Applications of Isotopic Fingerprinting

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Marlene Allen
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1 ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY Applications of Isotopic Fingerprinting Water Source Identification Flowpath Delineation Spring Tracing Groundwater Tracing Contaminant Plume Visualization Groundwater Velocity Determination Process Deduction Evolved Waters Forensics Mixing Studies Hydrograph Separation River Mixing Surface Water-Ground Water Interaction Constituent or Contaminant Sourcing

2 Spatial and Temporal Variability SMOW δd δd = 8 δ 18 O + 10 δ 18 O Craig 1961

3 -30 May MERAMEC!D MISSISSIPPI MISSOURI ! 18 O Criss (1999)

4 δ 18 O values of Meteoric Waters modified after Taylor 1974

5 50 0 Ladue, Missouri y = x R= !D Composites Storm ! 18 O Criss, Winston

6 Example #2: Isotopic Fingerprint SPRINGS Other Missouri ILLINOIS STL & STC OZARKS Count ~ 2,000 analyses Mean! 18 O Value

7 Rockwoods Spring 3/23/96 δ18o = -7.3 E.C. 700 µs

8 Weldon Spring 3/23/96 δ18o = -3.4 E.C. 230 µs

9 Weldon Spring 3/8/01 δ18o = -4.0 E.C. = 215 µs 331 NTU 7.8 C

10 Prairie Lake 4/19/ µs 16.8 C 228NTU Criss

11 PRAIRIE LAKE Diatoms WELDON SPRING Criss et al., 2001

12 Discharge Rate, cfs Weldon Spring V&F USGS CFW Historical Year Fernandes et al., 2003

13 20 T C Weldon Spring Bluegrass Spring YearDay 2000 Winston & Criss 2004 Criss et al. 2001

14 -2-4! 18 O Weldon Spring -6-8 Rockwoods Spring El Nino Year

15 0-1 Prairie Lake! 18 O Weldon Spring Rockwoods Spring Yearday 2000

16 Rockwood Spring ( ) E.C., µs other lakes Weldon Spring Prairie Lake ! 18 O Criss et al, 2001

Weldon Spring Prairie Lake http://terraserver.

17 Weldon Spring Prairie Lake

18 Simple Multicomponent Mixing: n " 18 O mixture = # X i " i where # X i =1 The mole fractions are: i n i X k = C km k n " i C i M i where C is the concentration of the element of interest X k = V k V T For O and H in Water Endmembers: Similarly, for dissolved constituents: n C mixture = " X i C i where " X i =1 i n i

19 For Simple, Two Component Mixing: " 18 O mixture = X A " 18 O A + ( 1- X A )" 18 O B where X A + X B = 1 V T = V A +V B -10 X = X= 0.8 = -2.0 X= 1 1 gal + 4 gal = 5 gal

20 Fetter, 2001 Freeze & Cherry, 1978 Criss 2003

21 Isotopic Method of Hydrograph Separation Total = Direct + Ground Streamflow Runoff Water Q sf = Q of + Q bf (" 18 O sf ) Q sf = (" 18 O of ) Q of + ( "18 O bf ) Q bf Q bf Q sf = $ " 18 O sf #" 18 O & of & " 18 O bf #" 18 O % of ' ) ) (

22 / l ( e g r a h c s i D 80 Discharge l/s Q total Q baseflow! 18 O! 18 O PPT = Q event Year Day, 2001 Winston & Criss 2004

23 Fetter, 2001 Freeze & Cherry, 1978 Criss 2003

24 Isotopic Method of Hydrograph Separation Total = Direct + Ground Streamflow Runoff Water Q sf = Q of + Q bf (" 18 O sf ) Q sf = (" 18 O of ) Q of + ( "18 O bf ) Q bf Q bf Q sf = $ " 18 O sf #" 18 O & of & " 18 O bf #" 18 O % of ' ) ) (

25 / l ( e g r a h c s i D 80 Discharge l/s Q total 3a2001 Hydrograph Separation! 18 O! 18 O PPT = Q baseflow Q event Year Day, 2001 Winston & Criss 2004

26 2533 miles 529,400 mi 2 76,300 cfs River Yellowstone River Platte River after NOAA km

27 ! 18 O ( ) Howard Bend, MO St. Joseph, MO Sioux City, IA Ft. Randall Dam, SD Pierre, SD -16 Culbertson, MT Garrison Dam, ND Toston, MT River Mile Winston & Criss (2003)

28 -6-7 MISSOURI RIVER ! 18 O C F S YearDay, Criss 1999

29 Criss

30 50 45 NTU STAGE, feet STAGE Log NTU Criss et al. 2001

31 ph ph 8 20 T C T Criss et al 2001

32 meters 3 Log (NTU) STAGE, ft. Criss et al. 2001

33 ! 18 O , /98-12/99 1/97-3/ Electrical Conductivity, µs Criss et al., 2001

34 Calculating the Reach Fraction X upper = Q upper Q lower X lower = Q lower - Q upper Q lower X upper + X lower = 1 Criss et al. 2001

35 Hermann 151,000 cfs St Joseph 36,800 cfs X upper = 0.24 But, ~4 day travel time

36 Electrical Conductivity, µs E.C.= (X); R= X Lower Basin Criss et al. 2001

37 Upper Station Average y = x R= EC µs/cm St. Joe Hermann X r Winston & Criss 2003

38 Upper Station Average y = x R= SO 4 mg\l St. Joe X r Hermann Winston & Criss 2003

39 Upper Station Average y = x R= Na mg\l St. Joe X r Hermann Winston & Criss 2003

40 5 4 NO 3 - y = x R= mg/l 3 2 Upper Station Average Sioux City St. Joseph X Reach Winston & Criss 2003

41 Spring Tracing and Isotopic Time Series

42 0 Ladue, Missouri -5! 18 O YEAR 5 0 Seimonthly Precipitation, Inches Criss

43 0 ROCKWOODS SPRING (red) & LADUE RAIN (blue)! 18 O El Nino YEAR Criss

44 0-2 Meteoric Precipitation -4! 18 O, Big Spring Rockwoods Spring Camp Vandeventer Spring YEAR

45 P 5 δ 5 P 4 δ 4 P t = " P i P 3 δ 3 P 2 δ 2 # avg = " P i # i " P i P 1 δ 1

46 P 5 δ 5 + P 4 δ 4 + P 3 δ 3 + P 2 δ 2 + " t = Damped Running Average Model % P i " i e #t i /$ % P i e #t i /$ P 1 δ 1 Frederickson & Criss 1999

47 5 0 St. Louis, Missouri Precipitation a! 18 O ( ) YEAR

48 -4 Equation 1 b -6! 18 O ( ) year 1 year 5 year YEAR

49 -5 ROCKWOODS SPRING -6! 18 O ( ) El Nino YEAR %P i " i e #t /$ i " t = %P i e #t /$ i Criss et al. 2007

50 -2-4 Camp Vandeventer Spring " =100 days! 18 O YEAR Stueber & Criss 2005

51 Rockwoods Spring (right scale) Calculated " = 350 days -7-8! 18 O -6-9! 18 O Meramec River (left scale) Calculated " = 100 days Day # -12 Frederickson & Criss 1999

52 T C Standard Deviation Big Spring >3 cms >0.3 cms >0.03 cms <0.03 cms Roubidoux o Bluegrass Cliff Cave Auctioneer, IL Maramec Rockwoods Weldon Devils Icebox Camp Vandeventer, IL ! 18 O Standard Deviation

Ppt Stg Qcfs sq mi

Ppt Stg Qcfs sq mi Maria @ PR 5.81 sq mi Ppt Stg Qcfs 4.4 sq mi Fetter, 21 Freeze & Cherry, 1978 Criss 23 5 4 Missouri Peak Flows slope.57:1 Log Q cfs 3 2 1 Mean Flows slope 1:1-1 -1 1 2 3 4 Log A mi 2 updated after Criss