ELEN 624 Signal Integrity
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1 EEN 64 Signal Inegriy ecure 5 Insrucor: Jin hao , jhao@ieee.org EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6 -
2 Agenda A ransmission line demo A quick reiew of las discussion Homework reiew Transmission ine II oupled lines Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6 -
3 The Srucure ine widh: mm, lengh: mm 49.9 Ohms, Td.667 ns EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-3
4 The Simulaion Resuls EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-4
5 Telegrapher Equaions EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-5
6 Propagaion onsan, Impedance EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-6
7 Transmission ine Parameers EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-7
8 Reflecion oefficien EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-8
9 Inpu Impedance EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-9
10 A General View Open case: in j anβl j coβl Shor case: in j anβl j anβl Based on Taylor Series: Wih low frequency or shor lines, one has anβl βl open in _ j β l jβl in _ open jω l j ω l in _ shor j βl in _ shor j ω l jωl EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6 -
11 EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6 - Terminae ossless Transmission ine ( ( ( j j j Te V I e e V I β β β Γ T V T V T V I V P V I V P V I V P ra ref inc Γ ra ref inc P P P T Γ T Γ T Need normaliaion
12 Generalied Scaering Parameers V,a V,b V n, a n V n, b n n Por N-por Nework Por n S ij a b n n V V b a n n n n [ b ] [ S][ a] i j a k V V i j, fork j j i V k, for k j Impedance normaliaion EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6 -
13 Iniial Volage aunched ono he ine V (, V S ( R S EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-3
14 Source Reflecion and oad Reflecion Source erminaion oad/parallel erminaion R Γ S S S Γ R R R EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-4
15 Bounce (aice Diagram EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-5
16 uliple Reflecions for Underdrien Transmission ine EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-6
17 uliple Reflecions for Oerdrien Transmission ine EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-7
18 Rising Time Effecs An R circui when rising ime is large enough EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-8
19 Rising Time Effecs An R circui when rising ime is large enough EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-9
20 apaciie oad EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6 -
21 Reflecions From apaciie oad EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6 -
22 Reflecions from Inducie oad EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6 -
23 Inducie Impedance R ircui EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-3
24 TDR and Some Typical Time Domain Reflecion Waeforms EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-4
25 Terminaion Schemes To eliminae he muliple reflecions on he line, erminaion is needed a eiher end of he ransmission line For a poin-o o-poin inerconnec, eiher source or parallel erminaion is sufficien for mos of he applicaions EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-5
26 Terminaion Schemes On-Die Source erminaion inear I-V I V cure of he oupu buffer difficul! Series Source erminaion Parallel erminaion Power Dissipaion A load erminaion Reflecions are eliminaed wih no D power dissipaion Increased signal delay due o he capaciie load EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-6
27 Source End Terminaion Schemes o Eliminae Reflecions EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-7
28 Receier End Terminaion Schemes o Eliminae Reflecions EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-8
29 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-9
30 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-3
31 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-3
32 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-3
33 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-33
34 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-34
35 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-35
36 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-36
37 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-37
38 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-38
39 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-39
40 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-4
41 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-4
42 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-4
43 Homework EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-43
44 Transmission ine II- oupled ines Physical Srucure and equialen circui model Inducance and capaciance marix Inducance and capaciance coupling rossalk induced fligh ime and signal inegriy ariaions Single-line line equialen model simulaion rossalk rends Terminaion of odd and een mode ransmission line pairs inimiaion of crossalk EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-44
45 oupled Transmission ine i i V V - - N conducors for N oupled ine EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-45
46 oupled Transmission ines Physical Srucure & Equialen ircui odel Energy coupled beween wo ransmission lines rossalk occurs on chip, in package, on PB, and in connecors Disance reduces, crossalk increases Two derimenal effecs: hange acie line and Ereff Induce noise ono he oher lines rossalk depends on: Daa paern Srucure o srucure spacing Swiching raes EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-46
47 Equialen ircui of a Differenial engh of oupled Transmission ine (, (, - i (, i (, - G G i (,, (,, (,, - i (,, - Pay Special Aenion o he Ground of Transmission ines EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-47
48 EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-48 Telegrapher s Equaion for oupled Transmission ine i i i i i i G G ( ; ( ; [ ] [ ] - i i i i i i G G
49 The Equaions [V] and [I] are olage and curren ecors for each line [ V] [ ] [ I] [ I] [ ] [ V] EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-49
50 Inducance and apaciance oupling EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-5
51 apaciie oupling G G d d d d G G G A simple undersanding EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-5
52 apaciie oupling EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-5
53 EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-53 Disribued apaciie oupling i, ( }, (, ( {, (, ( line acie line quie / (, ( p / i / i i
54 odel for apaciie rossalk i line / i / (icim line (, i (, f (, r r (, f (, i (, (, Noe: p EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-54
55 Inducie oupling EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-55
56 Disribued Inducie oupling line quie line acie i (, - c (,, i c ( (, EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-56
57 EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-57 odel for Inducie rossalk line (icim line, ( c f i i r, ( r, ( f - i i i f r f r, (, (, (, (, (, ( p Noe:
58 Inducance and apaciance oupling EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-58
59 EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-59 Forward and Reerse oupling oefficiens K K r p r f f, (, ( (, (, (, ( (, ( ombining capaciie and inducie crossalk, and using r r /, ( /, ( oupling oefficiens: ( ( 4 ( ( 4 K K p r p f G G G G
60 Far End rossalk (FEXT f ( l / p ( l, Kfl Kfl ( T d V lk V / f r r r FEXT is proporional o he slew rae and line lengh EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-6
61 Near End ross Talk (NEXT (, Kr { ( ( } r D V KV r D r EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-6
62 Simulaion Resuls Poins To Remember 6mV If he rising or fall ime is shor compared o he delay of he line, he near-end crossalk noise is independen of he rise ime. If he rising or fall ime is long compared o he delay of he line, he near-end crossalk noise is dependen of he rise ime. 4mV mv V The far-end crossalk is always depend on he rise and fall ime. -mv s ns 4ns 6ns 8ns ns ns 4ns V(R: V(R: V(R4: V(R3: Time EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-6
63 Simulaion Resuls EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-63
64 Applicaions EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-64
65 EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-65 oupled icrosrip and Sripline H W S W S H H microsrip sripline K f K f < < ( ( 4 ( ( 4 K K p r p f
66 Wha Is and Why ode? In elecromagneics, mode refers o a cerain field paern ha can be suppored by cerain boundary condiions and/or exciaions. The oal fields are he linear superposiion of all he modes. Under quasi-te assumpion, (N conducor srucure suppors N modes, and in he symmerically coupled line scenario, he wo modes are een mode and odd mode. EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-66
67 I rossalk induced fligh ime and signal inegriy ariaions I m g m V V V Een mode Equal magniude, in phase Effecie Impedance, and Velociy Odd mode di d di d di di V d d di di V d d di d di d di d di ( V V V I I I di ( V ( d d g V For ine, effecie inducance is For ine, effecie inducance is Tha s he odd mode effecie inducance. I I I dv d dv d m dv d dv d dv d g dv d I I I V V V ( dv dv dv I g m For ine, effecie capaciance is g m d d d For ine, effecie inducance is Tha s he een mode effecie capaciance. I I g dv d d d ( V V dv ( dv m g I ( m g d d m m ( V V d g d dv g d dv d dv d g TD een g g EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-67 een een een een een m ( ( m
68 I I I dv d dv d rossalk induced fligh ime and signal inegriy ariaions I dv d dv d g dv d dv d m g m V I I I V V V ( V I I g m dv d d m d Odd mode Equal magniude, 8 degrees ou of phase Effecie Impedance, and Velociy Odd mode di di V V V V d d di di V I I I d d di di di V ( d d d di di di V V d d d ( ( d For ine, effecie inducance is For ine, effecie inducance is Tha s he odd mode effecie inducance. ( V V ( d dv ( dv m g I ( m g d d g dv d dv d ( V V dv dv dv g m ( m g d d d d dv dv dv I g m For ine, effecie capaciance is g m d d d For ine, effecie inducance is Tha s he odd mode effecie capaciance. I m g m m EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-68 TD odd g m g m odd odd di m ( ( odd odd odd m
69 Een ode (Field V V G G H-wall e e e G G p, e c e e r ε for homogeneous medium EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-69
70 Odd ode (Field V V G G E-wall o o o G G p, o c oo εr for homogeneou s medium EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-7
71 Een and Odd ode haracerisic Impedance Een mode characerisic impedance is he raio of een mode raeling wae olage and curren on each indiidual line Odd mode characerisic impedance is he raio of odd mode raeling wae olage and curren on each indiidual line EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-7
72 rossalk induced fligh ime and signal inegriy ariaions, A summary odd TD odd odd odd odd m odd ( ( m TD een een een een een een m ( ( m TE mode assumpion Homogeneous sysem: No elociy ariaions Paern-dependen impedance differences Nonhomogeneous sysem: Boh elociy and impedance change onclusion: Odd-mode impedance lower han he single-line case. Een-mode impedance higher han he single-line case. No elociy ariaions due o crossalk in a sripline. rossalk induces elociy ariaions in a microsrip. EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-7
73 Single ine Equialen odel Simulaion Two coupled conducors can be modeled as one conducor by deermining he effecie odd- or eenmode impedance and propagaion delay of he ransmission line pair and subsiuing hese parameers ino a single-line model. To esimaed he wors case effecs of crossalk during a bus design prior o an acual layou. When he signal line is swiching in phase wih he arge line, he muual capaciance beween he wo lines is subraced from he oal capaciance of he arge line and he muual inducance is added. When he signal line is swiching ou of phase wih he arge line, he muual capaciance beween he wo lines is added o he oal capaciance of he arge line and he muual inducance is subraced from he oal inducance. The effecie capaciance and inducance are used o calculae he equialen characerisic impedance and propagaion elociy for he single-line equialen model (SE., eff 3, eff ( ( TD eff, 3 3 ( ( TD, eff 3 3 imiaion: Bes be used during he design phase of a bus when buffer impedance and line-o-line spacing are being chosen. No reflecion wae on line. Only an approximaion mehod which is useful for quickly narrowing down he soluion space on a design prior o layou. Final simulaions should always be done wih fully coupled models. EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-73
74 ross-secional geomery of he race ross Talk Trend A ransmission line ha is srongly coupled o he reference planes will simply exhibi less coupling o adjacen races. ow impedance Wide race consume more rouing area os Thin dialecic layer shor beween signal and ground plane he producion yield is low. Impedance Een mode Single line Single line Een mode Odd mode Odd mode Edge o edge spacing High ow Boh een and odd impedance approach he nominal impedance as separaion increases The small spacing, single-line impedance is lower han he arge, adjacen race increases he self-capaciance. High impedance races exhibi significanly more impedance ariaion han do he lower-impedance races because he reference planes are much farher in relaion o he signal spacing. Poins: ow-impedance line will produce less impedance ariaion from crossalk for a gien dielecric consan The impedance of a single line on a board is influenced by he proximiy of oher races een when hey are no being aciely drien. uual parasiics fall of exponenially wih race-o-race spacing. EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-74
75 Terminaion Differenial ransmission line consiss of wo ighly coupled races ha are always propagaing in odd mode. Pi Terminaion Nework - A Virual A ground R3 R Een mode, RReen R Odd mode, R//(.5R3odd If he ransmission line pair will always be propagaing in one mode, he middle R3 is no necessary..5r3.5r3 R R T Terminaion Nework R R R3 - Single Ended Receiers R R R3 R3 - Odd mode: RRodd Een mode: RR3een EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-75
76 inimie rossalk ( S ( H/W (3 Differenial line (4 Orhogonal rouing (5 Srip line (6 inimie he lengh of coupling (7 Place he componens on he board o minimie congesion of races. (8 Use slower edge raes. Roue closer o ground (large self capaciance Use sriplines and mached erminaions Use guarding races EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-76
77 Een and Odd ode Analysis ehod for Symmerically oupled ine NE Near End Far End FE Decompose exciaion ino een mode and odd mode exciaion i.e Veen (VV/ and Vodd (V-V/ V/ Analye each line s een and odd mode response as if for single line Superpose he een mode and odd mode resuls for each line, i.e. V VeenVodd V Veen-Vodd Vodd EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-77
78 Far-end and Near-end rossalk of Nonmached Terminaion V x V f / r _ crossalk ( R R EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-78
79 EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-79 haracerisic Impedance arix I I V V c c c c
80 haracerisic Impedance arix of Symmeric oupled Transmission ine Wha is he physical meaning of he characerisic impedance marix? The characerisic impedance marix of symmerically coupled line is e e o o e e o o EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-8
81 Homework For ransmission line: engh 5 inches Source waeform: Amplifude V self 7.3 nh/in self.85 pf/in ine ine ine3 Rising ime ps muual.54 nh/in S o Single line mode Falling ime ps muual.79 pf/in Odd mode Odd o o o Pulse widh.9 ns Een mode Period 4 ns o Find middle line, receier end waeforms under differen exciaion modes and rising edge 5mV. 4mV 8mV Assume he lengh of line has 5% ariaion. All ransmission line parameers hae % ariaions. Pick any oher cases and run he simulaions, and ge he skews. 4mV Is i possible o use coupled line erminaions o erminae he receier end. If i is possible, ry he simulaion and compare he resuls. If i is no, ry o explain why? V -8mV.8ns 3.ns 4.ns 5.ns 6.ns 7.ns 8.ns 9.ns V(T:ou Time.ns EEN 64, Fall 6 W5, /6/6-8
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