5. In which diagram is the observer experiencing the greatest intensity of insolation? A) B)

Transcription

1 1. Which factor has the greatest influence on the number of daylight hours that a particular Earth surface location receives? A) longitude B) latitude C) diameter of Earth D) distance from the Sun 2. In New York State, the risk of sunburn is greatest between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. on summer days because A) the air temperature is hot B) the angle of insolation is high C) Earth's surface reflects most of the sunlight D) the Sun is closest to Earth 3. Which graph best represents the general relationship between latitude and average surface temperature? A) B) C) D) 4. The average temperature at Earth s equator is higher than the average temperature at Earth s South Pole because the South Pole A) receives less intense insolation B) receives more infrared radiation C) has less land area D) has more cloud cover

2 5. In which diagram is the observer experiencing the greatest intensity of insolation? A) B) 9. The diagram below shows the apparent path of the Sun as viewed by an observer at a certain Earth location on March 21. C) D) At which latitude is the observer located? 6. If Earth s axis were tilted less than 23.5, which seasonal average temperature change would occur in New York State? A) Spring and fall would be cooler. B) Spring and fall would be warmer. C) Winter would be cooler. D) Summer would be cooler. 7. If Earth s axis were tilted 35 instead of 23.5, the average temperatures in Vermont would most likely A) decrease in both summer and winter B) decrease in summer and increase in winter C) increase in summer and decrease in winter D) increase in both summer and winter 8. How many times will the Sun s perpendicular rays cross Earth s Equator between March 1 of one year and March 1 of the next year? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 A) the Equator (0 ) B) 23 N C) 66 N D) 90 N

3 10. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows the tilt of Earth on its axis in relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A through E are locations on Earth s surface. Point D is located in Virginia. The dashed line represents Earth s axis. Which diagram best represents the angle of the Sun s rays received at location C at noon on this day? A) B) C) D)

4 11. The diagram below shows Earth revolving around the Sun. 13. The diagram below shows the noontime shadow cast by a vertical post located in New Jersey. Which letter indicates a location south of the post? At which location in Earth's orbit will the maximum surface temperatures occur in Earth's Northern Hemisphere? A) at A B) between B and C C) between D and A D) at D 12. Base your answer to the following question on the latitude and longitude system shown below. The map represents a part of the Earth's surface and its latitude-longitude coordinates. Points A through F represent locations in this area. A) A B) B C) C D) D Which location would have the greatest angle of insolation on June 21? A) A B) E C) C D) F

5 14. Which graph best represents the intensity of insolation and the surface temperature for a location at the Equator? 15. The diagram below shows the position of the Earth in relation to rays of light from the Sun. A, B, and C are three positions on the Earth's surface. A) B) Which graph best shows the relationship between intensity of insolation and position on the Earth's surface? A) B) C) C) D) D) 16. The graph below shows the general relationship between latitude and the duration of insolation on a particular day of the year. Which date is represented by the graph? A) March 21 B) June 21 C) September 21 D) December 21

6 Base your answers to questions 17 and 18 on the graph below, which shows the amount of insolation during one year at four different latitudes on Earth s surface. 17. This graph shows that insolation varies with A) latitude and time of day B) latitude and time of year C) longitude and time of day D) longitude and time of year 18. Why is insolation 0 cal/cm 2 /min from October through February at 90º N? A) Snowfields reflect sunlight during that time. B) Dust in the atmosphere blocks sunlight during that time. C) The Sun is continually below the horizon during that time. D) Intense cold prevents insolation from being absorbed during that time. 19. In Maine, which day has the shortest duration of insolation? A) March 21 B) June 21 C) June 21 D) December When do maximum surface temperatures usually occur in the Northern Hemisphere? A) early June to mid-june B) mid-july to early August C) late August to mid-september D) mid-september to early October 21. In the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, the warmest month is usually A) February B) July C) April D) October 22. Ozone is important to life on Earth because ozone A) cools refrigerators and air-conditioners B) absorbs energy that is reradiated by Earth C) absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation D) destroys excess atmospheric carbon dioxide 23. Which change would cause a decrease in the amount of insolation absorbed at Earths surface? A) a decrease in cloud cover B) a decrease in atmospheric transparency C) an increase in the duration of daylight D) an increase in nitrogen gas 24. Most insolation striking a smooth, light-colored, solid surface is A) refracted B) transmitted C) reflected D) absorbed

7 25. The diagram below indicates the amount of solar radiation that is reflected by equal areas of various materials on Earth's surface. Which material absorbs the most solar radiation? A) grassy field B) fresh snow C) sand D) forest 26. Equal areas of which surface would most likely absorb the most insolation? A) smooth, white surface B) rough, white surface C) smooth, black surface D) rough, black surface 27. The diagram below represents energy being absorbed and reradiated by the Earth. Which type of energy is represented by the radiation at B? A) insolation B) visible light C) ultraviolet rays D) infrared energy

8 28. The graph below shows changes in carbon dioxide concentrations in Earth's atmosphere over a 140-year period. Carbon dioxide concentrations are shown in parts per million (ppm). This significant change in CO2 concentration is most likely caused by A) decreased cloud cover, and is predicted to decrease average global temperatures B) decreased volcanic activity, and is predicted to increase average global temperatures C) increased use of fossil fuels, and is predicted to increase average global temperatures D) increased EI Niño activity, and is predicted to decrease average global temperatures 29. Deforestation increases the greenhouse effect on Earth because deforestation causes the atmosphere to contain A) more carbon dioxide, which absorbs infrared radiation B) less carbon dioxide, which absorbs short-wave radiation C) more oxygen, which absorbs infrared radiation D) less oxygen, which absorbs short-wave radiation 30. Which two gases have been added to Earth s atmosphere in large amounts and are believed to have increased global warming by absorbing infrared radiation? A) neon and argon B) chlorine and nitrogen C) hydrogen and helium D) methane and carbon dioxide

9 31. Base your answer to the following question on the table and map below. The table shows the duration of insolation, in hours, at Barrow, Alaska, on the twentieth day of each month during The map shows the location of Barrow at 71 N W. Explain why Barrow receives 0 hours of insolation on December 20. Base your answers to questions 32 through 34 on the passage below. Ozone in Earth s Atmosphere Ozone is a special form of oxygen. Unlike the oxygen we breathe, which is composed of two atoms of oxygen, ozone is composed of three atoms of oxygen. A concentrated ozone layer between 10 and 30 miles above Earth s surface absorbs some of the harmful ultraviolet radiation coming from the Sun. The amount of ultraviolet light reaching Earth s surface is directly related to the angle of incoming solar radiation. The greater the Sun s angle of insolation, the greater the amount of ultraviolet light that reaches Earth s surface. If the ozone layer were completely destroyed, the ultraviolet light reaching Earth s surface would most likely increase human health problems, such as skin cancer and eye damage. 32. Assuming clear atmospheric conditions, on what day of the year do people in New York State most likely receive the most ultraviolet radiation from the Sun? 33. Explain how the concentrated ozone layer above Earth s surface is beneficial to humans. 34. State the name of the temperature zone of Earth s atmosphere where the concentrated layer of ozone gas exists.

10 Base your answers to questions 35 through 38 on the diagram below, which shows Earth as seen from above the North Pole. The curved arrows show the direction of Earth s motion. The shaded portion represents the nighttime side of Earth. Some of the latitude and longitude lines have been labeled. Points A and B represent locations on Earth s surface. 35. Explain why the angle of insolation at solar noon is greater at point B than at point A. 36. Identify one possible date that is represented by the diagram. 37. If it is 4:00 p.m. at point B, what is the time at point A? 38. On the diagram above, draw a curved arrow, starting at point B, showing the general direction that planetary surface winds flow between 30 N and 60 N latitude.

11 39. The diagram below represents the horizon and the Sun's apparent paths, A, B, and C, on three different dates, as viewed from the same location in New York State. Which table correctly shows the dates on which the apparent paths of the Sun were observed? A) B) C) D) 40. During which Northern Hemisphere season is Earth closest to the Sun? A) spring B) summer C) autumn D) winter

12 41. Which diagram represents the apparent path of the Sun on March 21 for an observer at the equator? A) B) C) D)

13 42. Base your answer to the following question on diagram and data table below. The diagram represents the Sun's apparent paths as viewed by an observer located at 50 N latitude on June 21 and March 21. The data table shows the Sun's maximum altitude for the same two dates of the year. The Sun's maximum altitude for December 21 has been left blank. Which statement best compares the intensity and angle of insolation at noon on March 21 and June 21? A) The intensity and angle of insolation are greatest on March 21. B) The intensity and angle of insolation are greatest on June 21. C) The intensity of insolation is greatest on June 21 and the angle of insolation is greatest on March 21. D) The intensity of insolation is greatest on March 21 and the angle of insolation is greatest on June On which day of the year does the Sun reach the greatest altitude at solar noon in New York City? A) June 21 B) July 21 C) August 21 D) September 21

14 44. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents Earth revolving around the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent Earth's location in its orbit on the first day of the four seasons. NP represents the North Pole. 45. The diagram below shows Earth as viewed from space. Which diagram best represents the Sun's apparent path as seen by an observer at 43.5 N latitude on December 21? A) Which season is beginning in the Northern Hemisphere? A) spring B) summer C) fall D) winter 46. At which latitude is the Sun directly overhead on certain days of the year? A) 23.5 N B) 42 N C) 66.5 N D) 90 N B) C) D)

15 47. Base your answer to the following question on the map and graph below. The map shows two cities, Arica and Rio de Janeiro, located on opposite coasts of South America. Both cities are near sea level. The graph shows the average monthly temperatures for the cities. The summer season at Arica and Rio de Janeiro occurs from approximately A) March 21 through June 20 B) June 21 through September 22 C) September 23 through December 20 D) December 21 through March The diagram below shows Earth's orbit around the Sun. Locations A, B, C, and D represent Earth on the first day of each season. Which location represents March 21? A) A B) B C) C D) D

16 Base your answers to questions 49 and 50 on diagram below, which represents the Sun s apparent paths and the solar noon positions for an observer at 42 N latitude on December 21, September 23, and June Which graph best shows the altitude of the Sun, as measured by the observer located at 42 N, at various times on December 21? A) B) C) D) 50. How many hours occurred between sunrise and solar noon on September 23? A) 6 B) 8 C) 12 D) 24