Irrigation Effects on Walnut Kernel Quality as Affected by Nut Temperatures Throughout the Season
|
|
- Ann Foster
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Irrigation ffects on Walnut Kernel Quality as Affected by Nut Temperatures Throughout the Season D. A. Goldhamer, S. Sibbett, D. Ramos, R. C. Phene, R. Beede, T. M. DeJong, J. Doyle ABSTRACT Heat-related injury manifested by dark kernel color is thought to be influenced by numerous factors, including irrigation. Presumably, water deprivation results in elevated kernel temperature due to reduced water loss from the hull and/or higher temperatures in the canopy as the result of diminished leaf transpiration. A study was undertaken in 1987 as part of our deficit irrigation project on hedgerow cv. Chico trees to evaluate the relationship between irrigation-related nut temperature throughout the season and the development of pelicle color. Continuously recording thermocouples were inserted into the packing tissue when the nuts were 0.75 to 1.0 inch in diameter. Thermocouples were also affixed to the hulls. Weekly nut samples were taken, cracked out, and visually rated for sunburn and pelicle color. We found large differences throughout the season in kernel temperature (commonly 6 to 7 C,) between well watered and stressed nuts. Peak kernel temperatures of sun-exposed nuts regularly exceeded 40 C. However, little effect on nut quality was observed. RLI at harvest was 52.4, 52.5, and 50.2 for the 0, 66, and 33% T irrigation regimes, respectively. This indicates the cv. Chico is relatively insensitive to heat related injury. We believe that the methodology developed in this study is question of how irrigation-related nut temperature affects important. Accordingly, we anticipate repeating this work sensitive cultivars (Vina and Ashley) next season. OBJCT!V sound and that kernel quality is on more heat To evaluate the relationship between nut temperature throughout the season and the time-course development of pelicle color in cv. Chico walnuts. PROCDUR This study was conducted as part of the deficit irrigation project on the hedgerow planting at the Kearney Agricultural Center (see site description in the report entitled, "Second Year ffects of Deficit Irrigation on Walnut Tree Performance"). Hull and kernel temperature measurements were taken throughout the season on nuts in western, sun-exposed and fully shaded areas of the canopies. Temperature was measured nearly continuously (once per minute) and averaged over 15 minute intervals. When the nuts were 0.75 to 1.0 inch in diameter, 36 gauge thermocouple wire (chromel-constantan) was inserted approximately 0.5 cm into the suture, resulting in the tip, or location of measurement, being in the packing tissue. This measurement is hereafter referred to as the kernel temperature. The installation procedure for this internal measurement was the the
2 samefor both sun-exposed and shaded nuts. However, for the measurement of hull temperature, care was taken to insure that the location of the thermocouple on sun-exposed nuts was such that it would receive the maximumdirect radiation at midday, in order to monitor maximumhull temperature. In the shade, hull temperatures were made at random on the nut surface. The thermocouples were affixed to the hulls with non-conducting, non-phytotoxic cement. ight sun-exposed nuts and seven shaded nuts in a single replication for each irrigation were instrumented. A multiplexing relay with 32 channels was used at each plot to expand the capability of a single datalogger for recording and averaging thermocouple readings. Additionally, ambient air temperature and relative humidity at 6 ft above the ground were measured in the canopy between two trees in which the nut temperature data was collected in each irrigation regime. Manual readings of kernel and hull temperatures in shade and sun-exposed nuts were also taken weekly at midday beginning June 24 with a hand-held temperature probe. The manual measurements were taken for comparison with the continuous recordings. The walnuts from the manual measurements were collected and removed to the laboratory for quality analysis ( from each exposure in each treatment; 60 in total). Visual quality ratings of the hulls were as follows: 1 = green, 2 = light yellow, 3 = tan, and 4 = brown. The kernels were rated as: 1 = normal, 2 = slight browning, 3 = moderate browning, 4 = severe browning, 5 = shrivel,and 6 = speckled. RSULTSAND DISCUSSION Much effort was expended in this project to precisely measure hull and kernel temperatures of nuts on the tree from mid-june through late September. This was accomplished using both continuously-recording temperature measuring. devices and with midday measurements from a hand-held probe. Our goal was to correlate some aspect of these measurements, possibly peak daily readings or the duration of time that temperatures exceeded a certain threshold value, with nut quality that was assessed weekly. However, little, if any, real differences in pelicle color were observed for the different irrigation levels and overall nut quality was relatively good. This is reflected by harvest RLI values of 52.4, 52.5, and 50.2 for the 0, 66, and 33% T irrigation regimes, respectively. This was achieved even though large differences in nut temperatures were recorded. The following data is provided to illustrate these differences as well as to indicate the performance of the technology utilized. Although little difference in nut quality was found, sunburn symptoms did develop on both sun-exposed and shaded nuts; the time-course development of which is shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. Sunburn clearly developed earlier in sunlit conditions but again, little correlation with irrigation levels was observed. If anything, the more stressed nuts exhibited less sunburn, at least through August. This mild trend also existed in the shaded nuts, whose sunburn symptoms did not develop rapidly until early September. Maximumdaily kernel temperatures of sun-exposed and shaded nuts are shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. For the sunlit nuts, temperatures were consistently hotter in the deficit irrigated treatments. Interestingly, sunlit nut temperatures in the 33 and 66% T plots were nearly identical through early September, while the 0% T nuts had.lower temperatures, especially for the
3 month prior to harvest. Stressed nut temperatures commonlyexceeded 40 C. arlier work by Martin, Sibbett, and Ramos (1973) on Payne and Hartley cultivars showed that when kernel temperature at harvest exceeded 40 C, nut quality was markedly reduced, especially with Payne. Since this did not occur in our study, it appears that Chico trees are relatively insensitive to heat-related injury. Much cooler kernel temperatures existed with the shaded nuts, and it's interesting to note that the 66 and 0% T responses were nearly identical through harvest and differed appreciably from the 33%'T regime (Figure 4). This observation was confirmed by the manual measurements. (While the manual readings confirmed the trends and relative relationships observed using the continuously recording devices, the manual readings were 3 to 4 C less than the continuous readings. The reason for this discrepancy is currently unknown but under investigation.) Relationships between daily peak kernel and ambient air temperatures (measured in the shaded tree canopies) throughout the season for sun-exposed and shaded nuts under 0% T are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. Similar relationships were found in the deficit irrigation regimes. Under full sun exposure, kernel and air temperatures consistently tracked each other with the kernel being hotter throughout the season. The relatively wide divergence after harvest (September ) was presumably due to complete breakdown on the hulls, which included blackening and thus, greater solar radiation absorption. On the other hand, shaded nuts had kernel temperatures similar to the ambient air at all T levels (Figure 6). Relative differences between hull and kernel temperatures are easily observed by considering diurnal behavior on July 1 and August 3 which were cool (87 F peak temperature) and hot (1 F peak temperature) days, respectively. Figure 7 shows that for sun-exposed nuts under full T, the hulls were slightly cooler than the kernels only between 11:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. On the other hand, the 33% T sun-exposed nuts had warmer hulls relative to the kernels during this time period (Figure 8). This may be due to reduced water loss and associated cooling from the hulls due to the plant water stress. Regardless of the irrigation level, diurnal kernel and hull temperatures on July 1 were identical for shaded nuts (Figures 9 and ). Under higher evaporative demand (August 3), hull temperatures slightly exceeded kernel temperatures in the sun-exposed nuts in the 0% T treatment (Figure 11). The differences and duration of divergence were greater in the water stressed nuts, as shown in Figure 12. This was presumably the result of less evaporative cooling by the hull. Although air temperatures were relatively hot on this day, again shaded nut hull and kernel temperatures were identical throughout the day over all T regimes (data not shown). CONCLUSIONS Large differences throughout the season in kernel temperature (commonly 6 to 7 C) existed between nuts on fully and deficit irrigated trees. This occurred under both sun-exposed and shaded conditions. Temperature differences were presumably due to reduced evaporative cooling from the hulls resulting from the plant water stress. Peak kernel temperatures of sun-exposed nuts in the water-stressed trees regularly exceeded 40 C. Ho'ever, little effect on nut
4 quality was observed, as indicated by nearly equal RLI values (averaging = 51) and weekly observations of pelicle color. This indicates that cv. Chico is relatively insensitive to heat-related injury. arly in the season, sun-exposed hull temperatures on fully irrigated nuts were slightly less than kernel temperatures. During this time, deficit irrigated nuts had hotter hulls relative to the kernels. As evaporative demand increased over the season and as the hulls began to break downi nuts at all irrigation levels had hotter hulls relative to the kernels. On shaded nuts, hull and kernel temperatures were identical over the season, regardless of the irrigation treatment. We believe that the methodology developed in this study is sound and that the question of how irrigation-related nut temperature influences kernel quality is important. Accordingly, we anticipate repeating this work on more heat sensitive cultivars (Vina and Ashley) next season. -74-
5 en ---._----- SUN-XPOSD NUTS )(3-0 c: c: :J.Q c: T -e- 66" T 0" T N -, I I I I I I I,-,-, N 1ft 1ft N 01 1ft N 1ft N - 01 a.. a.. - en en "5 "5 - N - N - c "5 "5 "5 :I CJI ell CJI.. a.. a.. u 0 :I :I :I :I en en.. Figure 1. Sunburn Index rating-with time for sun-exposed nuts. N I Shade Nuts Hulls 3-0 c: T -:9-66" T 0" T c: :J.Q c: :J2 en - 01 It) N N - "5 "5 ell "5 "5 "5 :I ell ell ell.. a.. a.. 1ft N 01 It) 1ft - N a.. a.. - N - N - c U :I :I :I :I en en.. 0 Figure 2. Sunburn Index rating with time for shaded nuts en
6 50-45 ọ ::J '040 Q DAILY MAX. KRNAL TMP. IN SUN " T -e- 66" T -w- 0" T m 81) eft 81) N eft co N eft co '" N - N N - - N :i :i Q. Q. - N 01 C..,.., :i :i :i ::I Q. Q. ::I..,..,.., ::I ::I ::I III III...., III III Figure 3. Peak daily kernel temperature for sun-exposed nuts ọ f ::J '035 Q DAILY MAX. KRNAL TMP. IN SHAD " T -e- 66" T -w- 0" T 81) eft 81) N eft co N eft co '" N - N N - - N Q. Q. - N :i :i 01 ::I..,..,.., ::I ::I ::I III III..,.. III III C..,.., :i :i :i ::I Q. Q. Figure 4. Peak daily kernel temperature for shaded nuts
7 DAILY MAXIMUM TMPRATUR 0% Sun xposed._ Kemal -e- AirTemp. 25 In N at N at Q..,.,.,. en... '5 '5 - N... - N N - - N.,... en en en C.,., '5 '5 '5 at at at. Q. Q. Q. Figure 5. Peak kernel and air temperatures for sun-exposed nuts under 0% T. 50 DAILY MAXIMUM TMPRATUR 0% Shade - ọ - 45 f 40 ::J - ọ Kemal -e- AirTemp IIIIIT In N at N - N... - N N '5 '5 01 Q. - - N C.,., '5 '5 '5 at at at. Q. Q. Q..,... en en en.,.,.,. ::J en... Figure 6. Peak kernel and air 0% T. temperatures for shaded nuts under -77- \,
8 50 DIURNAL NUT TMPRATUR Jul Sun xposed - ụ Kemal. :J ō to- o - NI'). 1I)4G, GtO - NI').11'I 4G,.. Gt 0 - NI') NNNN Figure 7. Diurnal temperatures of sun-exposed nuts under 0% T on July 1; a relatively enol day. 50 DIURNAL NUT Jul TMPRATUR Sun xposed - ụ K.mal. 40 -e- Hull. o NI'). 11'I 4G,.. Gt 0 N ). II)4G,.. Gt N ) N NNN Figure 8. Diurnal temperatures of sun-exposed nuts under 33% T on July 1. :J ō to- -78-
9 50-40 ụ - 30 DIURNALNUT TMPRATUR JuI.1--0% Shade Kemals -e- Hulls ::J ō I- o NGO_NGO_N NNNN Figure 9. Diurnal temperatures of shaded nuts under 0% T on July ụ DIURNAL NUT Kemals Hulls JuI.1--33% TMPRATUR Shade ::J ō I- o rttttltmttttttltttttlllllllllllll1 ttitii"ti1-mmltit1trri.--:.:..... I N In G 0... N In G 0... N '" N N N N Figure. Diurnal temperatures of shaded nuts under 33% T on July
10 50 DIURNAL NUT Aug.3--0% TMPRATUR Sun xposed - ụ -a» Kemals 40.I -e- Hulls L- :J-o L- a» 0.20 a» o - N... 81) '"...II) GI 0.- N... 81) '"...II) GI 0.- N NNC'lN Figure 11. Diurnal temperatures of sun-exposed nuts under 0% T on August 3; a relatively hot day. 50 DIURNAL NUT TMPRATUR Aug.3--33% Sun xposed Kemall -e- Hulls uo-a»30 L- :J-o L- a» 0.20 a» o N )"'... GI 0.- N... 81) '"...II) GI 0.- N N NNN Figure 12. Diurnal temperatures of sun-exposed nuts under 33% T on August
Variability of Reference Evapotranspiration Across Nebraska
Know how. Know now. EC733 Variability of Reference Evapotranspiration Across Nebraska Suat Irmak, Extension Soil and Water Resources and Irrigation Specialist Kari E. Skaggs, Research Associate, Biological
More informationUnderstanding how vines deal with heat and water deficit
Understanding how vines deal with heat and water deficit Everard Edwards CSIRO AGRICULTURE & FOOD How hot is too hot? Cell death will occur in any vine tissue beyond a threshold (lethal) temperature cell
More informationCase Study Las Vegas, Nevada By: Susan Farkas Chika Nakazawa Simona Tamutyte Zhi-ya Wu AAE/AAL 330 Design with Climate
Case Study Las Vegas, Nevada By: Susan Farkas Chika Nakazawa Simona Tamutyte Zhi-ya Wu AAE/AAL 330 Design with Climate Professor Alfredo Fernandez-Gonzalez School of Architecture University of Nevada,
More informationEvaluating shrub architectural performance in sun and shade environments with the 3-D model Y-plant: are there optimal strategies?
Evaluating shrub architectural performance in sun and shade environments with the 3-D model Y-plant: are there optimal strategies? Robert W. Pearcy 1, Hiroyuki Muraoka 2 and Fernando Valladares 3 1 Section
More informationWeatherManager Weekly
Issue 288 July 14, 2016 WeatherManager Weekly Industries We Serve Agriculture Energy/Utilities Construction Transportation Retail Our Weather Protection Products Standard Temperature Products Lowest Daily
More informationHeat Damage in Blueberries Practices to reduce crop loss
Heat Damage in Blueberries Practices to reduce crop loss David Bryla USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR Co-PI: Julie Tarara, USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA PhD Student: Joy Yang, OSU Fruit cooling Sprinkler irrigation reduces
More informationThe Climate of Payne County
The Climate of Payne County Payne County is part of the Central Great Plains in the west, encompassing some of the best agricultural land in Oklahoma. Payne County is also part of the Crosstimbers in the
More informationIBHS Roof Aging Program Data and Condition Summary for 2015
IBHS Roof Aging Program Data and Condition Summary for 2015 Ian M. Giammanco Tanya M. Brown-Giammanco 1 Executive Summary In 2013, the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) began a long-term
More informationVermont Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) sites at Lye Brook and Mount Mansfield
Vermont Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) sites at Lye Brook and Mount Mansfield 13 Years of Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture Data Collection September 2000 September 2013 Soil Climate Analysis Network
More informationTemperature and light as ecological factors for plants
PLB/EVE 117 Plant Ecology Fall 2005 1 Temperature and light as ecological factors for plants I. Temperature as an environmental factor A. The influence of temperature as an environmental factor is pervasive
More informationPREDICTING SOIL SUCTION PROFILES USING PREVAILING WEATHER
PREDICTING SOIL SUCTION PROFILES USING PREVAILING WEATHER Ronald F. Reed, P.E. Member, ASCE rreed@reed-engineering.com Reed Engineering Group, Ltd. 2424 Stutz, Suite 4 Dallas, Texas 723 214-3-6 Abstract
More informationEXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS ON TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN CONCRETE BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL LOADINGS
EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS ON TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN CONCRETE BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL LOADINGS S. R. Abid 1, N. Tayşi 2, M. Özakça 3 ABSTRACT The effect of the fluctuation of air temperature
More informationPlant Water Stress Frequency and Periodicity in Western North Dakota
Plant Water Stress Frequency and Periodicity in Western North Dakota Llewellyn L. Manske PhD, Sheri Schneider, John A. Urban, and Jeffery J. Kubik Report DREC 10-1077 Range Research Program Staff North
More information1' U. S. Forest Products Laboratory. Weathering and decay. U.S. Forest Serv. Forest Prod. Lab. Tech. Note 221 (rev,), 2 pp. 1956, (Processed.
Number 171 Portland, Oregon August 1959 EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON ACCURACY OF FUEL-MOISTURE-INDICATOR STICKS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST by William Go Morris How much does weathering affect accuracy of fuel-moistureindicator
More informationSunlight and Temperature
Sunlight and Temperature Name Purpose: Study microclimate differences due to sunlight exposure, location, and surface; practice environmental measurements; study natural energy flows; compare measurements;
More informationMicroclimate. Climate & scale. Measuring a Microclimate Microclimates VARY. Microclimate factors. Aboveground environment.
Microenvironments Microenvironments Aboveground environment Belowground environment Edaphic factors soil environment Macroclimate Climate & scale Mesoclimate factors Temperature s VARY I. In Time Long
More informationthose in Arizona. This period would extend through the fall equinox (September 23, 1993). Thus, pending variation due to cloudiness, total light flux
PERFORMANCE OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS SEED TREATED WITH METHANOL Fred J. Crowe, D. Dale Coats, and Marvin D. Butler, Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center Abstract Foliar-applied methanol was purported
More informationSeptember 2018 Weather Summary West Central Research and Outreach Center Morris, MN
September 2018 Weather Summary The mean temperature for September was 60.6 F, which is 1.5 F above the average of 59.1 F (1886-2017). The high temperature for the month was 94 F on September 16 th. The
More informationThe Climate of Marshall County
The Climate of Marshall County Marshall County is part of the Crosstimbers. This region is a transition region from the Central Great Plains to the more irregular terrain of southeastern Oklahoma. Average
More informationInnovative Sustainable Technology
Innovative Sustainable Technology DIG is committed to practices that contribute to irrigation and energy efficiency, creating healthy living conditions while maintaining environmentally sound operating
More informationCIMIS. California Irrigation Management Information System
CIMIS California Irrigation Management Information System What is CIMIS? A network of over 130 fully automated weather stations that collect weather data throughout California and provide estimates of
More informationAn Online Platform for Sustainable Water Management for Ontario Sod Producers
An Online Platform for Sustainable Water Management for Ontario Sod Producers 2014 Season Update Kyle McFadden January 30, 2015 Overview In 2014, 26 weather stations in four configurations were installed
More informationLOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA Monthly Summary July 2013
Deg. Days Precip Ty Precip Wind Solar Hu- Adj. to Sea Level mid- ity Avg Res Res Peak Minute 1 fog 2 hvy fog 3 thunder 4 ice plt 5 hail 6 glaze 7 duststm 8 smk, hz 9 blw snw 1 2 3 4A 4B 5 6 7 8 9 12 14
More informationNovember 2018 Weather Summary West Central Research and Outreach Center Morris, MN
November 2018 Weather Summary Lower than normal temperatures occurred for the second month. The mean temperature for November was 22.7 F, which is 7.2 F below the average of 29.9 F (1886-2017). This November
More informationChampaign-Urbana 1999 Annual Weather Summary
Champaign-Urbana 1999 Annual Weather Summary ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY 2204 Griffith Dr. Champaign, IL 61820 wxobsrvr@sws.uiuc.edu Maria Peters, Weather Observer A major snowstorm kicked off the new
More informationWhat is happening to the Jamaican climate?
What is happening to the Jamaican climate? Climate Change and Jamaica: Why worry? Climate Studies Group, Mona (CSGM) Department of Physics University of the West Indies, Mona Part 1 RAIN A FALL, BUT DUTTY
More informationThe Climate of Seminole County
The Climate of Seminole County Seminole County is part of the Crosstimbers. This region is a transition region from the Central Great Plains to the more irregular terrain of southeastern Oklahoma. Average
More informationUsing Sprinklers to Reduce Freeze Injury to Blueberries
Using Sprinklers to Reduce Freeze Injury to Blueberries Mark Longstroth Extension Small Fruit Educator Paw Paw, Michigan Cold Front Coming Types of Frost Radiation Clear skies Calm Winds Advective Cold
More informationThe Colorado Agricultural no Meteorological Network (CoAgMet) and Crop ET Reports
C R O P S E R I E S Irrigation Quick Facts The Colorado Agricultural no. 4.723 Meteorological Network (CoAgMet) and Crop ET Reports A.A. Andales, T. A. Bauder and N. J. Doesken 1 (10/09) CoAgMet is a network
More informationNIDIS Intermountain West Drought Early Warning System September 4, 2018
NIDIS Drought and Water Assessment NIDIS Intermountain West Drought Early Warning System September 4, 2018 Precipitation The images above use daily precipitation statistics from NWS COOP, CoCoRaHS, and
More informationEnergy Systems, Structures and Processes Essential Standard: Analyze patterns of global climate change over time Learning Objective: Differentiate
Energy Systems, Structures and Processes Essential Standard: Analyze patterns of global climate change over time Learning Objective: Differentiate between weather and climate Global Climate Focus Question
More informationLOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA Monthly Summary September 2016
Deg. Days Precip Ty Precip Wind Solar Hu- Adj. to Sea Level mid- ity Avg Res Res Peak 2 Minute 1 fog 2 hvy fog 3 thunder 4 ice plt 5 hail 6 glaze 7 duststm 8 smk, hz 9 blw snw 1 2 3 4A 4B 5 6 7 8 9 11
More informationGrapevine Water Relations
16 1 2 1 Grapevine Water Relations L a r r y E. W i l l i a m s Water is important to all living organisms. It is an essential constituent of cells: 8 to 9 percent of the fresh weight of living cells is
More information14 Heating and Cooling of Planets AND Daytime Observations
Name: Date: 14 Heating and Cooling of Planets AND Daytime Observations 14.1 Heating and Cooling Introduction With this lab exercise we will investigate the ability of the radiant energy from the Sun to
More informationTitle Sorghum/Cotton Rotation under Extreme Deficit Irrigation Conditions. Location Texas Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Halfway, TX
Title Sorghum/Cotton Rotation under Extreme Deficit Irrigation Conditions Participants James P. Bordovsky, TAES, Lubbock/Halfway Calvin Trostle, TAEX, Lubbock Eduardo Segarra, Texas Tech, TAES, Lubbock
More informationWeather and Climate of the Rogue Valley By Gregory V. Jones, Ph.D., Southern Oregon University
Weather and Climate of the Rogue Valley By Gregory V. Jones, Ph.D., Southern Oregon University The Rogue Valley region is one of many intermountain valley areas along the west coast of the United States.
More informationPoultry Housing Tips Side wall inlet light hoods. Volume 15 Number 8 September, 2003
The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural and Environmental Science/Athens, Georgia 362-4356 Poultry Housing Tips Side wall inlet light hoods. Volume 15 Number 8 September,
More informationClimate Change Impact on Air Temperature, Daily Temperature Range, Growing Degree Days, and Spring and Fall Frost Dates In Nebraska
EXTENSION Know how. Know now. Climate Change Impact on Air Temperature, Daily Temperature Range, Growing Degree Days, and Spring and Fall Frost Dates In Nebraska EC715 Kari E. Skaggs, Research Associate
More informationImpact on Agriculture
Weather Variability and the Impact on Agriculture InfoAg 2017 Copyright 2017, awhere. All Rights Reserved The Problem: The Earth s Atmosphere is a Heat Engine In transition 1 C warming of atmosphere Triples
More informationImportance. The Reaction of Life : The conversion of the sun s energy into a form man and other living creatures can use.
PLANT PROCESSES Photosynthesis Importance The Reaction of Life : The conversion of the sun s energy into a form man and other living creatures can use. Photo light Synthesis to put together 3 Important
More informationThe Effect of Night Temperature on Cotton Reproductive Development
The Effect of Night Temperature on Cotton Reproductive Development Item Type text; Article Authors Zeiher, Carolyn A.; Brown, Paul W.; Silvertooth, Jeffrey C.; Matumba, Nkonko; Mitton, Nancy Publisher
More informationClimate briefing. Wellington region, May Alex Pezza and Mike Thompson Environmental Science Department
Climate briefing Wellington region, May 2016 Alex Pezza and Mike Thompson Environmental Science Department For more information, contact the Greater Wellington Regional Council: Wellington PO Box 11646
More information9/16/08 Tuesday. Chapter 3. Properties of Light. Light the Astronomer s Tool. and sometimes it can be described as a particle!
9/16/08 Tuesday Announce: Observations? Milky Way Center movie Moon s Surface Gravity movie Questions on Gravity from Ch. 2 Ch. 3 Newton Movie Chapter 3 Light and Atoms Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies,
More informationCLIMATE OVERVIEW. Thunder Bay Climate Overview Page 1 of 5
CLIMATE OVERVIEW The climate in the Thunder Bay area is typical of a mid-latitude inland location with a Great Lake Moderating influence. The moderating effect of Lake Superior results in cooler summer
More informationEffect of high temperature exposure time during ower bud formation on the occurrence of double pistils in `Satohnishiki' sweet cherry
Scientia Horticulturae 87 (2001) 77±84 Effect of high temperature exposure time during ower bud formation on the occurrence of double pistils in `Satohnishiki' sweet cherry Kenji Beppu *, Takayuki Ikeda,
More informationRegents Earth Science Unit 7: Water Cycle and Climate
Regents Earth Science Unit 7: Water Cycle and Climate Name Section Coastal and Continental Temperature Ranges Lab # Introduction: There are large variations in average monthly temperatures among cities
More informationThe Climate of Murray County
The Climate of Murray County Murray County is part of the Crosstimbers. This region is a transition between prairies and the mountains of southeastern Oklahoma. Average annual precipitation ranges from
More informationBESPOKEWeather Services Monday Afternoon Update: SLIGHTLY BULLISH
Monday Afternoon Update: SLIGHTLY BULLISH Report Summary: The September natural gas contract declined a bit less than a percent today, recovering through the afternoon after heavy selling this morning.
More informationNIDIS Intermountain West Drought Early Warning System October 17, 2017
NIDIS Drought and Water Assessment NIDIS Intermountain West Drought Early Warning System October 17, 2017 Precipitation The images above use daily precipitation statistics from NWS COOP, CoCoRaHS, and
More informationADVANCED ROOF COATINGS: MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
ADVANCED ROOF COATINGS: MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Abstract J.M. Bell 1 and G.B. Smith 2 The use of low emittance and high solar reflectance coatings is widespread in window glazings, wall and roof
More informationWheat disease forecasting using weather radar observations
Wheat disease forecasting using weather radar observations A. Mahtour 1, M. El Jarroudi 1, L. Delobbe 2, L. Hoffmann 3, H. Maraite 4, B. Tychon 1 1 Université de Liège, B-6700 Arlon, Belgium, amahtour@alumni.ulg.ac.be
More informationOBSERVATIONS OF THE RED SPOT ON JUPITER. Bradford A. Smith and Clyde W. Tombaugh. Research Center New Mexico State University
OBSERVATIONS OF THE RED SPOT ON JUPITER Bradford A. Smith and Clyde W. Tombaugh Research Center New Mexico State University Photographic observations of the Red Spot on Jupiter have been made on 33 dates
More informationThe Climate of Bryan County
The Climate of Bryan County Bryan County is part of the Crosstimbers throughout most of the county. The extreme eastern portions of Bryan County are part of the Cypress Swamp and Forest. Average annual
More informationRange Cattle Research and Education Center January CLIMATOLOGICAL REPORT 2012 Range Cattle Research and Education Center.
1 Range Cattle Research and Education Center January 2013 Research Report RC-2013-1 CLIMATOLOGICAL REPORT 2012 Range Cattle Research and Education Center Brent Sellers Weather conditions strongly influence
More informationPREDICTING THE SPREAD AND SEVERITY OF POTATO LATE BLIGHT (PHYTOPHTHORA INFES TANS) IN OREGON, 2003
PREDCTNG THE SPREAD AND SEVERTY OF POTATO LATE BLGHT (PHYTOPHTHORA NFES TANS) N OREGON, 23 Clinton C. Shock, Cedric Shock, Lamont Saunders, and Susan Sullivan Malheur Experiment Station Lynn Jensen Malheur
More informationBreeding for Drought Resistance in Cacao Paul Hadley
Breeding for Drought Resistance in Cacao Paul Hadley University of Reading Second American Cocoa Breeders Meeting, El Salvador, 9-11 September 215 9 September 215 University of Reading 26 www.reading.ac.uk
More information5. In which diagram is the observer experiencing the greatest intensity of insolation? A) B)
1. Which factor has the greatest influence on the number of daylight hours that a particular Earth surface location receives? A) longitude B) latitude C) diameter of Earth D) distance from the Sun 2. In
More informationThe inputs and outputs of energy within the earth-atmosphere system that determines the net energy available for surface processes is the Energy
Energy Balance The inputs and outputs of energy within the earth-atmosphere system that determines the net energy available for surface processes is the Energy Balance Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic
More informationVolume XIV, Number 1 January 6, 2014
Research & Extension for the Potato Industry of Idaho, Oregon, & Washington Andrew Jensen, Editor. ajensen@potatoes.com; 208-939-9965 www.nwpotatoresearch.com Volume XIV, Number 1 January 6, 2014 Accuracy
More informationAn ENSO-Neutral Winter
An ENSO-Neutral Winter This issue of the Blue Water Outlook newsletter is devoted towards my thoughts on the long range outlook for winter. You will see that I take a comprehensive approach to this outlook
More informationThe Colorado Climate Center at CSU. residents of the state through its threefold
The CoAgMet Network: Overview History and How It Overview, Works N l Doesken Nolan D k and d Wendy W d Ryan R Colorado Climate Center Colorado State University First -- A short background In 1973 the federal
More informationWhich Earth latitude receives the greatest intensity of insolation when Earth is at the position shown in the diagram? A) 0 B) 23 N C) 55 N D) 90 N
1. In which list are the forms of electromagnetic energy arranged in order from longest to shortest wavelengths? A) gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light B) radio waves, infrared rays, visible
More informationThe Climate of Kiowa County
The Climate of Kiowa County Kiowa County is part of the Central Great Plains, encompassing some of the best agricultural land in Oklahoma. Average annual precipitation ranges from about 24 inches in northwestern
More informationEffect of 1-MCP on Water Relations Parameters of Well-Watered and Water-Stressed Cotton Plants
Effect of 1-MCP on Water Relations Parameters of Well-Watered and Water-Stressed Cotton Plants Eduardo M. Kawakami, Derrick M. Oosterhuis, and John L. Snider 1 RESEARCH PROBLEM The cotton crop in the U.S.
More informationTopic # 12 How Climate Works
Topic # 12 How Climate Works A Primer on How the Energy Balance Drives Atmospheric & Oceanic Circulation, Natural Climatic Processes pp 63-68 in Class Notes How do we get energy from this........ to drive
More informationThe Relationship between Vegetation Changes and Cut-offs in the Lower Yellow River Based on Satellite and Ground Data
Journal of Natural Disaster Science, Volume 27, Number 1, 2005, pp1-7 The Relationship between Vegetation Changes and Cut-offs in the Lower Yellow River Based on Satellite and Ground Data Xiufeng WANG
More information2006 Drought in the Netherlands (20 July 2006)
2006 Drought in the Netherlands (20 July 2006) Henny A.J. van Lanen, Wageningen University, the Netherlands (henny.vanlanen@wur.nl) The Netherlands is suffering from tropical heat and it is facing a meteorological
More informationEXERTIONAL HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION
EXERTIONAL HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION MINIMIZING EXERTIONAL HEAT ILLNESS IN TRIATHLON The incidence of exertional heat stroke (EHS) varies from event to event and increases with rising ambient temperature
More informationFOREST TREE PHYSIOLOGY RESEARCH AT THE OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
FOREST TREE PHYSIOLOGY RESEARCH AT THE OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION JOHN HACSKAYLO AND WILLIAM E. GOSLIN Department of Forestry, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster The research in tree
More informationUnderstanding Cranberry Frost Hardiness
40 Understanding Cranberry Frost Hardiness Beth Ann A. Workmaster and Jiwan P. Palta Department of Horticulture University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 phone: (608) 262-5782 or 262-5350 email: palta@calshp.cals.wisc.edu
More informationThe Climate of Texas County
The Climate of Texas County Texas County is part of the Western High Plains in the north and west and the Southwestern Tablelands in the east. The Western High Plains are characterized by abundant cropland
More informationThe Climate of Grady County
The Climate of Grady County Grady County is part of the Central Great Plains, encompassing some of the best agricultural land in Oklahoma. Average annual precipitation ranges from about 33 inches in northern
More informationATMOSPHERIC ENERGY and GLOBAL TEMPERATURES. Physical Geography (Geog. 300) Prof. Hugh Howard American River College
ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY and GLOBAL TEMPERATURES Physical Geography (Geog. 300) Prof. Hugh Howard American River College RADIATION FROM the SUN SOLAR RADIATION Primarily shortwave (UV-SIR) Insolation Incoming
More informationCLIMATOLOGICAL REPORT 2002
Range Cattle Research and Education Center Research Report RC-2003-1 February 2003 CLIMATOLOGICAL REPORT 2002 Range Cattle Research and Education Center R. S. Kalmbacher Professor, IFAS, Range Cattle Research
More informationGEOG415 Mid-term Exam 110 minute February 27, 2003
GEOG415 Mid-term Exam 110 minute February 27, 2003 1 Name: ID: 1. The graph shows the relationship between air temperature and saturation vapor pressure. (a) Estimate the relative humidity of an air parcel
More information2.4. Model Outputs Result Chart Growth Weather Water Yield trend Results Single year Results Individual run Across-run summary
2.4. Model Outputs Once a simulation run has completed, a beep will sound and the Result page will show subsequently. Other output pages, including Chart, Growth, Weather, Water, and Yield trend, can be
More information2008 Growing Season. Niagara Region
28 Growing Season Niagara Region Weather INnovations Staff November 14, 28 Overview The start of the 28 growing season looked promising. After an extremely dry 27 growing season, soil moisture levels had
More informationConduction, Convection, & Radiation
Conduction, Convection, & Radiation Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science 2018-2019 VINSE/VSVS Rural I. Introduction- What is temperature? What is heat? Ask: what is temperature? scientific measure
More informationCommunity Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network
Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network NWS Gray and Matt Spies September 2016 Hello Observers! This is the first edition of a newsletter that we will be sending out to our current CoCoRaHS observers.
More informationSoil Temperatures Regime at Ahmedabad
Soil Temperatures Regime at Ahmedabad Girja Sharan Professor Cummins-IIMA Lab Centre for Management in Agriculture Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad Ratan Jadhav Project Officer SEWA Ahmedabad
More informationOASIS WIRELESS WEATHER STATION
User Manual 3910-B Royal Avenue, Simi Valley, Ca 93063 805-527-4498 RMIS Part No. 500760 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION General Description 3 General Precautions 3 INSTALLATION Base Preparation 6 Tower
More informationThe Climate of Pontotoc County
The Climate of Pontotoc County Pontotoc County is part of the Crosstimbers. This region is a transition region from the Central Great Plains to the more irregular terrain of southeast Oklahoma. Average
More informationLecture 4 Air Temperature. Measuring Temperature. Measuring Temperature. Surface & Air Temperature. Environmental Contrasts 3/27/2012
Lecture 4 Air Temperature Geo210 An Introduction to Physical Geography Temperature Concepts and Measurement Temperature the average kinetic energy (motion) of molecules of matter Temperature Scales Fahrenheit
More informationPrecipitation. Standardized Precipitation Index. NIDIS Intermountain West Drought Early Warning System September 5, 2017
9/6/2017 NIDIS Drought and Water Assessment NIDIS Intermountain West Drought Early Warning System September 5, 2017 Precipitation The images above use daily precipitation statistics from NWS COOP, CoCoRaHS,
More informationThe Climate of Haskell County
The Climate of Haskell County Haskell County is part of the Hardwood Forest. The Hardwood Forest is characterized by its irregular landscape and the largest lake in Oklahoma, Lake Eufaula. Average annual
More informationTILT, DAYLIGHT AND SEASONS WORKSHEET
TILT, DAYLIGHT AND SEASONS WORKSHEET Activity Description: Students will use a data table to make a graph for the length of day and average high temperature in Utah. They will then answer questions based
More informationComparison of Scaled Canopy Temperatures with Measured Results under Center Pivot Irrigation
Comparison of Scaled Canopy Temperatures with Measured Results under Center Pivot Irrigation R. Troy Peters, Ph.D. USDA-ARS, P.O. Drawer, Bushland, TX 79, tpeters@cprl.ars.usda.gov. Steven R. Evett, Ph.D.
More informationTORO SENTINEL APPLICATION NOTE AN01: ET-BASED PROGRAMMING
TORO SENTINEL APPLICATION NOTE AN01: ET-BASED PROGRAMMING Version: 12-17-2010 ET-BASED IRRIGATION IN SENTINEL Irrigating by ET: In order to irrigate by ET in Sentinel, the user has to perform a number
More informationProject Title: Evaluation of environmental data used for IPM models. PI: Vincent P. Jones Co-PI (2): Ute Chambers
FINAL PROJECT REPORT Project Title: Evaluation of environmental data used for IPM models PI: Vincent P. Jones Co-PI (2): Ute Chambers Organization: WSU-TFREC Organization: WSU-TFREC Telephone: 509-663-8181
More informationDETERMINATION OF THE OCULAR DOSE AND THE ENERGY BUDGET OF THE EYE IN RELATION TO SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
DETERMINATION OF THE OCULAR DOSE AND THE ENERGY BUDGET OF THE EYE IN RELATION TO SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION Michael Gyan*, Abraham Amankwah University of Ghana - Department of physics Correspondence to:
More informationBaton Rouge Climate Summary: July 2014
Baton Rouge Climate Summary: July 2014 (based on available data as of 07 August 2014) July Weather Highlights: - 2014 s run of cooler-than-normal weather continues - three July cool fronts very uncommon
More informationMinnesota s Climatic Conditions, Outlook, and Impacts on Agriculture. Today. 1. The weather and climate of 2017 to date
Minnesota s Climatic Conditions, Outlook, and Impacts on Agriculture Kenny Blumenfeld, State Climatology Office Crop Insurance Conference, Sep 13, 2017 Today 1. The weather and climate of 2017 to date
More informationNIDIS Intermountain West Drought Early Warning System August 8, 2017
NIDIS Drought and Water Assessment 8/8/17, 4:43 PM NIDIS Intermountain West Drought Early Warning System August 8, 2017 Precipitation The images above use daily precipitation statistics from NWS COOP,
More informationAtmospheric Sciences 321. Science of Climate. Lecture 14: Surface Energy Balance Chapter 4
Atmospheric Sciences 321 Science of Climate Lecture 14: Surface Energy Balance Chapter 4 Community Business Check the assignments HW #4 due Today, HW#5 is posted Quiz Today on Chapter 3, too. Mid Term
More informationRange Cattle Research and Education Center January CLIMATOLOGICAL REPORT 2016 Range Cattle Research and Education Center.
1 Range Cattle Research and Education Center January 2017 Research Report RC-2017-1 CLIMATOLOGICAL REPORT 2016 Range Cattle Research and Education Center Brent Sellers Weather conditions strongly influence
More informationLAB 2: Earth Sun Relations
LAB 2: Earth Sun Relations Name School The amount of solar energy striking the Earth s atmosphere is not uniform; distances, angles and seasons play a dominant role on this distribution of radiation. Needless
More informationGreat Lakes Update. Volume 188: 2012 Annual Summary
Great Lakes Update Volume 188: 2012 Annual Summary Background The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) tracks the water levels of each of the Great Lakes. This report highlights hydrologic conditions of
More informationCHAPTER 3. The sun and the seasons. Locating the position of the sun
zenith 90 observer summer solstice 75 altitude angles equinox 52 winter solstice 29 Figure 3.1: Solar noon altitude angles for Melbourne SOUTH winter midday shadow WEST summer midday shadow summer EAST
More informationUsing Temperature and Dew Point to Aid Forecasting Springtime Radiational Frost and/or Freezing Temperatures in the NWS La Crosse Service Area
Using Temperature and Dew Point to Aid Forecasting Springtime Radiational Frost and/or Freezing Temperatures in the NWS La Crosse Service Area WFO La Crosse Climatology Series #21 The formation of radiational
More informationWhich table correctly shows the dates on which the apparent paths of the Sun were observed? A) B) C) D)
1. The diagram below represents the horizon and the Sun's apparent paths, A, B, and C, on three different dates, as viewed from the same location in New York State. Which table correctly shows the dates
More information