Large Scale Integration of Micro-Generation to Low Voltage Grids WORK PACKAGE A

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1 ge Sle negon of o-geneon o ow olge G on No: ENK-T--6 WOK PAKAGE A TASK TA: OSOUE ODENG eon. h Deee

2 Douen nfoon Tle: DA Dgl oel fo o Soue De:.6. (peou eon:.: -5-9,.: - 6-5,.: 4-- Tk(: A o Soue oellng oonon: Geoge Knok knok@eneg..f Auho: ogéo Ale le@powe.nen.p Seene Buue e ez Ko El Nuno Gl Nko Hzgyou 5 Geoge l Nlng Jywn 6 Nk Jenkn 6 Fo Knello 5 Geoge Knok Julen e Zgo e 4 Xe e Pe uolf ekeeye Joé Oyzl 4 Joo A. Peç ope Joé Sou Pno Aggelo Touhnk 5 eene.uue@eneg..f e.ez@eneg..f kel@geno.g nh@ofu.powe.ee.nu.g g.l@geno.g T.Jywn@pog.u..uk n.jenkn@u..uk knello@powe.ee.nu.g knok@eneg..f le@eneg..f zgo@powe.nen.p, zle@len.e xe.le_pe@eneg..f uolf.ekeeje@eneg..f joeoy@len.e plope@nepoo.p jpno@powe.nen.p ggelo@powe.ee.nu.g ANES, GEANOS, NES, 4 ABEN, 5 NTUA, 6 UST Ae: PUB (fo fnl eon Su: Fo nfoon Df eon Fnl eon (nenl ouen Suon fo Appol (elele x Fnl eon (elele, ppoe on --4 og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

3 onen ABSTAT...5. NTODUTON OBJETES OF WPA TASKS OF WPA...5. ODENG OF EETA GENEATOS NDUTON GENEATOS Thee phe fxe pee nuon geneo Dyn oel Sey e oel Fxe pee nuon geneo wh ngle phe upply nouon Sey e oel Dyn oel A Sngle Phe nuon Geneo wh One So Wnng SYNHONOUS GENEATO oellng of Synhonou Geneo Dyn oel Sey e oel Penen gne Synhonou Geneo ONETE ODES olge Soue onee (S nouon oel wh onn D olge oel wh po yn Sey e oel Sngle phe S nee oellng he nee ye uen Soue oellng he nee ye (olge oue ung nnneou Powe Theoy oulon Tehnue Snuol Pule Wh oulon (SPW Spe eo oulon Hyee uen onol Powe onee onol G e onolle nuon Geneo onolle ODENG THE ENEGY SOUES WND TUBNE Aeoyn uye ehnl uye THE PHOTOOTA PANTS Sol ell heon Sol ell goupng P Ay oel Se of he A Depon of he Splfe Sngle Doe oel npu Oupu Hypohe oel Pee pleenon Algoh Oeew of G-onnee P Pln P Ay wh nege PPT oel Depon... 5 npu... 5 Oupu... 5 og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

4 ..5.. Hypohe oel Pee pleenon Algoh FUE ES Fuel ell oellng nouon Fuel ell lfon Hyogen Pouon n Eleolye lfon oellng of he SOF ye Fuel ell Pee O TUBNES Se of he A oellng he o une ye onol ye Tune o Tune Pee ODENG THE STOAGE DEES BATTEES Oeew of he EAD-AD Bee Defnon n oponen Opeon onon hey of he le- ey Bee lfon D n pefone he Tehnology eelope n nufue n onenonl pplon o of he oge ehnology uen knowlege on enonenl ue of he oge ehnology Bee oellng Depon of he oel Theenn Bey oel ong-e nege elel oel SUPE-APATOS DSTBUTON GD ODE NES ne oellng Thee- n fou-phe lne oellng Euon Sulon n Pk ye TANSFOES Sngle n Thee Phe oel fo nfoe Sngle-phe nfoe Thee-phe nfoe Euon n Pk efeene fe Thee-phe nfoe Wye wnng onneon Del wnng onneon eoluon of euon Wye-Wye onneon Del-el onneon Del-wye onneon EETA OADS EFEENES...9 og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 4

5 A The pupoe of ouen DA. Dgl oel fo o Soue o eelop oel n ulon eho ppope fo uyng og ye yn n he nen ly nge n lowe. Th eenl n oe o unen he og opeon n neon wh he neonnee g, well ehou n ole oe. oel of nuon n ynhonou geneo, onee, wn enegy oneon ye, phoool ye, fuel ell, o-une, ey enegy oge ye n upepo e nly ee n h ouen.. nouon.. Ojee of WPA The n ojee of h WP o eelop ulon plfo le o ule he ey e n yn opeon of hee-phe newok h nlue o geneon oue. Th nole he eelopen of eue oel fo ulng he opeon of he ffeen o oue n oge ee, nlung he oeponng powe eleon nefe. A gene oel e. The ool wll e flexle enough o enle he negon of he onol ege, ggegon of o oue oel, n he ulon of une. Sne he og y ue ngle-phe u n e loe wh ngle-phe lo, he ulon ool u oel he ye wh hee phe, he neul onuo, he goun onuo n he onneon o goun n o e le o el wh unlne n he hee phe newok... Tk of WPA TA o Soue oellng Deelopen n eleon of o oue n oge oel le o ee he ey e n yn ehou. TA Thee phe ye oellng Deelopen of hee phe newok oel, hne (oh nuon n ynhonou n nee oellng. TA Sulon ool eelopen negon n eelopen of he ulon ool o nlye he ey e n yn ehou of he g. TA4 Aggegon Deelopen of lgoh fo eulenng p of he newok wh DG. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 5

6 TA5 Suy e efnon Defnon of e newok, n oe o pefo eng eluon of he eelope ulon plfo, n lo o e explo e e o eelop he k of WPB, WP n WPD. TA6 Teng ulon fo pefone eluon Teng he ulon plfo n ffeen openg eno, ffeen une n ffeen lol onol ege fo he efne uy e. Soue : Depon of Wok. oellng of Elel geneo oel fo he hee-phe Fxe Spee nuon Geneo e epeene n ynhonouly ong efeene fe []. The Sn 4 h Oe oel n he eue n Oe oel (y negleng he o nen e peene une Dyn oel followe y he Sey Se oel. oel fo he Synhonou Geneo e epeene n o efeene fe wh xe ong wh he oo []. oplee hel oel h nolly ue fo nly of ey ll ye n hee ype of eue oel ue n ly nly e gen Dyn oel. eue oel wh o nen neglee whee we loe he offe n oe hgh feueny oponen, Splfe oel wh oeu neglee whh ge of he u-nen onuon n onn flux lnkge oel lo known he ll oel e he eue oe oel peene. Fo lne ey e opeon Sey e oel eelope olge oue ehn ene. A ho nouon gen on fxe pee nuon Geneo wh ngle-phe upply followe y ey e oel. The yn oel eelope y ofyng he unyel wo-phe nuon hne oel. A efeene fe fxe o he o h een elee n oe o negle he e yng oeffen n he hne euon... nuon Geneo... Thee phe fxe pee nuon geneo The followng upon he een e n eelopng hee oel Slo effe, uon, hyee n ey uen neglee Puely nuol uon of flux we ue oo uue onee yel All hne euon e n p.u. fo enoe wh he ue of upe- n e epeene n ynhonouly ong - efeene fe. - x ue o e 9 he of he - x n he eon of oon. of yol oon fo ll oel e follow ψ flux lnkge, So n oo phe ene og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 6

7 , So n oo elf nune, So n oo lekge nune gnezng nune ω Synhonou ngul feueny oo lp T Eleogne oue e p ffeenl opeo /... Dyn oel The full hel oel o epeen yn opeon of hee-phe nuon geneo he n 4 h oe oel. We n ee he eue n oe olge ehn nen ene oel y negleng he o uen n epeenng only he funenl feueny oponen. The n 4 h oe - oel Fgue. how he u pplle o he nly of n nuon geneo. oon A B A B B ω A Ax of phe Ax of phe A θ oo So Fg.. So n oo u n n nuon geneo The o u on of, n ue wnng whle he oo u h A, B n wnng. The ngle y whh he x of phe A oo wnng le he x of phe o wnng n he eon of oon efne θ. B hne euon So olge euon og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 7

8 p ψ p ψ p ψ (. oo olge euon p ψ A B A p ψ B p ψ A B (. The flux lnkge n he o phe wnng n he oo phe A wnng ψ ψ A A A A [ A o( θ B o( θ o( θ ] [ o( θ o( θ o( θ ] (. Sl expeon pply o flux lnkge n phe n wnng of he o n he oo. The - nfoon The oe hne euon e nfoe n o n oponen long xe ong ynhonou pee follow: [ o( ω o( ω o( ω ] [ n( ω n( ω n( ω ] [ o( θ o( θ o( θ ] A [ n( θ n( θ n( θ ] A B B (.4 B hne euon n - efeene fe So olge ω ψ ω ψ pψ pψ (.5 oo olge ω ψ ω ψ pψ pψ (.6 og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 8

9 So flux lnkge oo flux lnkge ψ ψ (.7 ψ ψ (.8 Eleogne oue T ψ ψ (.9 e eue n oe oel The eue n oe oel oe oonly known olge ehn nen ene oel. Th ee fo he 4 h oe oel follow. The e pψ n pψ epeenng o nen n o olge elon e neglee. oo wnng e hoe. Elnng he oo uen, he elonhp eween o uen n olge n e of olge ehn he nen ene eue. D oponen n he o nen uen gnoe n only he funenl feueny oponen e epeene So olge X X (. Whee The nen EF ; Tnen ene; ~ ~ ~ ( jx ω ω (. ψ n ψ X ω (. (. X Whee o enl olge Fg.. nuon geneo nen eulen u og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 9

10 olge ehn nen pene p( T o p( To [ ( X X ] [ ( X X ] ω ω (.4 The nen open u e onn, ( T o X ω ( ω (.5 Eleo ehnl oue T e ( (.6 ω... Sey e oel So uen ppe e uen n he - efeene fe n lne ey-e opeon. X X X / Fg.. Eulen u of hee phe nuon hne So n oo olge n pho fo: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ jx jx ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (.7 jx jx ( Whee X ω ( So lekge ene X X ~ ~, ω ( oo lekge ene ω gnezng ene So n oo uen n pho fo og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

11 ... Fxe pee nuon geneo wh ngle phe upply... nouon Sngle-phe powe upply unelly pefee fo fonl hoepowe hne fo he eon of ply n o. A ngle-phe hne eele heephe uel ge hne exep fo he f h full pee, only ngle wnng on he o uully exe. When he o of ngle-phe hne exe, poue pulng gne fel n he e eon (no ong gne fel n poly-phe oo. Thee no nue olge ue o ele oon n he oo, hu no oo uen flow o nue oue. ue h olge ully nue n he oo y he nfoe on n uen flow n ho ue. Th poue n f oppong he o f. Bu he x of oo-f we one wh he o-f we n he oue ngle zeo. Theefoe no ne oue poue nll. A hee no nheen oue n ngle-phe hne, hey u e e wh pel ngeen. Sngle-phe nuon geneo e popoe fo nue of o-hp pplon. Theefoe ou o eelop ey e n yn oel fo he Sngle-phe nuon Geneo. A uh, we o no he o e ey uh onene ou eho of pong he ng oue (oue woul e upple y he pe oe... Sng eho of Sngle Phe nuon hne Thee e hee oon ehnue o poue he ng oue n ll hee o ke one of he wo eolng gne fel onge hn he ohe n oe o ge he oo n nl nuge n one eon o he ohe. Nolly ngle-phe nuon oo e lfe ong o ng eho. The jo ng ehnue n pe e... Spl Phe wnng Th ype of hne h wo o wnng (n n uxly e 9 elel egee p long he o. The o of ene/ene hghe n he uxly wnng hn he n wnng. Th ype of hne h oee ng oue wh fly low ng uen.... po-ype wnng... po- hne n h hne po ple n ee wh he uxly wnng. Thee e oe expene u ge hghe ng oue... po-, po-un hne Thee e wo po peen n h ype of hne. A lge po ( po ple n he uxly wnng whle lle po (un-po og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

12 n he n wnng. Th hne poe he lge ng oue n he e unnng onon.... Penen-pl po hne The ng pnple e n he po- hne. Bu he uxly wnng no onnee fe of he hne.... She pole hne Th h only n wnng. ne he eue ng oue wh hng ol peen n len pole. Swhng he onneon of uxly wnng n eee he eon of oon of he ny ype of po-ype hne n he pl phe hne. Two heoe e wely ue o expln he opeon of ngle-phe nuon oo: o-fel heoy n Doule-eolng fel heoy. We expln he openg pnpl of he ngle-phe oo ung he eolng fel heoy. Th e h wo oune-ong fel of eul gnue n epeen ony pulng fel. The nuon hne epon o eh gne fel epely n he ol oue eul o he lge u of he wo oue ue o eh of he wo gne fel (fgue - of [], pge 64. Bu h o e kep n n h h no n ue epon of he oue w foe y he upe-poon of wo hee-phe he. The f h oh he gne fel e peen ulneouly n he hne h een gnoe.... Sey e oel The eulen u fo ngle-phe nuon oo peene ee onneon of fow ong gne fel n kw ong one e on he oule eolng heoy. Th u epeen only he n wnng when he oo openg lone n he uxly wnng en (noe: enone ele, h ue eple we e onene only ou he geneo oel whh oe no eue ny ng oue. oe lo oe oo. jx j.5 j.5 X X.5/ J.5X.5/(- J.5X ene of he n wnng X ekge ene of he n wnng X gnezng ene, X Snll lue of he oo ene n he lekge ene efee o he n o wnng f uen n he fow ong fel Fg..4 The euleng u of unnng ngle-phe oo wh n wnng enege uen n he kw ong fel oo lp og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

13 oo lp wh epe o fow ong fel, oo lp wh epe o kw ong fel, f Tol oue, T e f ( ( ω ω ( (.8... Dyn oel The yn oel of Sngle-phe nuon geneo eelope wh he ue of he unyel -phe nuon hne. F we wll peen he oel fo n unyel -phe nuon hne n heefe ofy o epeen ngle-phe nuon geneo. A efeene fe fxe o he o h een elee (e yng oeffen wll ppe n he olge euon n ll efeene fe exep he one fxe o he hne whee he yey ex. Plee noe h hee hne euon e no n pe un fo lke he oel peene ele n Flux lnkge e expee λ whee ψ e w ue n ele oel. n he unyel -phe nuon hne o wnng e unyel wh uneul ene n uneul nue of un ( wnng n wnng whle he oo wnng e enl. Plee efe o fgue of [4] The followng upon he een e: F we e nuol The -gp unfo The gne u lne of yol ue e follow, N, N N λ ω, ene of wnng n wnng (o Effee nue of un of wnng n wnng ene of he oo wnng Effee nue of un of he oo wnng Tol flux lnkge oo pee n elel n pe eon Self nune of wnng n wnng Self nune of eh oo wnng uul nune eween wnng n enl oo wnng uul nune eween wnng n enl oo wnng oo lekge nune, ekge nune of he wnng n he wnng P Nue of pole p Opeo / og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

14 So olge Flux lnkge p λ p λ oo olge (.9 λ λ ω λ p λ ω λ p λ λ λ (. n yel nuon hne, ll une e efee o he o. Fo he unyel -phe hne, une e efee o he wnng n une e efee o he wnng. Then N N N N (. N N N N (. N N N N (. N N N N (.4 olge euon Whee λ λ λ λ p λ p λ N ω N N ω N ( ( ( ( λ λ p λ p λ (.6 (.5 n whh N N N N (.7 P N N Eleogne oue, T e ( λ λ (.8 N N og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 4

15 The oe e of euon fo oplee hel oel of n unyel -phe nuon hne. They oul epeen he ffeen ype of he -phe nuon hne wh neey ofon. Bu we e neee only n he ngle-phe nuon geneo, uffen o oel only he n wnng of he o A Sngle Phe nuon Geneo wh One So Wnng Th oel n e one y eleng ll he le n he oe euon n efeng ll une o he wnng (enoe y he ue of oule pe. onenon fo geneo uen w followe. " " p λ ω λ ω λ " p λ p λ " (.9 Whee λ λ λ " n " ( N N ( " ( (. P " " Eleogne oue, T e ( λ λ (. {Euon 7 of []}.. Synhonou geneo... oellng of Synhonou Geneo The upon e n eelopng hee oel (hpe n 5 of [] e follow: So wnng e nuolly ue long he -gp f he uul effe wh he oo e onene So lo ue no ppele on of he oo nune wh he oo poon gne hye n gne uon effe e neglgle All hne euon e n p.u. fo enoe wh he ue of upe- n e epeene n o efeene fe. We he hoen xe ong wh he oo whle he nuon geneo oel wee peene wh xe ong ynhonou pee. of yol oon fo ll oel e follow ψ Flux lnkge e Fel olge f og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 5

16 ,, Fel n oeu (pe wnng u uen f k k Aue ene pe phe,, oo u ene f k k l ekge nune, uul nune,, uul nune eween o n oo wnng f ff k kk k,, Self nune of oo u kk fk uul nune eween oo u X, X e- n uue- x ynhonou ene X Synhonou ene ω oo pee T e Eleogne oue p ffeenl opeo /... Dyn oel (efe o Fgue.9 n pge 55 of [] oplee hel oel (nolly ue fo nly of ey ll ye Two - x oeu u e onee. Sup n e ue o enfy he Only one - x oeu u onee n enfe y he up. The -e epol pe un ye ue. n ew of h ye f f k k k k (. fk kf So olge oo olge o o ω ψ pψ ω ψ pψ pω o (. e f f f pψ pψ pψ pψ f (.4 So flux lnkge og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 6

17 o o o l f l ψ ψ ψ ( ( (.5 oo flux lnkge f f f f ff f Aupon : ψ ψ ψ ψ (.6 Eleogne oue e T ψ ψ (.7 eue oel fo ly nly Splfon eenl fo lge-le ue (fo euon fo o olge:. Negle nfoe olge e: & p p ψ ψ. Negle effe of pee on: ω. eue oel wh So Tnen neglee (loe offe oe hgh feueny oponen So olge ψ ω ψ ω (.8 All he ohe euon en he e. Tenl Elel Powe e T P (.9 A gp Powe e e T P P (.4. Splfe oel wh oeu (pe wnng neglee (loe u-nen onuon So olge oo olge ψ ψ (.4 f f f f p ψ (.4 Flux lnkge og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 7

18 ψ ( ψ f ψ ( l l ff f f (.4 T ψ ψ (.44 e. onn flux lnkge oel (ll oel fo nen ly Aupon: Flux lnkge e onn Tnen leny gnoe X X ( ~ ~ E E ( jx whee ~ E ψ ψ j T ψ ψ e ~ f f (.44 E X E Fg..5 Splfe Tnen oel... Sey e oel Pe un hne euon f f f ω ψ ω ψ (.45 Pho epeenon fo lne ey e opeon ~ E ~ ~ E ( jx (.46 whee n leny neglee, Ae Powe ee Powe E X f X X X P (.47 Q (.48 E X E Fg..6 Sey e eulen u wh leny neglee Sey e oue T ψ ψ P (.49 e og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 8

19 ... Penen gne Synhonou Geneo The exon of he fel wnng n e poe y penen gne. Ung he eulen u fo penen gne, he eulen u hown follow: ωλ l lk lk k - - -x ωλ l lk lk k - - -x Fg..7 Eulen u fo penen gne geneo One oou hnge wh eplng he elel exon wh penen gne he elnon of he oppe loe. On he ohe hn, he gne he ue no hnge wh he e. So, he euon whh ee h hne e l he one whh ee he onenonl ynhonou hne, follow: - olge euon: λ θ λ λ θ λ λk k k λ k k k (.5 So flux euon: Dpe wnng flux: λ λ k λk kkk λk kkk (.5 Eleogne oue: T P ( λ λ (.5 e og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 9

20 Whee: ue o o wnng ene; k, k -x n -x pe wnng efee o he o, epeely; l, whee he -x o gnezng nune n l he ue o o wnng lekge nune, epeely; l, whee he -x o gnezng nune n l he ue o o wnng lekge nune, epeely; kk lk, whee lk he -x pe wnng lekge nune; kk lk, whee lk he -x pe wnng lekge nune; θ oo ngle. Howee pole o eefne he euon n epeen he y olge ehn he nen ene oel onenonl ynhonou hne euon. Fo he euon efne peouly whee he pe wnng e onee, he penen gne ynhonou hne n e epeene y 4h oe - oel follow: E " " T E E " ω ( X ω " E " ω ( " E X T ω ω ( T Te D ω H δ ω (.56 X X " (.55 " (.54 (.5 n h oel he penen gne ynhonou geneo epeene y he unen ef E n E ehn he unen ene n X The ffeenl euon (.5 n (.54 nlue he nfluene of he pe wnng; The eenng effe of he oo oy ey-uen n -x e neglee o h E ; The fel flux n he fel olge efee o he ue (Ef e ue onn, o h E. n h e: ω E E ( X X (.57 f ω X n eelopng he geneo oel he pee hnge e oune y fo w/w n fon of eey ene. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

21 .. onee oel... olge Soue onee (S... nouon Powe eleon ply l ole n he og n joy of he o oue woul e onnee hough powe eleon nefe. ue pon o unen ou onol poeue fo uh ee. Theefoe oel fo S wh P-Q onol eelope n ule o uy ehou. The o oon whng ehnue fo wh-oe onee Pule Wh oulon (PW. f he uny of PW onee onn, hee lne elonhp eween he onol npu n he oupu (.e. he onee powe plfe. Bu he uny fo S, whh nolly he olge o po, le o e onolle. Th noue non-lney no he npu/ oupu elonhp h ke he onol of S fful. Thee e eel eho popoe n he leue o el wh h pole [-]. Th eon peen he oellng n onol of S whee new euon e on he powe lne noue o eple he ognl non-lne euon [4]. We he eelope wo oel of he S. Whou oneng he po yn whee olge ue o e onn. oneng he po yn.... oel wh onn D olge The olge of he oue (po ue o e onn n h oel. The u g of S hown n Fgue.8 n he yol ue e follow. [] [ e ] T e e [] [ ] T [] [ ] T e - A oue (ue o e el - Soue uen (funenl oponen - A e enl olge (funenl oponen, - ene n nune of e ee - u - Soohng pne, - D e olge n uen og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

22 e e e Fg..8: u g of hee-phe S The oe oel nfoe n o he ynhonou ohogonl efeene fe ong he upply feueny ung Pk nfoon. T [ E ] [ E ] [ ] [ ] T E, n - olge n - efeene fe T [] [ ] - uen n - efeene fe ω - Angul feueny of he olge oue Wng Khoff olge euon on he e ω ω E E (.58 (.59 n oe o ge he n lne e pe euon, he npu le e U E efne U E Then he euon (.58 n (.59 oul e e wen ω ω U U (.6 (.6 Fo euon (.6 & (.6, he ye oul e wen n x fo follow ω ω U U (.6 og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

23 y (.6 Th lne e nn ye (T, whh oul e expee n he followng x fo x Ax Bu y x, - Se le n oupu le U U, - npu le... oel wh po yn A enone ele n h hpe he uny of he S no onn lwy. o ofen he olge o po, le h noue nonlney n o he oel euon. A hel oel fo h ype of S long wh onol ee elow. The euon (.6 n (.6 eelope n eon... fo he onn oel ll pply fo h oel oo. n on o he, yn of he po he o e ken n o oneon. The nnneou npu powe of S eul o he nnneou oupu powe. We ke ue of h powe lne euon n eelopng h oel. The e powe oe fo he oue P E E (.64 Ae powe elee o he onee e P (.65 oneng Powe lne euon, P P P lo We n negle he onee lo whou lo of uy. Then E E Whh oul e nge E ( ( E (.66 Th oul lo e wen og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

24 ( ( (.67,,, k n E k E k whee k k k When ken he e le, ne of, h eoe lne euon. Thu he e-pe oel nlung po yn oul e epeene y he followng e of e. ( ( (.68 U U k k k ω ω ( (.69 y (,, - Se le n oupu le U U, - npu le...4. Sey e oel Fo Sey Se opeon, hee e no p e n he euon A e u euon ( e e ω ω ω ω ω ω (.7 Sey e epeenon ( ( ( j jx je e (.7 Whee X ω ω og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 4

25 X e j Fg..9 Sey Se eulen u of S...5. Sngle phe S The he g fo ngle-phe S follow (Fgue ( of [6]. The yol ue n [6] he een followe fo onenene n o- efeene. U S Uo S U/ U/ U Uly olge U Funenl o oponen of onee olge S, S Seonuo whe nuo he lo eween U n Uo Fg.. She g fo ngle-phe S Z U θ U o θ Z lo pene Fg.. Eulen u of ngle-phe S Deon of he powe flow epen on he gnue of he olge oue U n n he phe ngle, n θ. U o θ... nee Hng n n h he o oue ee n h ouen e o e onnee o hee phe newok, poly fng unlne onon, he eleon nefe houl peen he o opee une uh onon. Two nee oel he een eelope o nefe wh he powe newok n ffeen uon. Thee oel e: uen oue fo lne openg onon; olge oue, onolle y uen. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 5

26 When ong h hee w lo onen on opng oelng ple of epeenng exng nee onol ege, lke he e of he nnneou powe onol lgoh [8].... oellng he nee ye uen Soue A ple uen oue oel w f eelope n h poje. The uen oue ue he ole of he nee, y eenng he uen fo he pl el n ee powe. The efeene olge ue o eene he uen he newok nonl olge (U n Blok. oneuenly, he njee uen n he newok : P n( w ϕ U oϕ (.7 n whee: Q ϕ n (.7 P... oellng he nee ye (olge oue ung nnneou Powe Theoy n 984 Akg, popoe he nnneou heoy fo onol of e powe fle[8]. Suh ppoh h een ue n ou hee o onol he PW-S (Pule Wh oulon - olge Soue nee o PW-S (Pule Wh oulon - uen Soue nee. olge o uen efeene gnl eploye o un on n un off he whe of he nee n e one fo h heoy [9], []. n h e, he nnneou olge n uen n hee-phe u e euely expee he nnneou pe eo n -- oone. The, n xe e fxe on he e plne, p fo eh ohe y π, hown n Fgue. -x β-x π/. π/. π/ -x β. β α. α α-x. -x Fg.. α-β oone nfoon Aong o Fgue., he nnneou pe eo, ( n ( e e on he x n he plue n (,- eon y wh he pge of e. Slly, n e on he x n n e on he x. Thee pe eo e ely nfoe no α n β oone (lk Tnfoon follow: og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 6

27 ( ( ( / / / ( ( ( β α (.74 ( ( ( / / / ( ( ( β α (.75 Whee, (, ( n ( e he nnneou olge n -- oone, epeely. (, ( n ( e he nnneou uen n -- oone, epeely. o (, α ( n β ( e he nnneou olge n -α-β oone, epeely. o (, α ( n β ( e he nnneou olge n -α-β oone, epeely. n lne hee-phe ye he euon (.74 n (.75 e efne : ( ( ( ( ( β α (.76 ( ( ( ( ( β α (.77 So, he nnneou el n nnneou gny powe e efne : ( ( ( ( ( ( ~ ( ~ ( ( ( ( ( p p p β α α β β α (.78 whee, p he nnneou el powe (W; he nnneou gny powe (A. The yol ( - n ( ~ n euon (.78 enoe he ege n olloy oponen, epeely. The olloy oponen y ppe f hon e peen. n ye wh nuol lne olge n uen, he ege lue of eul o onenonl ee powe [8]. Fo unlne o lne ye he nnneou el powe lwy eul o he onenonl e powe. Fo euon (.78 pole o on he olge o uen efeene gnl o onol he PW-S. n h wok, ue h hyee uen onolle onol he nee. Negleng he hon n ung lne hee-phe ye, he uen efeene lulon one : og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 7

28 * ( ( ( ( * ( α β p ( ( ( * β α ( (.79 A ee unenng of he onol egy fo he PW-S hown n fgue. n h e, he efeene of he openng uen, n e lule nnneouly whou ny e ely y ung he nnneou olge n uen on he lo e. The onol u on of eel nlog ulple, e n opeonl plfe hown elow. ( ( ( [ ] α ( β ( x x - Σ * x x * * α * β ( ( * [ ] * * * ( ( ( ( ( ( [ ] α ( β ( x x Σ - [ ] Fg.. onol u Fo unlne ye, he ege lue of n o onenonl ee powe. n h e, pole o exen he nnneou ee powe heoy eelope n [8] o he hee-phe u nlung zeo-phe euene oponen. The nnneou pe eo olge (, n n he nnneou pe eo uen (, n e nfoe hown n euon (.74 n (.75, epeely. The uho of [8] noue nohe nnneou powe p o, whh efne y he nnneou pe eo, o n o on he zeo-x: p (.8 n (.8 p o h een ne nnneou zeo-phe euene powe [8]. Fo (.74, (.75 n (.8, he hee nepenen une p o, p, n e gen y: po o p α β β α o α β (.8 nee nfoon of (.8 ge: og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 8

29 o o po o o α α β α β p α β β β α β α β α (.8 o o α αp α β β p β Fo(.8, he nnneou uen on he -- oone e e n he followng hee oponen, epeely, follow: o α p β p α β (.8 whee, o p o p o p nnneou nnneou nnneou zeo-phe e-uen ee-uen euene-uen o o o o (.84 e he -, - n -phe nnneou powe e p, p n p, epeely. By pplyng (.8, he followng one: p. o. p. po p p p p. o. p. p o pp p p. o. p. p o p p p nnneou e-powe nnneou zeo-phe euene-powe nnneou ee-powe (.85 The nnneou ee powe n eh phe p, p n p ke no onuon o he nnneou powe flow n he hee-phe u whh epeene y he u of p n p, eue he u of he nnneou ee powe lwy zeo, h : p p p (.86 og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 9

30 Ex wok ll neee n oe o oun fo fully unlne opeon of he nee, nely when elng wh he ulon of he peene of ngle phe ho-u.... oulon Tehnue... Snuol Pule Wh oulon (SPW Th eho eploy nul e oulo n eh of he hee phe. The efeene gnl of he phe olge e nuol n e one fo he efeene olge eo, whh pl no hee phe oponen. Thee opo n ngul e gnl, whh oon o ll hee-phe gnl, genee he log gnl h onol he e-onuo. How he eho opee hown n fgue.4. (Synhonze e n efeene gnl The foeenone eho opee onn e feueny, whle he funenl feueny n y. The whng feueny hen nonpeo n pnple n he oeponng Foue pe e onnuou onnng feuene lowe hn he lowe e eo. Thee hon e unee n poue low-feueny oue hon h y ule eonne n he ehnl non n of he e ye. Synhonzon eween he e feueny n he onollng funenl o h wk. Ang zeo-euene wefo o he nuol efeene gnl n pefo euon of he hon oon. Fg..4 SPW eho... Spe eo oulon og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

31 n e of pe eo oulon ehnue he oplex efeene olge eo poee whole. The whng eo, he olge efeene n he oune eween he onollle nge, he x-ep opeon n oeoulon e hown n fgue.5. U U U 4 U α * U,U 7 U e U 5 U 6 Fg..5 olge efeene n whng-e eo Th ehnue ege he hee whng-e eo oe u-yle nel o /f o eul he efeene eo U*( ple he egnnng of he u-yle. The ple lue U*( ue o ole he euon: f ( f U U U ( * (.87 Whee U n U e he wo whng-e eo jen n pe o he efeene eo U*. The oluon of (.87 e he epee on-uon α,, n ο of he whng-e eo U, U, U o : U π f U π f f * * ( ( (o α n α n α (.88 The ngle α n hee euon he phe ngle eween he efeene eo n U. The zeo eo eunn. n e ehe foe U ο (--- o U 7 (. Uο pefee when he peou whng eo U, U o U 5 whle U 7 wll e hoen followng U, U 4, U 6. Th enue h only one hlf-ge nee o oue non eween n e whng-e eo n he zeo eo. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

32 ... Hyee uen onol The eho of h uen onolle n e explne n e of he oplex plne whng g n fgue.6. The whng lne e loe ne h, eul o he hyee n, fo he p of he uen efeene eo. The ene g oe wh he uen efeene eo wh ene enng fxe he p of he eo. The onolle houl onfne opeon no he hexgonl egon. Whenee he ul uen eo ouhe one of he whng lne, he epee nee leg whe ng he uen eo n he oppoe eon. The uen eo n e e o one of he whng lne y hfng of he uen eo o he uen efeene eo *. n e whng lne enounee eue of he efeene eo hf n he nex pple whng eo one of U, U 7 he ye houe. Dung h peo he oo ou of onol. Th pole n e oeoe y nopong eon hehol h ene when he ouny eng ehe wh he nee n e h woul poue ho-ue onon. -x A- * -x B A - B- -x h h h h e Fg..6 Swhng g Hyee uen onol en o lok no l yle of hgh whng feueny. Th oul e oe y lokng n onollng he whng feueny. The oulon poe genee uhon neng he ehnl ee n he poly of unele ehnl eonne. Alo, oe no euely enue he nenne of he uen ne he hyee n xu eo of we he hyee n ou on no...4. Powe onee onol..4.. G e onolle The onol of he e n ee powe flow o he g pefoe y he D/A onee. The genel onep fo he g e onee onol hown n fgue.7 The pho g lo hown n he e fgue. f, X f e he ene n ene of he ue fle, epeely. Beue f <<X f n δ ue ll fo ypl e, e powe njee o he g popoonl o ngle δ n ee og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

33 powe popoonl o he ffeene of he olge plue, g - on. n he e of olge oue nee, he onolle le e he feueny ω on n he gnue on of he funenl oponen of A olge, whh ynheze y popely whng on n off eonue eleen. The elely eouple egulon of P n Q pe he pleenon of he onol pnple helly llue n fgue.7. The e n ee powe egulon loop e nepenen u no fully eouple. The f loop onol he e powe njee o he g, n oe o nn he olge e lue,,ef. n h e he onol le he ngul feueny of he g-e onee, ω on. f he onee e oupu powe exee he nnneou upply of he enegy oue, he D po hge, n e e. The eon onol loop onen he egulon of he ee powe exhnge wh he newok. An onl onol loop fo he newok olge plue egulon n e oponlly nlue. Fg..7 G-e onee onolle P* n Q* e he epon fo he oupu e n ee powe, P n Q, whee he ul P n Q, long wh he powe ngle δ, e lule fo eueen of he phe olge n uen. The eenon of he P* n Q* efeene lue epen on he pef pplon n nllon onee. A uul pe o ulze he Q* npu n oe o nn onn oupu powe fo (ofen uny, hene Q*. Alenely, Q* y e e n oe o egule -o ply uppo- he u olge (o ne o he oupu of he onee, poe h he uen ng of he onee pe. f he D/A onee uen onolle (whh eue elely hgh whng feueny n ll no oon hgh powe leel, hen he full eouplng of he e n ee powe egulon loop n e ely hee, eployng he eo onol pnple, hown n Fgue.8 og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df

34 oone nfo P* Q* * * oone nfo * * * To nee uen onol u Fg..8 Ae n ee powe egulon wh uen onolle onee. Fo he funenl feueny oelng of he onee ye, he ffeenl euon of he D po n he oupu nune e ue, long wh he powe lne euon of he D/A onee (npu powe oupu powe, f lole onee ue. n he e of uen onolle onee, he ffeenl euon of he - fle e no eue nuon Geneo onolle eo onol The eo onol pnple, whh nengly ue n pl pplon, helly llue n Fgue.9, whee uen onolle onee h een ue, lhough h no neely he e. Ung he oone nfoon o he ong flux efeene fe, he eouple onol of he hne oue n flux leel n e hee. Seel on of he eo onol pnple e enounee n he leue n n pe, eung ffeen oellng ppohe. n fgue., nohe ppoh pple o WT, epe. The onol ye ope wo onol loop one fo he le ong pee n he ohe fo he oo flux lnkge. ne fel-oene olge onol pple o he geneo of he WT. Togehe wh he uen onolle nuon geneo oel ue fo he eenon of he uen efeene. The wn pee eue n fe o he wn pee le opl ong pee he, o poue he opl ong pee. The efeene pee poue y fleng he opl ong pee. Then he pee efeene npu o he oue onolle, hown n fgue.. Fo low wn pee, xu enegy effeny hee y kng he efeene ong pee. A hgh wn pee he onol hee poe onn ong pee, kng nge of he le ll popey fo he lon of he oue n he poue powe elow he egn lue. A enone efoe, he ee eleogne oue hee y he pplon of fel-oenon onol hee. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 4

35 Flux eo poon Spee/Toue onol Flux onol ( ( UENT- ONTOED ONETE nuon hne Fg..9 eo onol pnple wh uen onolle onee. The hel poeng of eo onol eho gen nex. Knowng he lue of he ee eleogne oue, he -x uen oponen n he feloene fe gen y he euon, e* 4 T P * e e* λ (.89 lo known h, when popely oene, he lp pee n he -x uen oponen n he fel oene fe e ele, ω * ω ω e e * e * (.9 oo flux n e onolle y egulng. Gen oe ee leel of he oo flux, he ee lue of he -x uen oponen n e one fo, e* p e λ e (.9 Fo he ulon of he whole ye, he wn une e n oelle y ule ehnl eulen ( ngle ne f ff, o ul-ne eulen f ele e peen n he o e ken no oun. The oo eoyn oue uully lule y eoyn powe oeffen ue, lhough oe eloe oel n e ue f eue. n he e of ph onolle wn une, he ph onolle u e nlue n he ulon, ne ffe gnfnly he yn of he ye, pully n he hgh wn egon. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 5

36 ω ef ω P λ * T el * lulon * * of,, ω uen onol Ι * Ι P Ι * Ι P PW ODE Fg.. ne fel-oene olge onolle Anohe opon o lule he ee -x olge n he fel-oene fe ung only he fouh oe oel of he nuon hne. The jo wk of h onol hee h eue ue knowlege of he hne pee. oonly ue wh on-lne pee pe ehnue fo unng he lue of he pee ue n he ne fel onolle, enung n h wy ueful opeon. A ofon of he eho le o he ue of wo P onolle fo he ue kng of he opl -x uen n epe n fgue.. n e of ony fe P egulo o-ouplng e ey ueful. n he peen uy ynhonou fe P egulo e ue, hown n fgue.. n e of ne fel-oene uen onolle ung hyee uen onol, he P uen onolle o no pply. The ex kng of he efeene lue of he o uen enue y he pplon of hyee uen onol ehnue. Sl onol n Fgue. he plfe lok-g of ypl l onol ye hown. n ω e e he o olge n feueny, h he gnue n feueny of he nee A olge. The feueny onol uye lly on of he P pee onolle. The oo pee efeene, ω *, exenlly eene y he opl onol he of he une oo. Oupu of he pee onolle he lp feueny, ω l, whh e o he oo pee, o eene he o feueny ω e. Fo egulng he geneo olge, he onn /f onol pnple eploye. u e noe h pl onol ye of h ype y ope eel onl lok (lze, le e., whh he o e nlue n he yn oel of he ye. Fo he ulon of he nuon geneo, he n 4h oe oel ue. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 6

37 Spee onolle ω * ω l ω e ω ω /f he NETE ω e x ω FW Fg.. Sl onol ye of he geneo-e onee.. oellng he Enegy oue.. Wn Tune WT ope eel uye h e oelle nepenenly. Thee uye e he eoyn, he geneo, he ehnl n he powe onee n e of le Spee Wn Tune (SWT. The oel of eh uye e ee nex. Wn enegy ehnl enegy Elel enegy ehnl e n Eleon nefe Swhng eupen. Poeon G Geneo openng un onol ye Fg.. Wn Tune Depon og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 7

38 ... Aeoyn uye The eoyn oeffen ue e ue fo he uy of he le yn: Pe ω Tw ρ A p ( λ, β w (. Whee p (λ,β he enonle pefone oeffen, Aπ he oo e, λ he p pee o, w wn pee, ω he le ong pee n T w he eoyn oue. The oo ehnl oue n e lule fo P e y T w P w (. ω whee ω he oo ngul eloy, n /e. The oo eoyn powe oeffen, p, he peenge of he kne enegy of he nen h onee o ehnl enegy y he oo, n expee funon p p ( λ, β (. whee β he le ph ngle n λ he p pee o of he le, efne ω λ w (.4 Ung he oe elon n he oo p (λ he, he oo eoyn oue n powe ue n e lule. Thee ue e hown n fgue. fo ll egule 4 kw WT. A low wn pee, whee he oo oue n powe o no exee he e lue, he oo pee e fo opl wn enegy pue,.e. fo opeon on he pek of he powe ue (ue AB n fgue.. A hghe wn, he pee le o xu lue (5 p n fgue. n he ll popee of he le e ue fo lng he oue n powe elow he egn lue (ue B. Hene, he oo pee onol he AB ee. Alene pee onol e lo fele fo pon of ew. n pe, howee, opeon eyon he el lne B wll eul n gnfn oe-oue n oe-powe uon n e of wn gu, eue he lge ne of he oo oe no pe he f euon of pee, ow pon. n e of ph onolle WT, he oe eon y no e l, eue he ph egulon y e ue fo lng he oo oue oe he e wn pee. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 8

39 Fg.. oo eoyn powe. oo pee ue, wh he wn pee pee. n oe o epoue he oo eoyn oue hon ( feuene np, whee P he oo pee n n nege, ue o he owe how n wn he effe, eh le u e oelle nepenenly. n h e, he oe elon e pple fo eh nul le, ung he epee eoyn powe oeffen p. Fo n n-le oo, he p of eh le n e ken eul o he /n of he oo p. The owe how ppoxe hown n fgue., y oneng ne nuol euon of he eulen le wn pee, eh le pe n fon of he owe. h he xu wn pee euon n θ he how ngle. (δ h π/-θ π/ π/θ δ ( Fg.. Towe how effe ppoxon. The wn he effe epeene y he well known exponenl lw w wh z z h α (.5 whee w he wn pee hegh z, wh he wn pee he hu hegh z h n α he he exponen.... ehnl uye The eulen of hee o x ellly onnee e, hown n fgue.4, n e oponlly ue fo ulng he ehnl ye of he WT. The ue of le og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 9

40 wo e neey fo he epeenon of he low-pee hf oonl oe. n e of he hee onnee e he e pe euon of he ehnl ye e he followng: θ ω [] [] [ H] [ ] [ H] [ D] θ ω [] [ H] T (.6 n e of he hee ellly onnee e [ G] T [ θ, θ GB, θ ] G θ he ngul [ ] T ω ω poon eo,, ωgb, ω T he ngul pee eo n T T,, T he exenl oue eo opng he eoyn n he eleogne oue, T n T G, ng on he une n geneo oo, epeely. [ ] x [ ] n x e he zeo n eny x e, epeely H ] g( H, H, H he gonl x ne x [ GB G W G w [ ] HGB HBG HBG HBG GBG GBG GBG GBG he he x ffne x n D he png x. x epeen he low n hgh-pee hf ele D [ D] HGB HGB D GB HGB HGB GBG GBG D G GBG GBG D he x png x n epeen he nenl fon n he oue loe. whle up {g}, {g} enoe ge-ox n geneo, epeely. ( og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 4

41 ( Fg..4 ( - ( 6- e n ehnl eulen (fo -le oo The e euon of he 6- ehnl eulen of fgue 4( e he followng: whee Τ θ Τ ω T θ [] 6 ω [H ] [ θ B, θ B, θ B, θ H, θ [ ] [ ] [H ] θ [] 6x [ D] ω [H ] x6 6x6 6, θ ] GB G [ ω B, ω B, ω B, ω H, ω, ω ] GB G T he eo of he ngul poon of he le, hu, geox n geneo he eo of he ngul eloe of he le, hu, geox n geneo T T, T, T,,, T ] he eo of he exenl oue, ng on he [ W W W G une le (eoyn oue Τ W,,,, n on he geneo oo (eleogne oue Τ G, onenonlly eleng [ ] 6 x6 n [ ] 6 x6 he zeo n eny 6x6 e, epeely [ B B B H GB G H ] g( H, H, H, H, H, H he gonl 6x6 ne x (.7 og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 4

42 [ ] HB HB HB HB HB HB HGB HB HB HB HGB HB HGB HBG GBG GBG GBG GBG he 6x6 ffne x, whee HB, HGB n GBG epeely e he le o hu, hu o geox n geox o geneo ffne oeffen DB [ D] HB HB D B HB HB D B HB HB H D HGB HB HB HB HGB HB D GB HBG HGB GBG GBG G GBG D he 6x6 png x, whee HB, HGB n GBG e he ele png of he el ouplng n D B, D H, D GB, D G he exenl png oeffen GBG.. The Phoool Pln... Sol ell heon - he Fg.5 how he - he of he ol ell fo en en on G n en fxe ell epeue T. / op S x N A P / O x S O Fg..5 A ypl uen-olge - ue fo ol ell og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 4

43 n he epeenon of - he, gn onenon ue, whh ke poe he uen genee y he ell when he un hnng n poe olge pple on he ell enl. f he ell enl e onnee o le ene, he openg pon eene y he neeon of he - he of he ol ell wh he lo - he. Fo ee lo, he lo he gh lne wh lope //. houl e pone ou h he powe elee o he lo epen on he lue of he ene only. Howee, f he lo ll, he ell opee n he egon N of he ue, whee he ell ehe onn uen oue, lo eul o he ho u uen. On he ohe hn, f he lo lge, he ell opee on he egon PS of he ue, whee he ell ehe oe onn olge-oue, lo eul o he open-u olge. Funenl pee A ol ell n e hee y he followng funenl pee, whh e lo kehe n Fg.5: ( Sho u uen: S ph. he gee lue of he uen genee y ell. poue une ho u onon:. ( Open u olge: oepon o he olge op o he oe (p-n junon, when ee y he phoouen ph (nely D ph, nely when he genee uen. efle he olge of he ell n he ngh n n e helly expee : ( k T ph ph O ln ln e (.8 k T whee known hel olge n T he olue ell e epeue. ( xu powe pon: he openg pon A ( x, x n Fgue.5, whh he powe pe n he ee lo xu: P (.9 x x (e xu effeny: he o eween he xu powe n he nen lgh powe: Px x x η (. Pn A G whee G he en on n A he ell e Fll fo: he o of he xu powe h n e elee o he lo n he pou of S n O: Px x x FF (. O S O S The fll fo eue of he el - he. lue hghe hn.7 fo goo ell. The fll fo nhe he ell epeue nee. x og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 4

44 nfluene of en on n ell epeue n he - he n Fg.6 n Fg.7, n - he of ol ell fo only en en on G n only en ell epeue T llue. ne S S x ell Tepeue O x O Fg..6 nfluene of he en on on he ell he Fg..7 nfluene of he en on on he ell he The nfluene of he en on G n he ell epeue T on he ell he lo hown n Fg n Fg. The ow how n whh ene he on n he ell epeue, epeely, nee. The nfluene of he en on on he - he llue n Fg.6. how h he open u olge nee loghlly wh he en on, whle he ho u uen lne funon of he en on. The nfluene of he ell epeue on he - he llue n Fg.7. The onn effe wh neng ell epeue he lne eee of he open u olge, he ell eng hu le effen. The ho u uen lghly nee wh ell epeue.... Sol ell goupng See n pllel goupng The powe oupu fo ngle P ell elely ll (ppoxely,5 W. To poue he eue olge n powe, P ell e onnee n ee n pllel. Fg.8 n Fg..9 epeen how he - ue ofe n he e when wo enl ell e onnee n ee n n pllel. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 44

45 Two ell One ell One ell Two ell Fg..8 See onneon of enl ell. Fg..9 Pllel onneon of enl ell. een h - he of ee neonnee ell n e foun y ng, fo eh uen, he ffeen olge of he nul ell. On he ohe hn, fo pllel ell he uen of he nul ell u e e eh olge n oe o fn he oell - ue. So, onneng ell n ee wll nee he olge oupu, n he onneng ell n pllel wll nee he uen oupu. P oule P ell e gope no oule, whh e enpule wh ou el o poe he ell n he elel onneo fo he enonen he lle un lle fo nufue. The nufue upply P ell n oule, onng of N P pllel nhe, eh wh N S ol ell n ee, hown n Fg.. - N S Fg.. The P oule on of N P pllel nhe, eh of N S ol ell n ee. The oule he upple y he nufue e eene une nonl o n onon, ee Tle.. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 45

46 on Nonl onon Aen epeue Sn onon G, ef 8 W/ on, T, º ef Wn pee WS / ell epeue: Tle.: Nonl n n onon G W/ T 5 º n oe o he le pefon of whh eleen (ell o oule he pee e egng, he followng noon ue fo now on: he pee wh upep e efeng o he P oule, whle he pee wh upep e efeng o he ol ell. Thu, he pple olge he oule enl enoe y, whle he ol genee uen y he oule enoe y. Une n onon (on G, n ell epeue followng pee e eue: -he ho u uen fo he oule -he open u olge fo he oule -he xu powe fo he oule Px, O, S, T, le he Une nonl (efeene onon he followng pee e elee: -he en on -he en epeue -he epeue of he ell G, ef T, ef T ef P Ay A nufue upply only le nge of P oule, when egnng P poje, oule e one no pnel n hoe pnel e onnee ogehe o ul up he ene P y o genee he ee - he. Fg. llue he e of n y wh P pllel nhe eh wh S oule n ee. P A A - S og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 46

47 Fg.. Sol ell y on of P pllel nhe, eh wh S oule n ee. The pple olge he y enl enoe y A, whle he ol uen of he y enoe y P A. f ue h he oule e enl n he en on he e on ll he oule, hen he y uen : A P no pole o poue enl oule. n ely hee wll lwy e ffeene eween he oell lue n he lue of he pee fo eh oule. Fo pouon olene of -5-% howee, he h loe e no gnfn n he upon of enl oel onee l.... P Ay oel... Se of he A ny oel of yng oplexy eng he ehou of P ell/oule/y ex. To hooe n ppope oel fo ulon, eel fo nee o e onee. The o pon one he uy, whh n e one. Thee lwy e-off eween uy n ply. To ne he opuonl effo whh nole n ulng og he oel houl e kep ple pole whou fng he eue uy. n on o he uly g, P ell/oule/y no fxe olge oue. Sulon eue he oel o e le o pe uen n olge oe he ene openg olge nge. Soe plfe oel poe uen-olge ehou ju xu powe, open olge n ho u uen pon. Anohe fo whehe he neee o e he oel lle,.e. f n e one n he elen leue n/o nufue pulon. Sophe oel ofen eue whh genelly no lle. oel lle n he leue n e lfe n he followng wo goup: Anlyl oel. They e e n he ue of lupe u. Thee e wo n lupe u oel n ue: Sngle-oe oel: e on he ofe Shokley oe euon ng oe uly fo o oun fo he effe of eonon n he pehge egon. Pully nue n eng ell ehou low llunon. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 47

48 S D ph P - Fg.. Sngle-oe oel of ol ell Doule-oe oel: hey ule he pe-hge eonon effe y nopong epe uen oponen wh own exponenl olge epenene. oe ue epeenon of ol-ell ehou hn ngle-oe oel, pully low llunon, whee he eonon h nue y he eon oe one. S D D ph P - Fg.. Doule-oe oel of ol ell Howee, hee u oel e e on en hypohe h y no lwy e l: el pee e uppoe o e nene o hnge n ehe o llunon. noy-e onenon he ege of he pe-hge egon e uppoe o e epenen on he junon n nepenen of llunon oneng hee wo uppoon o e ue, he uen flowng hough he ell n e hypohee o e upepoon of wo uen, one ue o junon n he ohe ue o llunon. Bu h hypohe y no e ue. Howee, he oel genelly f expeenl - he ue uely n poe ueful ool o hee he ol-ell pefone f he pee n e eene ply n ply, ong he o nufung poe pee. Epl oel. The wy o o he nue h n e when ung nlyl oel e n he hypohe enone oe, o eelop n epl oel e n expeenl. f he oun of huge enough, he eulng oel wll e ey ue, u h ppoxon eue lo of expeenl. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 48

49 ... Depon of he Splfe Sngle Doe oel A ol ell epeene y n elel eulen ngle-oe oel he one hown n Fg.4: S D ph - Fg..4 Splfe Sngle-oe oel of ol ell. The P oule uen une y openg onon n e ee : O S S e (. The expeon of he P oule uen n pl funon, eng epenen on: Pee Un Depon [A] oule uen. [] oule olge. S [-] oule ee ene. [A] Sho u uen of he oule. S O [] Open u olge of he oule. [] Thel olge n he oule. Tle. Splfe Sngle Doe oel Pee h een epoe h fng he ngle-oe oel o ell he ollee low llunon n eul n nege ee ene lue, whle een hghe llunon up o one un, he ue of he ngle-oe oel n eul n gnfnly ffeen ee ene lue. To ole h pole, when lulng he ee ene, h een ope he eon of kng he olue lue of. The oel on of he followng /O: npu Aen Tepeue Sol ne Ay olge Oupu Ay uen og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 49

50 Aen epeue n Sol ne n e eue y eoee n pynoee epeely. n e h heo ulon e o e pefoe, oe en lue he een poe n he he P Pee De fo oe euopen e. olge wll e n npu fo he PPT onol hee eee n he nee.... Hypohe The oel e on he followng hypohe: All he ell of he oule e enl n hey wok wh he e ne n epeue. olge op n he onuo h neonne he ell e neglgle. Sho u uen ffee only y he ne n epeue of he ol ell. Open u olge of he ell epen exluely on he epeue of he ol ell. Tepeue of he ol ell epen exluely on he ne n en epeue. See ene n oe uly fo of he ell e onee onn fo ll openg epeue n ne nge oel Pee Pee Un Depon x x Px S O, [A] oule uen n onon., [] oule olge n onon., [W] oule xu powe n onon., [A] oule ho u uen n onon., [] oule open u olge n onon. N S [-] oule nue of ell n ee. N P [-] oule nue of ell n pllel. NOT [º] oule nol openg ell epeue. µ [A/º] oule ho u uen on oeffen wh S epeue. µ [/º] oule open u olge on oeffen wh O epeue. [-] oule oe uly fo. f no known, ue he followng lue: -n e of yllne o ul-yllne lon ol ell, ue. -n e of ophou ol ell, ue. Tle. P oule pee fo og Pee De All he pee of he oe le, exep he oe uly fo, n e uully one fo P oule nufue hee. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 5

51 ...5. pleenon Algoh The whole lgoh fo he opuon of he uen of he P oule, une en openg pon (, T, G hown elow. The ep n he lgoh e follow: The eue pee e exe fo he og Pee De. One he P oule fo n onon e lle, he nex ep o opue he ell fo n onon:, k T, O, S,, O,, S, (. e N S N P Deenon of oule ee ene: P FF x, P N S P O, x, N x, FF FF S,, P S,, x, FF S N O, S, S x, S O, N N, ln S P (,7 O, x, O, N x, P, O, O,, (.4 4 The nex ep o eene he he pee of he oule une he openg onon (, T, G. The wokng epeue of he ell T epen exluely on he ne G n on he en epeue T, ong o he epl lne elon: NOT T T G (.5 8 Thu, he ho u uen of he oule S epeneny on he ne G n ell epeue: opue e on S G [ S, µ ( T T, ] (.6 S G The open u olge of he oule epen exluely on he epeue of he ol ell: O The hel olge of he oule : ( T T µ (.7 O O,, k T N S (.8 e og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 5

52 5 One he ep ( n (4 e oplee, he fnl ep o eene he oule uen fo openg onon: O S S e (.9 6 One he oule uen n olge fo openg onon he een eene, he uen n olge of he P Ay e lule: A N PA (. A N SA..4. Oeew of G-onnee P Pln A g-onnee P Pln on of he followng oponen hown n fgue.5: PPT P AAY PP x Fg..5 G-onnee P Pln P Ay: A P Ay goupng of P oule n ee n/o n pllel, eng P oule goupng of ol ell n ee n/o n pllel. PPT: xu Powe Pon Tke. Fo gen ne n epeue lue, P Ay h n - he ue hown n fgue.6. So, n genee powe n ny of he pon of he ue, eween he open u n ho u pon. The PPT ue o ue h he P Ay genee he xu powe fo ll ne n epeue lue. S x xu Powe Pon O x O Fg..6 A ypl - ue fo P Ay nee: one he genee D powe o A powe. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 5

53 ..5. P Ay wh nege PPT oel..5.. Depon Th ey ple oel h one h he P Ay wokng lwy n xu powe pon fo gen epeue n ne onon. The oel on of he followng /O: npu Aen Tepeue Sol ne Oupu Ay xu Powe..5.. Hypohe The oel e on he followng hypohe: All he ell of he P Ay e enl n hey wok wh he e ne n epeue. No loe n he P Ay wh PPT ye The P Ay lwy wokng on xu powe pon fo gen ne n en epeue onon. f ne n en epeue onon hnge, he oel nnneouly hnge xu powe pon. Tepeue of he ol ell epen exluely on he ne n en epeue oel Pee Pee Un Depon Px, [W] oule xu powe n onon. NOT [º] oule nol openg ell epeue. µ [W/º] oule powe on oeffen wh epeue. P x N [-] Nue of oule of he P Ay Tle. P oule pee fo og Pee De All he pee of he oe le n e uully one fo P oule nufue hee pleenon Algoh The whole lgoh fo he opuon of he uen of he P oule, une en en onon (T, G hown elow. The ep n he lgoh e follow: The eue pee e exe fo he og Pee De. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 5

54 A P oule powe opue e on epeneny on he ne G n ell epeue hown n euon. elow: P x G [ P ( T T ] x, µ Px, (. G, Pee Un Depon P [W] P oule xu Powe x P [W] P oule xu Powe n x, onon G, [W/^] ne n onon ( W/^ µ [W/º] xu Powe on wh oule P x epeue T [º] oule Tepeue T [º] oule Tepeue n onon, The wokng epeue of P oule T epen exluely on he ne G n on he en epeue T, hown n euon. elow: NOT T T G (. 8 Pee Un Depon T [º] oule Tepeue T [º] Aen Tepeue G [W/^] ne NOT [º] Nol ell Openg Tepeue 4 Suung euon. n euon. n ulplyng y, he nue of oule of he pln, we on he powe oupu of he P pln n euon. elow: P x G NOT N Px, µ P T G 5 (. x 8.. Fuel ell... Fuel ell oellng... nouon The fuel ell ehnology one of he o pong new ele powe ehnologe uenly unegong eelopen. Fuel ell powe ye he e enon og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 54

55 eue of he poenl fo hgh effeny, low eon, flexle ue of fuel, n uene. Fuel ell he uenly hee n pplon: npoon whee hey e expee o eple on he long e ouon engne powe pplon whee he n opeo n he plege powe nge e g une pole pplon lly ffeen opon hn o-ee e on N o. The e-of-he- h eole o he pon h fuel ell nufue hope o egn keng fuel ell n ju few ye. Full-le eonon pln e uenly eng egne ll oun he wol. n on, ony pplon of fuel ell e eng gee fo eey eo of he wol enegy ke, fo ll eenl ogeneo o lge enl powe geneng on. The pplon nge nlue: On-e ye fo oe W o W. Due n uon ye ngng fo kw o W. enl on of eel hune W. A l pon, long lfe elle fuel ell onue he of hyogen eonoy h hope o e he enege eoluon fo h enuy. The pouon of hyogen on enewle n he ulzon of h hyogen n fuel ell poe len powe oue h oul e pleene n ny ple, ehe g onnee oue o fo n lone pplon o ll g. The e wy o genee H n O fo hee e known he eleoly we eopoon o-lle eleoly. n nul pln, he lklne eu pefee o we, eue ooon oe ely onolle n hepe onuon el n e ue ope o eleoly ehnology. Ohe eho of hyogen pouon, uh poon exhnge ene eleoly, e eleoly he een eelope n een ye. Hyogen n lo e genee y-pou ung he hoe-lkl pouon. houl e on n n h Fuel ell ye n Eleolye ye e e uen hne n e elely oplex poee, epenng on pup, lowe, eleo le he exhnge, peue egulo n o on. Theefoe, lhough hee hne e ofen ope o ple ey ye, he epone e of uh hney yplly n he ouple of eon nge n no n he o- o lleon nge.... Fuel ell lfon Fuel ell e well known ee o nfo hel enegy no hel enegy y n eleohel yle he hn hel yle n, e no ujee o he no yle lon of hel hne, hu offeng he poenl fo ey hgh oneon effene. n he le heeune, he nowy exng fuel ell e peene: og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 55

56 Tepeue Sk Type Depon ow epeue AF F PEF DF PAF Alklne Fuel ell AF wee he f fuel ell o e wely ue fo pe pplon. The eleolye on of pou hyoxe ffeen onenon n ffeen epeue. The fuel pue hyogen Poon Exhnge ene Fuel ell PEF onn n eleolye h lye of ol polye (uully Nfon. The polye eleolye llow poon o e npoe fo one hlf ell o he ohe. PEF eue le openg epeue n n ue onol of fuel huy. PEF e nly uppe y he npoon eo De ehnol Fuel ell DF e PEF fo whh he fuel ehnol ne of hyogen. ehnol ele ely hyogen on on he noe n hee poon nfe hough he PE eleolye ow he hoe. Phopho A Fuel ell The PAF he o ue fuel ell ehnology. ue % onene phopho (H PO 4 eleolye ene on lon e x. PAF n e ue fo o-geneon ue o he hghe openg epeue ( yplly Hgh epeue F F SOF olen one Fuel ell F opee hgh epeue whee he lkl one fo hghly onue olen l wh one on (O - poe on onuon hough he eleolye x. F exh hghe effeny n gee fuel flexly h ke he goo ne fo one he n powe geneon. Sol Oxe Fuel ell Opee hgh epeue (8 o wh e eleolye (e.g. zon oxe. n e fuelle wh ey of ge. Tle.4 Oeew n ef epon of exng Fuel ell ype AF PEF DF PAF F SOF Eleolye Poon Poon olen KOH exhnge exhnge H PO 4 e one (lu ene ene (lu (Sol (lu (ol (ol Tepeue Openg Peue, H Fuel Pue H Pue H OH H, lleo H, O H, O H O H OH H 4 H 4 Poon O, H S, O O, H S X-OH O, H S S, H S, Hl, H, HB H S N & e onuon Gph Gph Snle n el on on Seel el hge e OH - H H H - O O - og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 56

57 Exenl efoe Ye Ye Ye fo H 4 No No neeely Snle eel No No neeely Pe ell oneeel Gphe- on-e e oponen ly Ag P P P Nkel Peoke xe wh Epo Pou we Epoe Epoe Gzeou Geou eleolye e DOE Powe Deny Gol ~5 ~6 ~4 poun/kw 8- He ejeon (kw/kw Pou he Effeny 55-6 % Powe nge (kw Applon Fuel eueen oolng eu 4% (H 4 6 % (H oolng eu Poe g oolng eu nenl efong poe g nenl efong poe g -4% 6-45% 5-6% 5-55% k.k 5k-k Spe Pole Tnpo Sene o O, Nee pue O, Spe Pole Tnpo Sonn y Sene o O Pole Tnpo Tnpo Sonny Tnpo Sonny Tnpo Sonny O Poon Poon > % Fuel Fuel H 4 Dluen Dluen Fuel Fuel NH Poon Poon Dluen Fuel l Poon Poon Poon Poon? S Poon Poon Poon Poon uy 97 Unefne 99 Unefne 5 Spel Pole oue onol n he ene Hgh-olge Opeon Hgh fuel ulzon Hgh fuel o oxn ulzon... Hyogen Pouon n Eleolye lfon Fuel ell nee hyogen o funon. Hyogen n e poue ehe y efong Hyoon (oe hn 8 % of he wol pouon o y eleoly (le hn % of he wol pouon. Hyoon efong he pefee wy of hyogen pouon ue o he enegy effeny n o. Howee, eleoly ey elegn wy o poue hyogen y en of enewle enege (P, Wnf, Hyo eley eue exe eley n e nfoe no hyogen (n oxygen wh ey hgh effene y en of eleoly. Dffeen eho fo efong oex: kng of hyoon uh nul g, nph, eel o lohol. The poe ue neffen n e of hyogen pouon (ne he yng on of hyogen, O, O n ehne, yplly wh o 5% O. Th eon n e onee he f ep of e efoon. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 57

58 Oxon of nul g on on. The eho hep n ey exohe, wh oul llow o-geneon, u he effeny of h ehnology lo low. Se efong o we g hf. H 4 H O > 4 H O Th eon n ke ple on he yng fe kng n ue ffeen ly fo he ffeen epeue eue ke ple n u-ep. Followng he efong, pufon of he one g u ke ple n oe o he fuel ell ge hyogen.e. n oe o ge low O onen of he hyogen ly poeng ehnon o pefeenl oxon fo up o kw pplon Flow hough PSA (peue wng opon h ey expene only jufe fo hyogen pouon of oe 5 N /h Ue of P ene fo pplon eween n 5 kwe... oellng of he SOF ye Th eon ee he n eleohel eon h ou n he SOF. n ef. [] ue h he noe upple wh H only n he hoe wh O only, o h he only eon h ou n he fuel ell : H O HO (.4 The poenl ffeene eween he noe n he hoe lule ung he Nen euon n Oh lw: T ph p O ln f F p (.5 HO N E f whee: E he olge oe wh eon fee enegy ( p ; p ; p e he pl peue of he oponen (N/ H O HO N he nue of ell he elel ene of he fuel ell (Ω he eon uen o he oupu uen (A f he unel g onn (J/ol K T he hnnel epeue (ue onn (K F he Fy onn (oulo/ol The pl peue of he oponen ele o ol flow. Th elonhp gen y he el g lw: p h n T (.6 whee: h he olue of he hnnel ( n he nue of ole of he pee peen (ole Theefoe p T n h (.7 og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 58

59 n n h n ( (.8 Whee, n he eleen flow of npu he eleen flow h e Fo he H he lue of : H N f F K (.9 f The lue of fo he ohe eleen e one y he euon (.4. So: O H K f (. K HO H f (. Defnng he U f (fuel ulon, he o eween he fuel flow h e n he npu fuel flow, n ung ypl ue, eween 8 n 9% ee n [], he en uen of he fuel ell ye n e ee n he nge gen y: n n.8 H.9 n H f (. K K The opl ulon fo (U op ue o e 85%, llowng he onol of he npu flow y he eue of he oupu uen, o h: K n f H (..85 The ohoe o of hyogen o oxygen o. Oxygen exe lwy ken n, o le hyogen e wh oxygen oe opleely. Aong o ef. [], une nol opeon he lue of houl e.45, n oe o keep he fuel ell peue ffeene elow 4 kp. So he npu oxygen flow, keep H _ O H _ O.45 y onollng he pee of he opeo. n n O H _ O H n O, onolle o (.4 All he eon h ou n he fuel ell h oe e ely oe. The hel epone n he fuel poeo uully low, oe wh he e o hnge he hel eon pee fe hnge n he flow of en. Th yn epone funon oelle f-oe nfe funon wh 5 e ely onn ( T. The elel epone e ely n he fuel ell f genelly ho n nly oe wh he pee whh he hel eon ple of eong he hge h h een ne y he lo. Th yn epone funon lo oelle f-oe nfe funon, u wh.8 e ely onn (. The yn epone funon of he flow lo oelle T e f-oe nfe funon wh he e ely onn of he epee eleen,, fo he epone e of Hyogen flow, fo Oxygen n fo we flow. τ H τ O τ HO The pek powe py he o of xu heoel powe eley o he e powe n he fuel ell ye. only eene wh he lle e fuel og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 59

60 ell e. Fo he hghe pole ol effeny n he yn lo-followng ehou, p houl e lge pole. A h lue ely popoonl o he effee fuel ell e fo onn oupu, o oneon e he uppe lue o lue pefely eween n 8% []. n pe, h uppe lue lo ee y he fey of ye opeon. n oe o peen ge o he eleolye, he fuel ell peue ffeene eween he hyogen n oxygen png hough he noe n hoe g open houl e elow 4 kp une nol opeon n 8 kp une nen onon []. Beue ffeen fuel ell ye he ffeen pek powe py, y ulon hown h p n h fuel ell ye houl e elow 7%, whh en he xu powe h n e elee y h fuel ell ye elow.7 e of he e powe. Though he powe onone, he fuel ell ye n oupu no only el powe u lo ee powe. Uully, he powe fo n e n he nge of.8-.. Beue he epone e of he powe onone genelly le hn, no neey o nlue ele oel n ou yn fuel ell ye. Fgue.7 peen he oeponng lok g of he yn oel ee. The powe onone of h fgue epeene y ple powe oue. - Σ P e n f P ef U x K n f n H T e f n H U n K K K - Σ f K Uop Tf n H H _ O n O - Σ KH τ H KHO τ HO K O O τ ph p HO p O T N E ln F ph pho po - Σ f f X P e Q e FP Fg..7 SOF ye yn oel, fo []... Fuel ell Pee The pee h oepon o SOF wh nonl powe of kw e ee n he followng le. Thee oel pee wee upe fo he ef. []. Pee epeenon lue P e powe kw e P el powe efeene kw ef T Aolue epeue 7 K F Fy onn /ol Unel g onn 84 J/(kol K og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 6

61 E el n poenl.8 N Nue of ell n ee n he k 84 K onn, K N 4F kol/( A U x xu fuel ulzon.9 U nu fuel ulzon.8 n U Opl fuel ulzon.85 op K H le ol onn fo hyogen kol/( KHO le ol onn fo we.8-4 kol/( K le ol onn fo oxygen.5 - kol/( O τ H epone e fo hyogen flow 6. τ HO epone e fo we flow 78. τ O epone e fo oxygen flow.9 o e Oh lo.6 Te Elel epone e.8 T Fuel poeo epone e 5. f _ o of hyogen o oxygen.45 H O PF Powe fo. Tle.5 Fuel ell Pee.4. o Tune.4.. Se of he A oune e ll n ple-yle g une wh oupu ngng yplly fo oun 5 o kw. They e p of genel eoluon n g une ehnology. Tehnue nopoe no he lge hne, o poe pefone, n e yplly foun n oune well. Thee nlue eupeon, low NO X eon ehnologe, n he ue of ne el, uh e, fo he ho eon p [6]. Thee e eenlly wo ype of oune. One hgh-pee ngle-hf un wh opeo n une oune on he e hf he elel ynhonou hne. n h e une pee nly nge fo 5 o p. The ohe ype of oune pl-hf egne one h ue powe une ong p n onenonl geneo onnee geox..4.. oellng he o une ye n ypl oune egn, h o-geneon ye opoe of he followng n p: og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 6

62 Tune: The py hne ll g une. Thee e wo kn of une, hgh-pee ngle-hf une n pl-hf une. Elel geneo: n he ngle-hf egn, n leno ely ouple o he ngle hf une. The oo ehe wo- o fou-pole penen gne egn, n he o onenonl oppe woun egn. n he pl-hf egn, onenonl nuon o ynhonou hne oune on he powe une geox. Powe eleon: n he ngle-hf egn, he leno genee ey hgh feueny hee phe olge ngng fo 5 o 4 Hz. To llow g neonneon, he hgh feueny olge nee o e f efe n hen nee o nol 5 Hz olge. n he pl-hf une egn, powe nee e no neee. eupeo: The eupeo he exhnge, whh nfe he fo he exhu g o he hge efoe ene he ouo. Th eue he oun of fuel eue o e he hge epeue o h eue y he une. onol n ounon ye: onol n ounon ye nlue full onol of he une, powe nee n -up eleon well nuenon, gnl ononng, loggng, gno, n ue onol ounon. Sne n h eeh we e nly neee n he yn pefone of he newok n no he f nen h y hppen, he oune oel ope e on he followng upon: The eupeo no nlue n he oel only he exhnge o e engne effeny. Alo, ue o he eupeo ey low epone e, h lle nfluene on he ele of ou yn ulon. The g une epeue onol n eleon onol e of no gnfne une nol ye onon. Theefoe hey n e oe n he une oel. Nex fgue how plfe lok g of pl-hf egn []. Fg..8 PoweWok oune g[] A plfe lok g fo he oune fo lo followng yn ehou nly pupoe hown n fgue.9. The el of hee onol lok wh ll pee e gen nex. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 6

63 P ef P e Σ - P onol Sye Pn Tune P Geneo P e Q e Fg..9 n lok n oune oel.4... onol ye f lo followng onol n he e onol funon, he el powe onol n e ee el powe popoonl-negl (P onol funon n fgue.. The onolle el powe Pn hen pple o he une. P ef - P e Σ P K p Σ P n K Fg.. o followng onol ye oel whee: P e he ene powe; P ef he efeene powe; P n he K p he popoonl gn n he P; K he negl gn n he P Tune n he pl-hf egn, lhough hee e wo une, one gfe une ng opeo n nohe fee powe une ng geneo ong pee of p, hee only one ouo n one gfe opeo. Th lgely ffeen fo he wn-hf ouon-une, whh h wo ouo n wo opeo []. So oe ule o oel h pl-hf une ple-yle, ngle-hf g une. The GAST une-goeno oel one of he o oonly ue yn oel of g une un [7]. The oel ple n follow ypl oellng guelne []. Fo ply n we eply, he une p n h oune egn oelle GAST oel. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 6

64 w D u P n ge x T T Σ - P n Σ KT Σ - T x Fg.. Tune oel Whee P he ehnl powe; D u he png of une; T he fuel ye lg e onn ; T he fuel ye lg e onn ; T he lo l e onn x he lo l; x he xu lue poon; n he nu lue poon; K T he epeue onol loop gn o Tune Pee The pee h oepon o h oel e ee n he followng le n nuel lue fo 5 kw hne he een e fo llue pupoe. Pee epeenon lue P e Dene powe 5 kw e e olge 66 P ef el powe efeene (pu. K p Popoonl gn n P. K negl gn n P.8 D u Dpng of une. T Fuel ye lg e onn. T Fuel ye lg e onn. T o l e onn. x o l. x xu lue poon. n nu lue poon -. K T Tepeue onol loop gn. H Tune ne 8. D gen Dpng of geneo. p Nue of pole 4. Tle.7 oune Pee og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 64

65 4. oellng he Soge Dee f : ey ofen he upply of enewle Enegy oen oepon wh he en n n Enegy Soge Sye eue. Seel ee he een ue n eelope n oe o oe enegy : ehnl ye : flywheel pneully ye : opee hel ye : ho we o ol n nule eeo elel ye : po, Supepo eleohel ye : ee, fuel ell The enegy oge ye opoe eween ny opon. houl he low elf-hge fo - n long-e oge. houl he n hgh oell effeny, hgh lfee n unpele ylng onon, le o lowly o f ele he enegy. houl opee n we nge of epeue, houl e fe wh low nenne, onee non pollung n of oue o houl e low pole. Toy he o oon ehnue fo enegy oge n epelly n neen enewle Enegy pplon he eleohel ehnology whh one y he fl le ey fo oeneen n Bee 4... Oeew of he EAD-AD Bee 4... Defnon n oponen A ey ee h one he hel enegy onne n e el ely no ele enegy y en of n eleohel oxon-euon (eox eon. Th ype of eon nole he nfe of eleon fo one el o nohe hough n ele u. Alhough he e ey ofen ue, he eleohel un he ell. A ey on of one o oe of hee ell, onnee n ee o pllel, o oh, epenng on he ee oupu olge n py. The ell on of hee jo oponen, hown helly n Fgue 4.: The noe o nege eleoe whh ge up eleon o he exenl u n oxe ung he eleohel eon. The hoe o poe eleoe, whh ep eleon fo he exenl u n eue ung he eleohel eon. The eleolye whh poe he eu fo nfe of eleon, on, ne he ell eween he noe n hoe. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 65

66 OAD - Flow of eleon - Powe upply - Flow of eleon ANODE Flow of non ATHODE ATHODE Flow of non ANODE Flow of on Flow of on EETOYTE EETOYTE DSHAGE HAGE Fg. 4. Eleohel opeon of ell: hge hge Phylly he noe n hoe eleoe e eleonlly ole n he ell o peen nenl ho-ung, u e uoune y he eleolye. n pl ell egn epo el ue o epe he noe n hoe eleoe ehnlly. The epo, howee, peele o he eleolye n oe o nn he ee on onuy. The ell elf n e ul n ny hpe n onfguon -ylnl, uon, fl n p- n he ell oponen e egne o ooe he pul ell hpe Opeon onon The opeon of ell ung hge llue n Fgue 4.(. When he ell onnee o n exenl lo, eleon flow fo he noe, whh oxe, hough he exenl lo o he hoe, whee he eleon e epe n he hoe el eue. The ele u oplee n he eleolye y he flow of non (nege on n on (poe on o he noe n hoe, epeely. Dung he ehge of ehgele o eony ey, he uen flow eee n oxon ke ple he poe eleoe n euon he nege eleoe, hown n Fgue 4.( hey of he le- ey The eleoe eon e oh e on le u on ffeen e of oxon. The oplee eon oh eleoe nole he ppon of he ulphu ue eleolye, whh onee no le ulphe on oh eleoe. Fo h eon, he hey of he le- ey known he oule ulphe eon. The wo eleoe eon eul n he glol ell eon: og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 66

67 hge PO P HSO4 PSO4 HO (4. hge When he le- ey hge, le (P n le oxe (PO e onee no le ulphe (PSO4 o, n ohe wo, ung hge he ulphe of he ulphu oe no he eleoe. When he ey hge, hee eon e eee (ee fg 4.. OAD - Powe upply - Flow of eleon - Flow of eleon ANODE : P > PSO4 Flow of non Flow of on ATHODE : PO > PSO4 ATHODE : PSO4 > P Flow of non Flow of on ANODE : PSO4 > PO EETOYTE Dlue HSO4 EETOYTE Dlue HSO4 DSHAGE HAGE Fg. 4. eleohel eon oung ung hge n hge Bee lfon The le ee oul e lfe nly n wo ehnologe followng he e of he eleolye : Flooe le- ee le-egule le- ee ( A ee Su lfon e lo ue uh : hpe of he poe eleoe ( fl / uul / pl ple eho of fxng he eleolye fo A ee : AG / Gel eleolye Sne 859 eehe e of oue lo of poeen n he le ye n hey he pele egn wh he en. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 67

68 D n pefone he Sye olge The e olge of le- ell ol. The nonl olge of ey hen Nx whee N he nue of ell onnee n ee. The open u olge ge ough eon of he e of hge of he ey. nly funon of he pef gy of he eleolye n he epeue. The oupu olge n pully he fnl hge olge hll e le ong o he hge e, n oe o o ey eeoon n hz. The npu olge ung hge n e ue fo ony pplon n he followng ue: U - he U U nge of pe Fg. 4. -U e ung ehge e Uully he py of ey efne y he uny of Ah h he ey le o elee fe hge. epen of he uen pple o he ey ung he hge well he fnl olge ong o lue gen y he nufue. The nfluene of he epeue on he ey py uully expee followng: Enegy n powe eny o 5.8 o o ( 5 ( 4. Be on nonl olge of ol he heoel enegy eny of he le ye 67 Wh / kg. Neehele, he opon houl nlue eleolye, uen olleo, onne, l, enl, wegh o olue of ll exenl ee h e neee o enle powe upply uh eeo, fle pup onee o ge n eley o eley ye. Theefoe enegy eny of he le oge ye epen on he ey egn n ehnology. Uully he enegy eny of he uul ehnology onenng phoool pplon ou 5 Wh / kg. The powe eny n open noon n n e he lo of hng. Be on hge of e. oo epeue n fnl olge of /4 U le ye e le o upply 4 W/kg. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 68

69 ylng ee n lfee Bey ype Nue of yle (eep DOD fee Nue of ye e-, pe e-, uule e-, Plné o le-lu -5-5 Tle 4. fee of ffeen ey ype The lfee of he ee epen of he DOD of he yle he ey ee ung lfe. The eeppe he yle e, he hoe he ey lfe. The ee lfe epen lo of he epeue : he we oo epeue, he hoe he ey lfe. F n enegy effeny The f effeny he o eween he Ah hge n he Ah ehge. Ah-effeny Dhge Ah / ehge Ah The oon f effeny e fo 95 % o 8 %. The enegy effeny epen on he uen effeny of he eleoe poee n he oepoenl nole n oh hge n hge eon well he ey ene. wll epen on he e of hge n hge. SO (% Enegy effeny (Wh/Wh (% Tle 4. nfluene of he e of hge n he eph of he peou hge on he enegy effeny Self-hge Self-hge fo le- ee oun % pe 5. epen on epeue n ey ehnology. Tepeue e ye e ey olen wh he epeue. Hgh epeue nee he pefone whou hge pole u eee lfe. ow epeue eue pefone. The uul openg epeue nge fo le- ee o 45. n oe e he ey n e egne fo o lowe. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 69

70 Tehnology eelope n nufue Hee e oe exple of opne poung le- ee: EneSy n (Hwke / B Been / Olh Exe Tehnologe (Tuo / Fulen / Sonnenhen / hloe oe Powe / Fulen / EA &D Tehnologe Johnon onol : Hoppeke / F Yu n onenonl pplon The n fel of pplon e: uooe (Sng ghenng gnon on ony ee The ele ehle gh e he nex pole ke fo le ee. Exple of ony pplon: opny/lolon Souhen lfon Eon hno, A USA Elekzäwek Heuhle Sele, Geny Pueo o El. Powe Auhoy Sn Jun, Pueo o GNB nul Powe elkl, AK USA Powe/Enegy W / 4 Wh 4 kw / 4 kwh W / 4 Wh W /.4 Wh Type e fonon/bee o leelng / e- A (Open/ene o leelng / e- A (Open/ene Feueny egulon / e-a (Open e eleolye o upply/ e- A (Sele, le egule Sng ye o of he oge ehnology Uully he o of he le- ey e fo 5 o 5 / kwh, epenng of he ey ype. A fo of n-lone enegy ye, oge y epeen up o 5% of he ol o, nly ue o he nenne n epleen of he ey ung he ye lfe. Bey neen o epeen oun % of he enegy ye neen o. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 7

71 uen knowlege on enonenl ue of he oge ehnology The ngeou el npu e le n ulphu. Dung nufung le ngeou n he f ge of he fon, eon ngeou n he fnl ge: ple foon. Dung opeon, ulphu he n ngeou el, owng o ooe nue. n e when he ey oo no well enle, ge gen off y ene le- ee on hge e exploe 4... Bee oellng 4... Depon of he oel The le- ey oplex, non-lne eleohel ee. n oe o eelop hel oel h ee, lo of pee houl e ken no oun. Thee pee e neee o ee phenoen we lo, geng of he ey, gng, elf-hge, he eoluon, eleolye fon, ulfon of he ey ple. The oel ue hee e on he eul one n [45]. lule he olge n he enng hge of he ey gen he hge/hge uen n he ey epeue. elon fo onng he o-lle exe hge, he gng n he elf-hge uen e neee. Thee euon e e he followng eon. Exe hge - AhD ne of Se of hge (SO uully ue n uh oel, nohe eue of he enegy oe whn he ey ope n h epo, he exe hge. Th he hge (.e. nue of Ah h woul he o e hge fo fully hge ey o ng o uen e of hge. AhD - (-x( g, SD AhD (4. Gng uen - g Gng ou n le- ey ung hgng when he ey nely fully hge. Gng eon onue poon of he hge uen. The gng uen lule y og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 7

72 g ff Kτe fel fel τ Kτ e ff τ ff ff τ fel Kτ e ff fel ff ff fel fel (4.4 Whee: ff x(, (τ (- Tg(T-5 (4.5 Self-Dhge uen SD Due o nenl ehn ey unegoe euon n e of hge. Self- Dhge uen SD ue o ee h phenoenon. SD lule y SD ln( β SD ( AhD 7 SDT (4.6 olge of he ey The ell olge ung hgng ( nege n e ee fo he followng euon: o DP DP D ( 5 ( o T Dlope Ah ( ( 5 4 (. DT T DP DP T DKT Ah (4.7 Whee: AhD Ah (4.8 K n DT K DK(DT(T-5 (4.9 The pl ee of he open u olge wh epe o epeue n e lule e on ue f o fo efeene [45]. kewe, he ell olge ung hgng ( poe n e ee fo he followng euon: o P P n( x, ( 5 o T lope Ah ( T( T 5 P P T K 4 ( T Ah (4. Whee ln ( x τ τ Tg( T 5 (4. Kτ og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 7

73 n AhD Ah (4. K Depon of he pee uen (nege fo hge n poe fo hge, A g gng uen, A SD elf hge uen, A e, h AhD nue of Ah AhD AhD Ah uele oun of hge enng ung hgng, Ah Ah uele oun of hge enng ung hgng, Ah T ey epeue, DT K hge py epeue T x he xu nle olge.e. he olge h woul ou wh ll hge uen eng ue n he gng eon, ff, he ffeene eween he ey olge n he olge he one of gng, The enng pee e f pee 4... Theenn Bey oel The Theenn Bey oel he e opon fo he k n hn. poe hgh egee of uy whle nnng ply. elee h h oel oul ee he elel epone of ey he uely fo peo of few nue. o Bey olge Tenl uen nenl ene Open-u olge o Oe-olge epeene y he pllel onon of n Fg. 4.4 Theenn Bey oel A jo hoong of h oel h ll u pee e oelle onn whee hey e funon of ou ey onon. Sho-e Dhge oel (fo [48] Th oel e on he Theenn oel n n poeen oe u pee he een ofe o enue hghe uy wh pee enfon eho. og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 7

74 Fg. 4.5 Eulen u of he Sho-e Theenn-hge Bey oel The pee e p. ene epeenng oh polon (olge op ue o he nenl ene. Dhge oe-olge ene epeenng he hge nfe loe o. Oe-olge pne epeenng he oule-lye effe yn 4. Open u eleohel poenl epeenng he eulu e..f. of he ey une no lo onon Thee ongly non-lne eleen e epenen on he hge e, e of hge n epeue. Aupon. Se Of hge (SO ou %. [Bey e-hge n he n-y onon]. Tepeue onn ung he peo of hge Thu he hge uen he n goenng fo of he pee [Plee efe o Fgue 4.4 (, ( n (]. The pee lue of ey oul e one fo he eue ey oupu olge ung ee of ep-lo e on. A ypl le- ey yn epone o ep lo n e ee y E p ( E p p o o exp (4. o og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 74

75 Fg 4.4( Oh polzon p oeponng o hge uen Fg 4.4( Dhge oeolge ene o oeponng o hge uen Fg4.4( Oeolge pne oeponng o hge uen 4... ong-e nege elel oel Th eue oe oel of Gglol 4 h oe oel [49]. The ffuon e onn n e-polon e onn of he 4 h oe oel h een one no n nege elel e oeffen n h plfe oel. Fg. 4.5 Eulen u of he long-e nege ey oel og Poje : WPA Delele DA (Df 75