Weed Management in Strawberry

Transcription

1 Wee Siene Wee Mngement in Strwerry Prinipl Investigtor Dr. Steven Fennimore Coopertive Extension Wee Speilist Dept. of Plnt Sienes University of Cliforni, Dvis USDA Agriulturl Reserh Sttion 1636 Est Alisl Street Slins, CA (831) Cooperting Personnel Dr. Thoms C. Miller n John Rhuy Dept. of Plnt Sienes - UC Dvis Slins, CA Dr. Oleg Dugovish UCCE Ventur County Ventur, CA Summry Multi-tti wee mngement tools re neee y strwerry growers to supplement lterntive fumignts. We re evluting heriies whih n e use in omintion with fumignts or neroi soil isinfesttion s well s soil isinfesttion with stem, whih n e use insie uffer zones to semlessly mesh with fumignts pplie outsie of uffer zones. Sulfentrzone (Zeus) heriie ws evlute for wee ontrol n rop sfety in strwerry n ws ompre with ommeril stnr flumioxzin (Chteu). Sulfentrzone ws sfe to strwerry, ut wee ontrol ws generlly less thn flumioxzin. Continuing work with stem isinfesttions of fiel soils gin showe equivlene in wee ontrol to Pi-Clor 60, repeting results of the prior yer reporte here, where wee n isese ontrol n fruit proution with stem pprohe the level hieve with fumigtion. Current ost estimtes for ommerilize version of the prototype fiel stemer teste suggest tretment ost oul e reue to out $3,700 per re. 125

2 Introution High wee mngement expenses inrese strwerry proution osts. Greter use of methyl romie (MB) lterntive fumignts n non-fumigte res suh s uffer zones, s well s use of neroi soil isinfesttion (ASD), hs rete greter nee for heriies. Heriies n e use to ontrol wees tht lterntive fumignts o not ontrol. Regultory tions hve inrese restritions on fumignt pplitions to reue ystner exposure to fumignt emissions. The result of this is inrese uffer zones n ily limits on fumignt pplitions. Fiel stuies were onute to ress the inresing iffiulties with mngement of nutsege, lovers n other wees in strwerry. The ojetive of this reserh is to ontin or lower wee ontrol osts for strwerry prouers n evelop wee ontrol tools tht o not epen on fumignts. Stem isinfesttion is shown to e equivlent to MB/Pi n Pi-Clor 60 (CSC Annul Proution Reserh Report ). Results reporte here emonstrte vile non-fumignt tretments for uffer zones n orgni proution systems. Stem n e use to semlessly len with fumigte setions of the fiel euse mngement of the fiel is the sme in fumigte n stem-trete res. Mterils n Methos Evlution of Sulfentrzone Heriie (Zeus 4F, FMC) in Strwerry Fruiting Be Preprtion (Repete t Two Lotions) To efine sfe intervl etween pplition n strwerry trnsplnting, sulfentrzone (Zeus 4F) ws pplie t 4, 6 n 8 oz/a t 30 ys n 7 to 15 ys efore trnsplnting n t 4 oz/a within 6 ys of trnsplnting Alion strwerries. (Note: rtes of Chteu n Zeus will e presente s oz of formultion per re see the respetive lels for more etils.) Commeril stnr flumioxzin (Chteu 51 WDG, Vlent) n non-trete omprisons were inlue t sites in Slins n Wtsonville, CA. The Slins tril ws t the USDA/University of Cliforni reserh site on Spene Rro, n the Wtsonville tril ws t Monterey By Aemy. Applitions were me t 40 gp to e tops (2 row, 52 inh enters), whih were fumigte with Pi-Clor 60 t 350 l/re in Wtsonville n 250 l/re in Slins. Tretments were replite four times n rrnge in rnomize omplete lok esign with 25 foot long single e plots t Slins n 20 foot long plots t Wtsonville. Evlutions inlue: wee ensities, strwerry injury estimtes, plnt imeters n fruit yiel. 126 CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY COMMISSION ANNUAL PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT

3 Wee Siene Results No ifferenes in plnt imeters etween tretments were oserve t Slins or Wtsonville (not shown). The est wee ontrol ws ttine with flumioxzin t Slins (Tle 1). Sulfentrzone t 8 oz/a pplie 30 ys efore trnsplnting ws the only sulfentrzone tretment tht reue wee ensities ompre to the non-trete, while the remining sulfentrzone tretments were not ifferent from the non-trete. Crop injury estimtes were low for either flumioxzin or sulfentrzone n fruit yiels were unffete y ny tretments. The Wtsonville site h low wee pressure, n tretment ifferenes were not etete (Tle 2). Crop injury estimtes were low n fruit yiels were unffete y flumioxzin or sulfentrzone. Tle 1. Evlution of sulfentrzone pplie t three timings in strwerry. fruit yiel, injury estimtes n wee ensities re from the Slins, CA tril Slins Rte Yiel Crop Injury Wee Density Tretment (Pro/A) Timing (oz/plnt) (0-10) 1000s/A 1 Non-trete Chek e Sulfentrzone 4.0 fl oz e Sulfentrzone 6.0 fl oz 30 DPT Sulfentrzone 8.0 fl oz Flumioxzin 3 oz e Sulfentrzone 4.0 fl oz e Sulfentrzone 6.0 fl oz 7-15 DPT Sulfentrzone 8.0 fl oz Flumioxzin 3 oz e Sulfentrzone 4.0 fl oz 0-6 DPT Lest signifint ifferene e f mteril pplie to es efore note Dys Prior to Trnsplnting (DPT) umultive mrketle hrvest from 3/28/12 9/15/12 t Slins visul rting, using 0 10 sle (0=no injury, 2 = sfe, 10=ll plnts e), evlute 12/15 in Slins numer of totl wees umulte 1/11, 2/3, 3/6, n 4/5/12 proility 0.05 f LSR (Lest Signifint proility 0.05 of mens trnsforme y squre root (x + 0.5) to homogenize vrine. Tle t entries re not trnsforme 127

4 Tle 2. Evlution of sulfentrzone pplie t three timings in strwerry. Fruit yiel, injury estimtes n wee ensities re from the Wtsonville, CA tril Wtsonville Rte Yiel Crop Injury Wee Density Tretment (Pro/A) Timing (oz/plnt) (0-10) 1000s/A 1 Non-trete Chek Sulfentrzone 4.0 fl oz 30 DPT Sulfentrzone 6.0 fl oz Sulfentrzone 8.0 fl oz Flumioxzin 3 oz Sulfentrzone 4.0 fl oz 7-15 DPT Sulfentrzone 6.0 fl oz Sulfentrzone 8.0 fl oz Flumioxzin 3 oz Sulfentrzone 4.0 fl oz 0-6 DPT Lest signifint ifferene e mteril pplie to es efore note Dys Prior to Trnsplnting (DPT) umultive mrketle hrvest from 4/24 to 9/6/12 t Wtsonville visul rting, using 0 10 sle (0=no injury, 2 = sfe, 10=ll plnts e), evlute 12/13 in Wtsonville numer of totl wees umulte 1/17, 3/8, n 4/24/12 proility CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY COMMISSION ANNUAL PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT

5 Wee Siene Mterils n Methos Evlution of Sulfentrzone Heriie (Zeus 4F, FMC) In Strwerry Furrow Bottoms To ontrol wees in the furrows, sulfentrzone ws pplie t 4, 6 n 8 oz/a to the furrows fter trnsplnting Alion strwerries. A split pplition of sulfentrzone t 4 oz/a ws pplie rost efore trnsplnting to the e tops n furrows, then gin fter trnsplnting t 4 oz/a s irete pplition to the furrows only. The ommeril stnr flumioxzin (Chteu 51 WDG, Vlent) ws pplie oth s rost spry efore trnsplnting n s irete spry to the furrows. A non-trete ontrol ws inlue. This tril ws onute t the USDA/University of Cliforni reserh site on Spene Ro in Slins. All plots were fumigte with Pi-Clor 60 t 350 l/re. Prior to strwerry trnsplnting, heriie pplitions were me t 40 gp rost on Novemer 18, 2011 for the 4 fl oz rte of sulfentrzone n the flumioxzin stnr. Furrow pplitions of sulfentrzone n flumioxzin were me on Jnury 18, All tretments were replite four times n rrnge in rnomize omplete lok esign using 25- foot long plots. Alion strwerry ws trnsplnte Novemer 28, Evlutions were me for plnt imeters, wee ensity ounts, strwerry injury estimtes, n fruit yiel. Every other e ws orer e whih llowe furrows on oth sies of the test e to e trete n inlue in the plot. Wee ontrol t ws ollete from the furrows only. Results Although sfe for use in strwerry, the wee ontrol results with sulfentrzone were inonsistent, n only the 6 oz tretment reue wee ensities ompre to the non-trete (Tle 3). Flumioxzin pplie rost prior to trnsplnting reue wees reltive to the non-trete, while wee ensities in the flumioxzin furrow pplition were not ifferent thn the non-trete. Crop injury n fruit yiel t inite tht flumioxzin n sulfentrzone were sfe to strwerry. Although nopy imeters mi-mrh were slightly reue y the flumioxzin, there ws no impt on yiel. Tle 3. Evlution of Sulfentrzone for wee ontrol in furrows. Fruit yiel, injury estimtes, plnt imeters n in furrow wee ensities t Slins, CA Crop Plnt Wees in Rte Applition Yiel Injury Dimeter Furrows Tretment (Pro/A) To (oz/plnt) (0-10) (in) (No./A) 1 Non - trete Sulfentrzone 4.0 fl oz rost furrow Flumioxzin 3.0 oz rost furrow Sulfentrzone 4.0 fl oz furrow Sulfentrzone 6.0 fl oz furrow Sulfentrzone 8.0 fl oz furrow Flumioxzin 3.0 oz furrow Lest signifint ifferene e umultive mrketle hrvest from 3/28/12 9/15/12 visul rting, using 0 10 sle (0=no injury, 2 = sfe, 10=ll plnts e), evlute 1/10/12 mesure 3/14/12 umulte ounts through 5/2/12 proility

6 Mterils n Methos Evlution of The Clyton Stem Applitor For Soil Disinfesttion In Strwerry The effiy of stem to ontrol wees n isese orgnisms in soil is well estlishe. Evlution of new moile pplitor ws one t two fiel lotions where stem ws ompre to Pi-Clor 60 or no tretment. A 100hp Clyton stem genertor mounte on ustom-uilt frme me to strle two 52-inh es (note: only one e ws trete with stem) ws use to pply stem. Tests were onute t Slins, CA on Otoer 12 n 13, 2011 n t Wtsonville, CA Otoer 25, The Slins tril ws t the Spene reserh frm, n the Wtsonville tril ws t the Monterey By Aemy. At oth lotions temperture sensors were ple in stem tretments to reor soil temperture. At Wtsonville, wee see gs ontining known vile wee sees n tuers were instlle in the strwerry es s soon s the stem pplitor psse. Pi-Clor 60 ws inlue s fumignt stnr, t 350 n 250 l/re in Wtsonville n Slins, respetively. The trils were rrnge in rnomize omplete lok esign with five replitions t Slins n four replitions t Wtsonville. Evlutions were me for plnt imeters, wee ensities, time require to hn wee the plots, strwerry injury estimtes, n fruit yiel. Post tretment wee see viility ws etermine using the tetrzolium ssy. Results Viility of hikwee, knotwee n yellow nutsege were reue y stem n Pi-Clor 60 fumignt (Tle 4). Bluegrss ws not effetively ontrolle y Pi-Clor 60, ut ws ontrolle y stem. Little mllow viility ws reue slightly y stem n Pi-Clor. Tle 4. Tretment Effet of stem n Pi-Clor 60 on wee see viility in Wtsonville Bluegrss Chikwee Knotwee Mllow Nutsege % Vile Following Tretment Control Stem Pi-Clor Lest signifint ifferene proility CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY COMMISSION ANNUAL PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT

7 Wee Siene Grphs of the temperture profiles show tht ritil tempertures of >158 F t 6, 12 n 18 inhes from the shouler of the e were rehe (Figure 1). The 24-inh proe mrks the low en of het penetrtion into the e n tempertures were ooler t the ottom of the e. Fuel onsumption ws 1,561 gllons of propne per re (35,182 ft3 soil per re trete). Estimte mhine, fuel n lor osts re $5,647 per re se on the single e prototype. The prototype esign is eing use to filitte esign of ommeril pplitor. The ommeril esign will tret two es per pss n one re in less thn 10 hours for $3,718 per re. Figure 1. Soil tempertures t 6, 12, 18 n 24 inhes following stem tretment t Slins, CA 131

8 Stem n Pi-Clor 60 oth reue hn weeing time, wee ensity, n inrese fruit yiels ompre to nontrete plots (Tle 5). No injury to strwerry ws oserve (not shown). Tle 5. Evlution of moile stem pplitor in Strwerry t Slins, CA. Shown re weeing times, wee ensities n fruit yiels. Cumultive Weeing Time Cumultive Wee Density Fruit Yiel Tretment Hr/A 1000s/A (oz/plnt) Stem Pi-Clor Non-trete Lest signifint ifferene hours/re, evlute on 1/11, 2/2. 3/6, n 4/4/12 numer of totl wees evlute on 1/5, 2/2, 3/6, n 4/4/12 ummultive mrketle yiel 3/28 proility 0.05 Stem n Pi-Clor 60 oth reue hn weeing time n wee ensity signifintly ompre to not treting strwerry es, with equivlent results (Tle 6). No rop injury ws oserve (not shown). No ifferenes in fruit yiels were oserve t Wtsonville. Tle 6. Evlution of moile stem pplitor in Strwerry t Wtsonville, CA. Shown re weeing times, wee ensities n fruit yiels. Cumultive Weeing Time Cumultive Wee Density Fruit Yiel Tretment Hr/A 1000s/A (oz/plnt) Stem Pi-Clor Non-trete Lest signifint rtio or ifferene e hours/re, evlute on1/17, 3/8 n 4/24/12 numer of totl wees evlute on 3/8, n 4/24/12 Cumultive mrketle yiel proility 0.05 Lest signifint rtio of mens trnsforme [log (x + 1)] to homogenize vrine. Dt in tle is not trnsforme. e Lest signifint proility CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY COMMISSION ANNUAL PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT

9 Summry Sulfentrzone ppers to e sfe to strwerry n not reue fruit yiels. However, wee ontrol with sulfentrzone ws not equivlent to flumioxzin. Sulfentrzone is reporte to ontrol yellow nutsege, ut there ws no nutsege in these stuies. Due to the importne of nutsege we reommen further work with sulfentrzone on tht wee. Stem is n effetive mens of soil isinfesttion for strwerry. The role for stem use will e in res tht nnot e fumigte suh s uffer zones n orgni fiels. Stem n e use semlessly with fumignts to tret fiels impte y uffer zones so tht stem is pplie where fumignts nnot e pplie n the rest of the frm is fumigte. Strwerry mngement in-seson is the sme in oth fumigte n stem-trete res. 133