r in erna na en ir n en a a e en ring e ar e n i an a r a r er iga n n a e n n e e e ping e in erna na a ra e r g erning en ir n en a pr e n ring ar e n i There are parallels to the need to protect the environmental rights of ppre e pe p e in er in erna na en ir n en a a a eria e n n ain ang age a in re r e ppre e r pie people. e prin ip e i n in an in erna na en ir n en a ega in r en r e a p e e B prea e paragrap in r e Bi a e Pr in r e i gree en in r e an e 1 gree en r e p e en a n e Pr i i n r e a ng e n er a n an anage en ra ing i an ig igra r i pe ie in r e 35 ignin Prin ip e 2 e n ir n en ppre e Pe p e 201 in in a e e e i e ara n n n ir n en an e e p en en ar r ni er i Pre 201 pp 7 Ibid. 17

19 r e a p e Prin ip e 1 e 1 72 e ara n a r a en ir n en a pr e n i re ire r a i e igni an e eing r pre en an re genera n an a pr e n an e n er ine as a result of apartheid, colonial, and other forms of oppression, and foreign ina n 7 ii State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts The responsibility of States not to cause environmental harm is one of the a i prin ip e in erna na en ir n en a a an i i e a ep e as a customary principle of law, 38 and may provide a legal basis for bringing claims for liability and State responsibility for environmental damage. a e re p n i i i r in erna na r ng a in e i a n i e i rgan a i ar e r e per n r en e e er i ing g ern en a a ri r per n r gr p a ng n er i control. 0 e prin ip e a e re p n i i i in i a e a rea in erna na a which gives rise to State accountability. Once responsibility of the State for wrongful acts has been established, the State bears liability for its acts. 1 Liability of actors for their illegal acts, or for adverse consequences of their a a i e i re e e in e ra r e n a e e p n i i i e e pe e n erna na a i i n in e a e i i e e r ng a i n er an iga n ea e 7 e 1 77 ar e P a a e ara n e ni e a n a er n eren e an e 1 2 r ar er r a re n ain re eren e e pr e n na ra re r e ring ar e n i an in pie erri rie pe ifi a 38 e prin ip e a een i e a ep e in i eren a e an ifie e n erna na a i i n in i 2001 ra r e n Pre en n ran n ar ar r a ar i e P an n r e 2 e ra r e n e p n i i i a e r n erna na r ng 2001 pr i e a an in erna na r ng a an n i an a r i i n n Customary International Humanitarian Law 200 e 1 1 ra r e n e p n i i i a e r n erna na r ng 2001 r e 2 2 P an n 0 18

20 e r ng a an g aran ee i n n repe n i na e re p n i e a e i n er an iga n a e repara n r e in r a e e i a eria r ra epara n an a e e r re n pen a n an r a a n an a er e i eren p rp e a e an in erna na e e epara n an be part of an economic instrument i pr i e an in en e en rage p ian e i en ir n en a iga n e an a e e i p e an n r e r ng n r re ire rre e ea re e a age a e e en ir n en 7 i in e P in erna na en ir n en a a n n e e app i a e e n erna na r e in i 1 i r pini n n e ega i e rea r e ear eap n nfir e a e pr i i n an in r en in erna na en ir n en a a app a a e in ar a e a in pea e e r efine e en ir n en a e i ing pa e e a i i e an e er ea an eing in ing genera n n rn r er e r a er e a e i e i n e er e rea e re a ng e pr e n e en ir n en are r are n app i a e ring an ar e n i ra er e er e iga n e ing r e e rea e ere in en e e iga n a re rain ring i i ar n i 0 ra r e n e p n i i i a e r n erna na r ng 2001 r e 0 Ibid, r e 1 i in e ing finan ia ean a e p er re e e ea an en ir n en a ri i p e eir a i i e pr e e r pr r e a p e e in r en pr i e ne ar an near ne ar re ar r p ng e an i p e ari pe r p ng re See R n er n n en e Ba e P i ie r n ir n en a anage en in e e ping n rie g 2001 < p r rg fi e arep in r age n a B p > P an n 0 7 Ibid. ega i e rea r e ear eap n i r pini n ep 1 para 27 Ibid para 2 0 Ibid para 0 19

21 The Potential for Using Multilateral Environmental Agreements in Ensuring the Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources in the OPT n er appr a in en ring en ir n en a pr e n ring ar e n i i e e a era n ir n en a gree en are in ing in erna na in r en i re an a e are a Par 1 a i i n a i a e gi e ri e a e re p n i i i i rea e i e n aining pr e ra an in na rules which facilitate compliance mechanisms and decision making among involved actors. 52 e a e Pa e ne a a e e e era in e 201 in ing e Ba e n en n n e n r ran n ar e en a ar a e an eir i p a e n en n n Bi gi a i er i an e ar agena Pr n Bi a e e n en n n Bi gi a i er i e ni e a n n en n n e a e ea e ni e a n n en n n e a e n a iga na e n erna na a er r e an e Pari gree en n i a e ange 53 n ig e ega a enge en ir n en a an na ra re r e pr e n in e P e e agree en pr i e a en e r pr e ng na ra re r e an p en a ee ing e e e re e ia a n r en ir n en a i a n e a p e are pr i e e n e p en a ing in pr e ng e en ir n en r g e p ring pr i i n in e Ba e n en n n 1 ni e a n n ir n en Pr gra e n 1 52 a e an a e e ne ereign p ian e i in erna na reg a r agree en a ri ge ar ar ni er i Pre 1 53 n a r an e i r e 77 e 1 Pa e nian n ir n en a a 7 Pa e nian n ir n en a a i Pa e ne i a par a e n i ere p e en ar e Pa e nian Environmental Law. e rae i pa n an e e a i p ni erein rea e eri a e r a n a i i r i i en ir n en a r ng i e in e P ee a n ir n en a n e in e P Pr e an Pr pe g 201 p a a rg p i a n p i a n in e i e en ir n en a in e in pie pa e nian erri r a eg r i 10> 20

22 e n r ran n ar e en a ar a e an eir i p a an e n en n n Bi gi a i er i B rea e a e een igne an ra fie Pa e ne an rae an contain the basic principle of the sovereign rights of States to use their na ra re r e an e re p n i i i en re a a i e i in eir ri i n r n r n a e a age e en ir n en er a e r area e n eir na na ri i n e rea e p en a n e a ra e r r an i a era r a era en ir n en a agree en e een e n rie e er e a pa n i p e r er ringen re ire en on Israel, as the Occupying Power, to protect the environment and the well- eing e pr e e p p a n in e P 55 i The Basel Convention on The Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal e Ba e n en n n e n r ran n ar e en a ar a e an eir i p a a e e pe er fi een ear ag to restrict the cross-border trade and dumping of a range of toxic chemical a e i en fie a a ar a e a e a e an in inera r a igna r a e are e pe e n er a e en ir n en a n a e anage en an pr i i e r r er ra e i e i a to States where the import of such chemicals is banned. n e a e e p r ng a e a r in erna na r er e a ri e e a e e p r n e a ri e e pr pe e a e i p r an ran i pr i ing e i e ai e in r a n n e in en e movement. The transport may only proceed if and when all States concerned a e gi en eir ri en n en n a e ere pri r an in r e n en a n een gran e e n erne a e a ri e an 55 a n ir n en a n e in e P Pr e an Pr pe g 201 p a a rg p i a n p i a n in e i e en ir n en a in e in pie pa e nian erri r a eg r i 10 21

23 a e are ran erre i ega e n en n i p e e n e a e responsible for the transfer to ensure safe disposal of the waste, typically by re i p r in e a e genera n Par e e n en n an ring an a e r a ege a e i ega ran p r e a en n e n en n e re aria r appr pria e a n i e in ing n i i e a re n neg a e between the States concerned. Pa e ne a e e e Ba e n en n in 201 an rae i a par e n en n Pa e nian a ri e are a e a ai e n fi a n e i pr i e in r er rep r in i en na ri e ran er a ar a e 7 r rae an rae i e e en e P i e in erna na a pr i e a ignifi an a en e r Pa e ne ring en ir n en a ri e perpe ra e rae e a en n in erna na ra an ee e e e re e ie i e in ine i e an ar a e r e a p e e Pa e nian n ir n en a a pr i i e i p r a ar an e an a e n e a pe ia per i i aine r pe ia i e agen ie 58 n a i n a r ing e r a ar a e in e P e ran p r e r appr pria e i p a an rae i an fi e a e e re pe e Pa e nian a ri e a e een re ri e r e e ping an appr pria e a n r en ir n en a n i p a i a e n ne 201 e Pa e nian n ir n en a i ri fi e a rae ra fie e Ba e n en n in 1 7 n er e Ba e n en n i ega ra n ng a ri ina a n er in erna na a i efine a a ran n ar e en a ar a e pe ifie in r e e n en n 58 e 1 1 Pa e nian n ir n en a a 7 r e 1 e n eri gree en n e e Ban an e a a rip 1 r e 12 n n ir n en a Pr e n nne r ing i ar e Both sides shall respectively adopt, apply and ensure compliance with internationally recognized standards concerning the following: levels of pollutants discharged through emissions and effluents; acceptable levels of treatment of solid and liquid wastes, and agreed ways and means for disposal of such wastes; the use, handling and transportation (in accordance with the provisions of Article 38 (Transportation)) and storage of hazardous substances and wastes (including pesticides, insecticides and herbicides); and standards for the prevention and abatement of noise, odor, pests and other nuisances, which may affect the other side. 22

24 n fi a n 0 i e Ba e n en n e re aria a an in i en i ega r a a ar a e r e r rae i ane a e ri e e en in ria ne 1 that were stopped en route in April 201 ea ing e a ri in an an fi near enin 2011 rae i a e p r er rep r pr i e a e in ria e e en re erre a e i a i na ri e an i n r e i i ing per i r g e a e er Pa e nian an 2 n re p n e Pa e ne n fi a n rae ai e a e a e e nge e in ria e e en an n e a e r ing e Ba e n en n a ran n ar e en a e en ai e e en a e r an area n er e na na ri i n ne a e an er rea na na ri i n in e an an arine area r air pa e i in i a a e e er i e a ini ra e an reg a r re p n i i i in a r an e i in erna na a in regar e pr e n an ea r e en ir n en Be a e rae i e e en are n er rae i control and Israeli civil law applies therein, rae ai a i i e the Secretariat. ing e e ia e neg a n pr e pr i e e Ba e n en n e re aria Pa e ne ee e in a aining an agree en i rae r e waste to be transferred back across the Green Line and to be appropriately 0 Pa e nian n ir n en a i ri Pa e nian n ir n en a i ri fi e a n fi a n e Ba e n en n again rae i r i ega ran erring a ar a e Pa e ne ne 201 < p en ir n en pna p ar in e p p p ne e ai i 1 7> 1 e i ane a in ria e e en re erre a e e ri a rie Pa e nian i a ga e in ria e e en in e n r ern e e Ban i re ain in pr i i rae i i e a r e reen ine ere are 11 a rie i i en ir n en a re r pera ng in e in ria e e en i are ina e an ne i in a i i a n pr e n er rae i r per i i n 2 rae i a e p r er ep r n ria ne in ean an a aria 2011 p pr fi rg i e e a fi e in ria ne in ea an a aria an e r ra e r p > Ba e n en n n e n r ran n ar e en a ar a e an eir i p a 1 r e 2 Ba e n en n n e n r ran n ar e en a ar a e an eir i p a 1 r e 2 i arrange en ean a e rae i ini r n ir n en a Pr e n a e ri i na p er n r in ria p n in e e en 23

25 i p e in rae i i a ignifi an i r r Pa e ne e n ra ng ne p i e a e in erna na en ir n en a a rae a n a e r i a ng e en ir n en a an an rig Pa e nian e er in a ep ng e n e en e i ri ina a n rae a e an e a e a e n e p i e n e Ba e n en n e i e Despite the lack of public disclosure about the case to date, it remains an i p r an fir ep in ee ing e e e re e ia a n r en ir n en a ri e i e rae again Pa e nian ni e n e r ar 2017 e fi e an er n fi a n e Ba e n en n n er r a 000 i er a ar inera i a ere ppe en r e Pa e nian p i e in epara e in i en in Be e e an Nablus trying to dump the waste there. ii The Convention on Biological Diversity e n en n n Bi gi a i er i B a e e pe r e n er a n i gi a i er i e aina e e i p nen an e i a e aring e enefi ari ing e i a n gene re r e a ing in a n a rig er e re r e 7 The n en n pr i e a i gi a re r e in e gene re r e rgani r par ere p p a n r an er i p nen e e i a a r p en a e r a e r ani e B i n i ere e e fir ega in ing g a in r en r e pr e n i i er i e n en n prea e re e e i p r an e an e nee pr e in erna na regi na an g a pera n a ng a e an in erg ern en a rgani a n an e n n g ern en a e r r e n er a n i gi a i er i an e aina e e i p nen n pr ng pera n e n en n re gni e e ra i na a a n ir n en a i ri fi e a n fi a n e Ba e n en n again rae r e i ega ran er a ar a e 22 e r ar 2017 < p a a p ar page a p i p7 a ap7 > 7 n en n n Bi gi a i er i 1 2 r e 1 Ibid r e 2 24

26 epen en e an in igen an a ni e n i gi a re r e an e enefi ing eir ra i na n e ge inn a n an pra e re e an e n er a n i gi a i er i an e sustainable use of its components. e n en n a re gni e e i a r e en p a in e n er a n an aina e e i gi a i er i an a r e nee r par ipa n en a a e e p i a ing an i p e en a n r i gi a i er i n er a n n i en ee ng in er 2010 e n eren e e Par e e B a p e e ra egi P an r Bi i er i r e peri an e i i Bi i er i arge i i ean repre en a e e i e ra e r r e e e p en na na i i er i ra egie an a n p an an eir i p e en a n ai e a i pr ing e a e i i er i an pr e ng e e 70 e i ge grap i a a n an ni e p grap Pa e ne i e ignifi an i i er i p n ain fi e i ge grap i a ne e e a i eir pe ia i a e an i n i i er i i are e en ra ig an e i a a egi n a ern pe r an i a e an a a rip 71 r ing e 201 State of Palestine Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity ere are re an 0 i e i a e een i en fie a e i i er i area e rep r pr i e a ere i a na na i rea ene pe ie a ai a e r Pa e nian ra a a na na i Pa e nian rea ene a na i n a ai a e e a a pre en i e a a n 201 e a e n en n n Bi gi a i er i ni e a n n ir n en a Pr gra e n en n n Bi gi a i er i e i i n p e e n eren e e Par e e n en n n Bi gi a i er i a en ee ng 2 er 2010 P B P 2 p in e i i n p 10 p 10 e 02 en p > 71 ere are a i ing pe ie in e a e Pa e ne n ng appr i a e e g a i i er i ere are re an 0 0 ani a pe ie n i ng an e a e in er e ra e 7 ir 2 7 fi 2 a a 1 rep e an a p i ian e a e Pa e ne a er an pe ie p an in ing en e i p an a n e i in an er par e r See The a e Pa e ne i a na ep r e n en n n Bi gi a i er i 201 < p in r p p nr 0 en p 25

27 Pa e ne a e e e B n p ian e i e pr i i n e n en n e nee p a e i na na i i er i ra eg an a n p an an prepare a i en angere pe ie 72 e rep r a pr i e a in 200 rae e are na re re er e in e e Ban in ing a er a e ering an area e are 12 per en e area e e Ban 7 e e ara n e e na re re er e i par rae n a an appr pria n p i an i i Pa e nian an e an a e na ra re r e 7 e rep r re gni e a e pra e e rae i pa n a e e r e Pa e nian e e r e a p e e ere p i a n a er re r e an e ea i er i n e e r an i er a e re e in e rapi e ine in e a er e e an e eri ra n in e a er a i e ea ea re ng in p ng e en ir n en an e unique ecosystems reliant on it. 7 n a e e a i e a a e a e i inen r gra e anger r a age i gi a i er i i in e area n er ri i n er a e r in area e n e i i na na ri i n e a e i e ia e n e a e e a e anger an a age a e a ini a e a n pre en r ini i e anger r a age 7 r er e n eren e e Par e e B a e a ine e i e ia i i an re re in ing re ra n an pen a n r a age i gi a i er i a e ne 2017 e i en angere pe ie a n een p i e e 7 e a e Pa e ne i a na ep r e n en n n Bi gi a i er i 201 p in r p p nr 0 en.pdf>, 3. 7 See for example e e en e pan i n ar n an rae i e are na re re er e 1 er 201 p a p rg n en e e en e pan i n ar n i rae i e are na re re er e 7 n a i n rae e p i e pe ia inera an e e ea ea r g a a a e e en ine a e in e e e en i p e a e i e e ea ea a ine i are rae r an an Pa e ne in e 1 7 rae a n a appr pria e a area Pa e nian an in e pie ea ea area a ing e area arge i i r Pa e nian e e p en e Pa e nian e n gain 1 i i n ann a r ea ea inera an 2 0 i i n r ri in e area ee a Pi age e ea ea rae n a p i a n a ra e r e in e pie Pa e nian erri r 2012 p a a rg p i a n p i a n in e i e pi age e ea ea israel n a e p i a n na ra re r e in e pie pa e nian erri r a eg r i 10> 7 n en n n Bi gi a i er i 1 2 r e n en n n Bi gi a i er i 1 2 r e

28 Conclusion: Why an Environmental Justice Approach Matters? rae n n e e p i an e r e na ra re r e in e P with no regard to the impact it leaves on the occupied territory and the en ir n en an in i a n i iga n n er in erna na a i r er i p r an re e per na i pa e p i a n a n Pa e nian in i i a an e e e e i p e ing an appr pria ng Pa e nian na ra resources, 7 create a coercive environment which results in the unlawful r i e ran er Pa e nian e pe ia in rea e e Ban r e a p e rae i re ri n in ing e e ing r a i ri ina r p anning e r Pa e nian a e a er an rea e ar i ing n i n a a re in ran er r i e ran er i a gra e rea e r ene a n en n an a ar ri e n er e e a e e n erna na ri ina r e pr e n na ra re r e ring an pa n i e a i e in ari pr i i n in erna na a e er e e e en r e en e e pr i i n a e a a en e r a n a i i are en in ien in erna na pra e in ing e a ing an e a n ir a e in ine i eir iga n n er in erna na a e reng ene an ep i i e in r er en re e pr e n nera e groups in occupied territories that are dependent on natural resources. n rn e i p e en a n en ir n en a an ar enefi r in rea e engage en i a e e ni e in ing r n e ge aring n eir en ir n en an re r e an e re gni n e ignifi an e in igen en ir n en a n e ge 7 e n erna na ri ina ri na r e r er g a ia e a e rea n e ere i ing n i n ai e a a ing i pra a i p i e r e arge e re ain n e r e ran er In its Krajisnik g en e n e a rea ng n i n r g e ear e arre an p i a ara en a e a ng a er e e ri i an e ep ne er i e e er a ri e ee e in a ing an i an r a a an n eir e 27

29 an appr a i a e ear e n ep en ir n en a e i re gni e e e i en e i e n i ine a i e i in ni e in i i a an age gr p in e ni e an r in ri e are enie e a pp r ni e a e na ra re r e i e a en earing e ea re p n i i i in a ing en ir n en a a age gr p i pr p r na e er e r e environmental impacts and many risk losing their lives and livelihoods. 7 e en ir n en a e ra e r a een ape a a e ani r r gg ing ni e i i e an e an a n a i i r e pr e n pre en n an p ni en r ng re a e i pr p r na e i pa gr n e p r an nera e in ie r ri ing p n an egra a n e e er i e an r ine i a e a e an enefi r e e na ra a e an e ra e re r e 0 The en ir n en a e ra e r a in rea ing e e pe ar n e an r p geni p a ing pe p e an ni e a e en er e ra e par ar e are argina i e e n i a an p i a a e a en ir n en a 1 ere re ain a nee r an e erging Pa e nian en ir n en a e e en i re gni e e en ir n en a an ia e i e a e ng Pa e nian ni e in e P an a are a ri a e i eren a r in ing e rae i pa n i e en er re a ra e ran paren an pen ni a n e een a e e ni e a g ern en i i ie rgani a n an en ir n en a ien an e per Bearing in in a e pr nge na re e rae i pa n p e a enge e a e a pa n a gi en e a ran i r na re an pa n e pr e n na ra re r e n er a pr nge n ir n en a e in e e ping n rie Per pe e r ri a an ia Pa ifi an B i n ir n en a e ega e r an Pra e 201 ni e a n e e p en Pr gra e n ir n en a e para e perien e in ega p er en ne 201 a er a i ing n ir n en a e e e grap an P i ra e n e a i a n an n

30 pa n i i i ar ine i a in ien r er e egra a n the environment may be linked to weapons use, and even more so to the e a p i ie appr pria ng an epri ing e Pa e nian p p a n of their natural wealth. in erna na en ir n en a a an pr i e r er a en e i g aran ee e pr e n na ra re r e an e en ir n en in e occupied territory. Understanding the spirit of environmental law can a p a an in egra par in ar a ng an e e ping a re n an e per pe e n en ir n en a e i e in e P e a e ing e a e n ir n en a e Barrier an pp r ni e

31 30 NOTES

32 NOTES 31

33 AL-Haq s Website: AL-Haq on Facebook: a e a a rgani a n a n i er i er a rg a e ia anne n i e a e ia anne n e SMART PHONES AL-Haq - 54 Main Street 2 n & 3 r pp a n Pa riar a e ain n re ange i a r Pr e an a P B 1413 a a a e Ban Pa e ne e a

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