Lecture 4 Air Temperature. Measuring Temperature. Measuring Temperature. Surface & Air Temperature. Environmental Contrasts 3/27/2012
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1 Lecture 4 Air Temperature Geo210 An Introduction to Physical Geography Temperature Concepts and Measurement Temperature the average kinetic energy (motion) of molecules of matter Temperature Scales Fahrenheit U.S., Jamaica water freezes absolute zero Celsius most of world uses 0 - water freezes C - Absolute Zero Kelvin scientific world water freezes 0 K absolute zero Michael Paluzzi Measuring Temperature Thermometer Alcohol cold climates Freezes at 170 F Mercury Freezes at F As liquid is heated, it expands Min-max thermometer Current (62 F) Minimum (58 F) maximum (76 F) daily temperatures are displayed Measuring Temperature Instrument Shelter Stored outside Out of direct sunlight in small enclosures White reflectance 4-6 above ground Grassy surface Temps recorded at set intervals Hourly, daily, etc. Environmental Contrasts Urban and Rural Temperatures Surface materials influence temperature strongly Transpiration: the process by which plants lose water to the atmosphere by evaporation through leaf pores Evapotranspiration: the combined water flow to the atmosphere by evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants Surface & Air Temperature The Urban Heat Island City centers tend to be several degrees warmer than surrounding suburbs and countryside. Urban Heat Island: area at the center of a city that has a higher temperature than surrounding regions 1
2 1. Latitude Affects insolation Insolation amount of solar radiation received Farther from the equator, weaker the suns rays are Salvador, Brazil 13 S lat New Orleans, 30 N Edinburgh, Scotland 56 N, 134 meters Montreal 45.5 N, 57 m Barrow, AK 71 N 2. Altitude High altitude has greater daily range Nighttime cooling is greater High altitude has lower annual average Atmosphere is less dense at higher altitudes Fewer air molecules sun s rays stronger Concepcion, Bolivia 16, 490 m La Paz, Bolivia 16, 4100m Air Temperature Cycles Mean Air Temperature Peru 15 S 15 day period in July As elevation increases Daily temperature decreases Temperature range increases 3. Cloud Cover 50% of earth covered by clouds at any given time Helping to moderate temperatures cooler days, warmer nights when cloudy Lower daytime temperatures blocking suns rays High albedo - reflectance Raise nighttime temperatures insulating the ground Places lacking cloud cover cool rapidly Alexander von Humboldt (early 1800 s) declines in temperature as he ascended to higher elevations Altitudinal zonation - the relationship between cooler temperatures at higher elevations and changes in vegetation based on the normal lapse rate Normal lapse rate: temperature is the average decrease in temp with altitude through the troposphere (up to 11 miles from the surface). 3.5 F/1000 (6.5 C/1000m) Basically - as altitude increases, temps decrease Normal Lapse Rate 2
3 : reversal of normal temperature pattern so that air temperature increases with altitude Evaporation Most evaporation occurs over the oceans (84%) Water heat is absorbed in water vapor Results in lower temperatures Land less heat is absorbed (due to less evaporation) Less moderated than over water Transparency Land opaque light is absorbed heating the ground surface Min and max temps occur at the surface Temps remain relatively constant below the surface Water transparent light penetrates to avg. of 60 m Specific heat heat capacity of a substance Water has a higher specific heat (4x) Therefore more energy is needed to raise the temperature of water Takes longer for water to warm than land This is why the ocean is cold in the early summer months Movement Land rigid does not move no mixing between layers Water fluid capable of movement Currents result in mixing cooler and warmer water Surface water and deeper water mix 3
4 Ocean currents and sea surface temperatures Ocean temperature impacts land temperatures Warm ocean current brings warm water north to southeastern Iceland 65 Latitude but average is above freezing all year long Seasonal shift in ocean temperatures Marine effect exhibit moderate influences of the ocean (ex. Vancouver, BC) Continental effects areas less affected by the sea, therefore have greater range between max and min temperatures (Winnipeg, Manitoba) Both 49 N Vancouver - 28 F temp. range Winnipeg - 64 F Temp range Marine effect San Francisco, CA Continental effects Wichita, Kansas Both 37 N San Francisco - 16 F temp. range Wichita - 49 F Temp range Earth s Temperature Patterns January Temperature Map Thermal equator moves southward Isotherm connecting all points of highest mean temperature Isotherm an isoline connecting points of equal temperature (contour line) Movement more pronounced over large continents In the Northern Hemispheric summer - north of the geographical equator and moves south in the winter. Earth s Temperature Patterns July Temperature Map Thermal equator moves northward More pronounced over large continents Global Temperature Ranges Greatest in the vast interiors of large continents (North America & Asia). (Continental Effect) Least in maritime regions (Marine Effect) Global annual temperature ranges (Jan. vs. July means) 4
5 Air Temperature & the Human Body Wind chill is the temperature felt on exposed skin due to the combination of air temperature and wind speed. Air Temperature & the Human Body The Heat index combines air temperature and relative humidity to determine an apparent temperature Basically it s how hot it actually feels. 5
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