Comparative Analysis of Cassava Peeling Concept of an Automated System

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1 M. O. Jimoh e al.: Compaaive Analysis of Cassava Peeling Concep of an Auomaed Sysem 58 Compaaive Analysis of Cassava Peeling Concep of an Auomaed Sysem Musa O. Jimoh a,ψ, Olawale J. Olukunle b, and Seh I. Manuwa c a Depamen of Food Science and Technology, Bells Univesiy of Technology, Oa, Nigeia; omoayojimoh50@yahoo.com b Depamen of Agiculual Engineeing, Fedeal Univesiy of Technology, Akue, Nigeia; wale_olukunle@yahoo.com b Depamen of Agiculual Engineeing, Fedeal Univesiy of Technology, Akue, Nigeia; manuwaseh@ock .com (Received Apil 014; Revised June 014; Acceped 3 June 014) Absac: An impoved cassava peeling machine was developed wih he aim of achieving 100% peeling and qualiy pefomance efficiencies. The peeling pinciple is based on impac as ubes spin and came in conac wih he cuing ool duing linea movemen in he diecion of auge. This is govened by combining acion of auge, ube monio and diving foce. The mechanism of his pinciple was mahemaically modelled. Pefomance evaluaion was caied ou using an impoved vaiey, TMS 3057 havesed in IITA o pedic peeling pefomance of he machine in diffeen locaions. Funcional paamees a diffeen feed ae and machine speed wee deemined. These include; houghpu capaciy (T C ), peeling efficiency (P E ), mechanical damage (M D ), peel eenion (P R ) and qualiy pefomance efficiency (Q PE ). The esuls showed ha T C anged fom o kg/h, P E anged fom o %, M D anged fom 0.51 o 1.3, P R anged fom 3.47 o 0% and Q PE anged fom o 98.77%. The esul of one way analysis of vaiance showed ha cop paamees and machine paamees had no significan diffeence (p = 0.05) a diffeen locaions using he same machine. Keywods: Cassava ube, peeling pedicion, mechanical peeling pefomance ISSN The Wes Indian Jounal of Engineeing Vol.37, No.1, July/Augus 014, pp Inoducion Cassava (Maniho Esculena, Canz) has fibous oos, and by he pocess of seconday hickening he oos develop o ubes which may be up o five o moe depending on vaiey and pevailing soil condiions (Adean e al., 003). A ansvese division of he ube shows ha i consiss of an inne coe called he pih. This is suounded by he sachy flesh ha foms he majo pa of he ube and main soage egion. I is whie o ceam in colou and is suounded by a hin cambium laye. Coveing he cambium laye is he ube peel. The peel consiss of a coky peidem on he ouside which is dak in colou and can be emoved by bushing in wae as is done in he washes of lage facoies. The inne pa of he peel conains he coex. The coical egion is usually whie in colou and vaies in hickness beween 1. and 4. mm (Ademosun e al., 01). The loosening of he whole peel fom he cenal pa faciliaes he peeling of he oos. The cok laye vaies beween 0.5 and % of he weigh of he whole oo, wheeas he inne pa of he peel accouns fo abou 8-15%. The plan is gown fo is edible ubes, which seve as a saple food in many opical counies and ae also an impoan souce of cabohydaes. Is nuiional densiy and value as a famine elief cop have long been ecognised and hee is an eve-inceasing demand fo cassava. In pas of he Fa Eas duing he Second Wold Wa, many people suvived on cassava oos, and in Afica, i is a pincipal food souce fo wokes in mining and indusial cenes (Kecham, 1981). Befoe he cassava ube is pocessed fo consumpion, he peel has o be emoved. Cassava peeling consiues a majo boleneck in he pocessing of cassava because of is bewildeing vaiey of shapes and sizes. In all he uni opeaions involved in cassava pocessing, peeling consiues a seious global challenge o food pocessos. Seveal pooype peeling machines have been made bu wih low peeling and qualiy pefomance efficiencies. Cassava peeling is sill lagely done manually. The ae could be as low as 350 kg/day of 8 hous pe peson (Igbeka e al., 199). The pocess is slow, labou inensive and aduous in naue, which invaiably leads o low poduciviy. Olukunle and Ogunude (008) epoed ha peeling pefomance in an auomaed peeling sysem is geneally influenced by cop, machine and opeaional paamees. They fuhe epoed ha soil facos such as soil ype, soil moisue, soil feiliy, illage pacice and vegeaion of he fam would also influence ube shape and size. The poblems posed by ube size and shape could be educed by imming and soing of ubes. WIJE, ISSN ; hp://sa.uwi.edu/eng/wije/

2 M. O. Jimoh e al.: Compaaive Analysis of Cassava Peeling Concep of an Auomaed Sysem 59 Asoegwu (1981) sudied some beaking chaaceisics of cassava oos when subjeced o bending loads. The loading ae and oo diamee wee epoed o have significan effec on he beaking sengh, beaking enegy and beaking defomaion of he oos. In ode o educe spoilage by delays in pocessing of cassava, i is necessay o invesigae appopiae cop and machine paamees fo opimum pefomance of mechanical peeling sysem. This will enhance high peeling efficiency; and qualiy poducion of peeled ubes, low mechanical damage o he ube flesh, low cos of poducion, povision of indusial maeial, and o pave he way fo food secuiy (Jimoh and Olukunle, 01). This eseach discusses heoeical, expeimenal and saisical analysis of cassava peeling pefomance of an impoved machine using impoved cassava ube havesed fom Inenaional Insiue of Topical Agiculue (IITA) o pedic pefomance of he machine in ohe locaions. This is impoan so as o solve he ciical poblem of peeling and geneae an accepable elaionship beween cop and machine paamees.. Maeials and Mehods An impoved cassava vaiey TMS 3057 used fo his expeimen was havesed fom IITA, Ibadan, Souh- Wes geopoliical zone of Nigeia. The selecion of cassava vaiey was in accodance wih classificaion of cyanogenic poenial (CNP) of cassava culivas (Ekanayake e al., 1998). Ekanayake e al. (1998) fuhe epoed ha TMS 3057 has low cyanogenic poenial wih less han 5 mg of hydocyanic acid/100 g of ube flesh. The machine used fo his peeling pocess was developed on he pinciple of impac beween ubes and cuing blades. As ubes spin and come in conac wih he blades, peeling is achieved. The ineacion beween ube and machine was modeled o geneae equaions ha govened peeling pocess in diffeen locaions. In an expeimen he machine was used o peel cassava. Daa obained wee analysed o pedic he pefomance in wo diffeen locaions namely Ibilo in Souh-Souh geopoliical zone and Awo-mmama in Souh-Eas geopoliical zone of Nigeia. The choice of hese locaions is as a esul of diffeen soil chaaceisics as epoed by Ademosun e al. (01). This heoy offes he oppouniy o invesigae he effec of soil facos a diffeen locaions on he peeling pefomance of he same machine using he same vaiey of cassava ube..1. Theoeical Analysis Theoeical analysis of ube movemen in a mechanical peeling sysem was idealised, so as o fom he basis fo 100% peel emoval as well as whole ube flesh ecovey. This was accomplished by: 1) Coninuous impac beween ube and cuing ool, ) Linea movemen of ubes in he diecion of auge, 3) Displacemen of ubes duing kineic enegy, 4) Cicula moion of cylindical bael a which cuing blade ac ube, and 5) Maeial flow as a esul of coninuous feeding in he hoppe. The design pinciple was by impac and ubes spin o eposiion hemselves in he chambe in all oienaions. Thus, peeling was achieved in he pocess. Figue 1 shows he gaviaional aacion beween ubes duing peeling. Figue 1. Gaviaional aacion beween ubes duing peeling Conside wo ubes wih mass m 1 and m a he wo ends of he peeling chambe duing he peeling pocess, unde gaviaional aacion govened by he invese squae law fo foces on bodies a disance (Thompson, 1999), if he univesal gaviaional consan is γ and he local acceleaion due o gaviy is g, hen muual aacive foce can be modeled as: 1 F = m1m γ (1) If Figue 1 is e-examined, he disance could be diffeeniaed so ha he equaion fo he moion becomes: d m1k m 1 = () d If define v = d /d, hen he govening equaion becomes: d v v = k (3) d This may be inegaed, and he iniial condiions applied o obain (Khumi, 009): 1 1 v = k (4) 0 Whee v(0) = 0, (0) = 0. This may also be solved algebaically fo : d 1 1 = v = ± g R (5) d 0 This may be fuhe inegaed o obain: WIJE, ISSN ; hp://sa.uwi.edu/eng/wije/

3 M. O. Jimoh e al.: Compaaive Analysis of Cassava Peeling Concep of an Auomaed Sysem 60 = π gr 3 / 0 1 sin 1 0 (6) Howeve, he peeling ime () is invesely popoional o he diamee of he ube, R. In ohe wods, smalle ubes ake longe ime duing peeling and in he pocess, smalle ubes ae boken as a esul of polonged impac wih he cuing ool... Effec of Velociy of Conveyance on Machine Capaciy and Peeling Efficiency The velociy of conveyance of ubes wihin he peeling chambe, v, is expeced o affec he value of machine capaciy, T C, and peeling efficiency, P E. A close examinaion shows ha he highe he value of v is, he highe will T C be and he lowe will be P E. Fom Newon s law of moion, i is undesood ha a highe conveyance velociy implies ha he movemen of ubes in he peeling chambe would be fase and he peeling ime,, would equally be shoe. Fom a heoeical poin of view, pocessing ime is invesely popoional o he houghpu, hus when he peeling pocess is fase, T C would be highe. Similaly, hee will be less ime fo he cuing ool o peneae he ube peel fo effecive peel emoval. Theefoe, P E is expeced o be low. Duing conac beween he ube and he cuing ool (see Figue ), conside he sepaaion beween peel and ube flesh, he ube flesh is suounded by a hin cambium laye and coveing he laye is he ube peel. Figue. Tube in conac wih cuing ool duing peeling pocess The sepaaion a he cambium laye beween he ube peel and ube flesh was analysed using Hez s heoy as given by: 1 1 ( ) sin 1 s = c1 n + c1 n (7) π R n s is he veical displacemen o shea sess a he cambium laye and c 1 is he ue lengh of peel sepaaed wihin conac aea. Knowing ha c 0 > c 1 and n is he aio beween c 1 and appaen lengh, c 0. Fom pacical expeience, he aveage value of R = 30 mm, c 1 = 5 mm and n = 0.5. Puing hese values ino equaion 7: s = 6.14 N/mm Refeing o equaion 6, i was deduced ha fo a given mass of ube, heoeical peeling ime is affeced by ube densiy (Olukunle and Ogunude, 008). Thus, he equaion i may heefoe wie as: π 1 3 / sin 1 1/ w.. (8) = X gr v Whee v is he velociy of conveyance of ubes, is lengh of peeling chambe and w is he weigh of ubes. Theoeically, T C is defined as: T w C = (9).3. Pefomance Evaluaion of he Machine In he couse of he peeling pocess, i was obseved ha an accuae lengh and diamee classificaion canno be achieved. Theefoe, he weigh of ubes was chosen as he consan vaiable fo ube classificaion. The machine was evaluaed on he basis of weigh classificaion using vaiable gea moo a speed, S P : 100, 110, 10, 130 and 140 pm. The ube flesh was colleced a he ube oule while he ube peel was colleced a he peel oule. The machine s funcional paamees such as peeling efficiency, P E, (%);, mechanical damage, M D, (%); peel eenion, P R, (%); and qualiy pefomance efficiency, Q PE (%) wee deemined using he following expessions (Jimoh e al., 01). wp PE = (10) wp + w p w M D = (11) w + wp wp PR = (1) wp + wph QP = E{ ( 1 M D )( 1 PR )} (13) Whee W p is weigh of peel emoved by machine, W ph is weigh of peel emoved by hand afe machine peeling, W p is weigh of ube flesh emoved along wih peel, W c is weigh of ube flesh compleely peeled and aw is aveage weigh of he ube..4. Saisical Analysis One way ANOVA addesses he conibuion of each faco vaiable (independen and dependen) o he saisical fi and whehe o no he esponse can be pediced as well if he vaiable is emoved. The independen vaiables include: S P, aw, w bp, w p, w ph, w p, w c and while T C, P E, M D, P R and Q PE wee eaed as WIJE, ISSN ; hp://sa.uwi.edu/eng/wije/

4 M. O. Jimoh e al.: Compaaive Analysis of Cassava Peeling Concep of an Auomaed Sysem 61 depended vaiables. The es compaed he vaiaion aound he model wihin eplicaed obsevaions. The daa obained wee analysed using he sepwise mehod o geneae muliple linea equaions. In he validaion of he model, sandad eo, SE and coefficien of deeminaion, R wee deemined. Consideing he bes equaion fom each dependen vaiable in he ubes havesed fom IITA, peeling pefomance of he machine was pediced. Using obseved and pediced values, he coelaion coefficien (R) and mean bias eo (MBE) wee geneaed. The degee o which pediced vaiables ae elaed o he obseved and how scaeed ae he daa poins aound he fied saigh line wee deemined. The egession equaions deived ae lised below: PE = w ph+ 0.66w p pm aw (14) M D = w p aw pm w (15) PR = w ph 0.66w p 0.060pm aw (16) Q = w (17) p P E ph aw+ T C = w c aw w (18) 980 ph 3. Resuls and Discussion The lengh of peeling chambe =.5 m and fom expeimenal daa, l vaied fom 0.15 o 0.49 m: ube diamee, d vaied fom o m; and v vaied fom 1 o 5 ms -1. A a given value of v, l inceased as also inceased. When peeling ubes wihin he ange of smalle ube diamee ( d ), inceased fom 69 o 89 s as l inceased fom 0.15 o 0.49 m as efleced in Figue 3. When peeling ubes wihin he ange of lage d, inceased fom 9.4 o 1.1 s as l inceased fom 0.15 o 049 m as efleced in Figue 4. Thus, smalle ubes sayed longe in he peeling chambe and his polonged ineacion and esuled in highe mechanical damage o. he ubes. This jusifies he heoeical expession in equaion 8 ha cassava peeling ime is invesely popoional o oo squae diamee. The analysis of ube movemen and he invesigaion of ube and machine paamees duing mechanical peeling poduced he desied effecs on peeling pefomance. The obseved esul in Table 1 shows ha as he speed of he machine inceased fom 100 o 140 pm; peeling efficiency inceased fom o 100%; mechanical damage inceased fom 0.51 o 1.3%; peel eenion deceased fom 3.47 o 0%; and qualiy pefomance efficiency inceased fom o 98.77%. Duing mass poducion, a a feed ae (F R ) of 10 kg, houghpu capaciy inceased fom o kgh -1 ; a 0 kg, i inceased fom o kgh -1 ; a 30 kg, i inceased fom o kgh -1 ; a 40 kg, i also inceased fom o kgh -1 and a 50 kg, machine capaciy inceased fom 694. o kgh -1, as displayed in Table. Resuls of he sepwise muliple linea egession analysis evealed ha as R inceased, SE deceased in all cases and his implies ha he bee he goodness of fi paamees. Ploing of he pediced vesus obseved funcional paamees (such as peeling efficiency, mechanical damage, peel eenion, and qualiy pefomance efficiency) ae shown in Figues 5-8 using he same vaiey in one locaion o pedic peeling pefomance in ohe locaions. The plos show smooh and good scae of he daa poins aound he fied saigh line. This indicaes ha he model descibe he funcional paamees a diffeen locaions which confims he goodness of he model o esimae he pefomance of he machine anywhee. The esul of one way analysis of vaiance shows ha cop paamees and machine paamees have no significan diffeence a 5% level a diffeen locaions using he same peeling ool (see Table 3). Figues 3 and 4 show he peeling ime (sec) agains velociy of conveyance v (ms -1 ) a vaious values of l (m). Table 1. Obseved expeimenal esul duing peeling of TMS 3057 cassava ube Speed (pm) Peeling efficiency (%) Mechanical damage (%) Peel eenion (%) Qualiy pefomance efficiency (%) Table. Machine capaciy a vaious feed ae duing mechanical peeling of TMS 3057 Feed Rae (kg) Thoughpu Capaciy T C (kgh -1 ) 100 pm 110 pm 10 pm 130 pm 140 pm WIJE, ISSN ; hp://sa.uwi.edu/eng/wije/

5 M. O. Jimoh e al.: Compaaive Analysis of Cassava Peeling Concep of an Auomaed Sysem 6 T P E M D P R Q PE Beween Goups Wihin Goups Beween Goups Wihin Goups Beween Goups Wihin Goups Beween Goups Wihin Goups Beween Goups Wihin Goups Table 3. Machine paamees a diffeen locaions Sum of Squaes Df Mean Squae F Sig Whee, T is houghpu capaciy, P E is peeling efficiency, M D is mechanical damage, P R is peel eenion and Q PE is qualiy pefomance efficiency. Figue 3. Peeling ime (sec) agains velociy of conveyance v (ms -1 ) a vaious values of l (m) wih d= m, =.5 m, g = 9.81 ms - Figue 4. Peeling ime (sec) agains velociy of conveyance v (ms -1 ) a vaious values of l (m) wih d = m, =.5 m, g = 9.81 ms - R = MBE = R = MBE = Figue 5. Pedicion of peeling efficiency in diffeen locaions Figue 6. Pedicion of mechanical damage in diffeen locaions WIJE, ISSN ; hp://sa.uwi.edu/eng/wije/

6 M. O. Jimoh e al.: Compaaive Analysis of Cassava Peeling Concep of an Auomaed Sysem 63 R = MBE = 0.08 R = MBE = 0.1 Figue 7. Pedicion of peel eenion in diffeen locaions Figue 8. Pedicion of qualiy pefomance efficiency in diffeen locaions 4. Conclusions Thee conclusions could be dawn fom he sudy. These ae: 1) The peeling pefomance of he machine impoved a a speed of 130 pm; his eveals opimum ineacion beween ube and machine. ) Theoeically, mechanical damage was expeced o be high in ubes havesed in Awo-mmama because he peel is lighe. Howeve, fom he pacical esuls, hee was no significan diffeence wih ohe locaions. 3) The model developed is abou 96.0% accuae in pedicing he peeling pefomance of he machine in any locaion using he same vaiey. I is heefoe, a sound scienific basis fo developing a machine having a mechanical damage as low as 0% and qualiy pefomance efficiency as high as 100%. Refeences: Ademosun, O.C., Jimoh, M.O. and Olukunle, O.J. (01), Effec of physical and mechanical popeies of cassava ubes on he pefomance of an auomaed peeling machine, Inenaional Jounal of Developmen and Susainabiliy, Vol.1, No.3, pp Adean, D.A., Adekoya, L.O. and Aluko, O.B. (003), Chaaceisaion of some popeies of cassava oo ubes, Jounal of Food Engineeing, Vol.59, pp Asoegwu, S.N. (1981), Deeminaion of Some Mechanical Popeies of Cassava Roo: Maniho esculena linn, (unpublished) M.Sc hesis, Univesiy of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeia. Ekanayake, I.J., Osiu, D.S.O. and Poo, M.C.M. (1998). Physiology of cassava, Reseach Guide 55, Inenaional Insiue of Topical Agiculue (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeia, 34 pages. Igbeka, J.C., Joy, M. and Giffon, D. (199), Selecive mechanizaion fo cassava pocessing, Agiculual Mechanisaion in Asia, Afica and Lain Ameica (AMA), Tokyo, Vol.3, No.1, pp Jimoh, M.O. and Olukunle, O.J. (01), An auomaed cassava peeling sysem fo he enhancemen of food secuiy in Nigeia, Nigeian Food Jounal, Vol.30, No., pp Jimoh, M.O., Olukunle, O.J., Ademosun, O.C. and Manuwa, S.I. (01), Effec of some physico-mechanical popeies on mechanical peeling of cassava ubes, Poceedings of he Nigeian Insiuion of Agiculual Enginees (NIAE), Vol.33, pp Kecham, C.E. (1981), Dicionay of Food and Nuiion, nd Ediion, CBS Publishes and Disibuos, p.7-8. Khumi, R.S. (009), A Texbook of Applied Mechanics, S. Chand and company limied, Ram Naga, New Delhi, p.16-. Olukunle, O.J. and Ogununde, P.G. (008), Analysis of peeling paen in an auomaed cassava peeling sysem, Nigeian Jounal of Technology and Developmen, Vol.6, Nos.1&, pp Thompson, D.E. (1999), Design Analysis; Mahemaical Modeling of Nonlinea Sysem, Cambidge Univesiy Pess, UK. Auhos Biogaphical Noes: Musa Omoayo Jimoh holds a B. Eng. (Hons) and an M. Eng. in Agiculual Engineeing,fom he Fedeal Univesiy of Technology, Akue, Ondo Sae, Nigeia. He is Lecue a he Depamen of Food Science and Technology, Bells Univesiy of Technology, Oa, Ogun Sae, Nigeia. He saed his caee in indusy whee he ose o he posiion of Engineeing Manage in one of he viable indusies in Nigeia (Aaomo Ayesan oil palm plc, Aaomi-Obu, Ondo Sae, Nigeia). M. Jimoh is a membe of many pofessional bodies, hese include: Nigeian Sociey of Enginees (NSE), Nigeian Insiuion of Agiculual Enginees (NIAE), Nigeian Insiue of Food Science and Technology (NIFST). He is COREN egiseed. M. Jimoh paicipaes in vaious exhibiions, Inenaional confeences and wokshops. His majo eseach ineess ae he design of machines, pos haves pocessing ino value added poducs, modeling of equipmen and food secuiy. Olawale John Olukunle is Pofesso of Agiculual Engineeing a he Fedeal Univesiy of Technology, Akue, Ondo Sae, Nigeia. He holds B. Eng. (Hons), M. Eng. and Ph.D. degees in Agiculual Engineeing. He has auhoed many books and aicles in epuable jounals. A he momen, Pofesso Olukunle is he subsanive head, Agiculual Engineeing Depamen of he Univesiy. His majo eseach ineess ae he design of WIJE, ISSN ; hp://sa.uwi.edu/eng/wije/

7 M. O. Jimoh e al.: Compaaive Analysis of Cassava Peeling Concep of an Auomaed Sysem 64 machines and equipmen, pos haves pocessing and soage. He is a winne of vaious pizes, gans and awads. He is a visiing pofesso and an exenal examine o many univesiies. Seh Idowu Manuwa is Associae Pofesso of Agiculual Engineeing a he Fedeal Univesiy of Technology, Akue, Ondo Sae, Nigeia. He holds B.Sc. (Hon), M.Sc. and Ph.D. degees in Agiculual Engineeing. He has auhoed many books and aicles in epuable jounals. His majo eseach ineess ae he design of soil equipmen, and pocessing of Agiculual maeials ino value added poducs. D. Manuwa is a winne of vaious pizes, gans and awads. WIJE, ISSN ; hp://sa.uwi.edu/eng/wije/

STUDY OF THE STRESS-STRENGTH RELIABILITY AMONG THE PARAMETERS OF GENERALIZED INVERSE WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION

Inenaional Jounal of Science, Technology & Managemen Volume No 04, Special Issue No. 0, Mach 205 ISSN (online): 2394-537 STUDY OF THE STRESS-STRENGTH RELIABILITY AMONG THE PARAMETERS OF GENERALIZED INVERSE