Welcome to MR! CT PET (with FDG) MRI (T2 w.) MR Image types: T2 weighted T1 weighted Sequence parameters FLAIR Diffusion
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1 Phsics Images Welcome to R! Introduction to agnetic Resonance Imaging Adam Espe Hansen, PET/R-phsicist Department of Clinical Phsiolog, Nuclear medicine & PET Rigshospitalet Basic Kinetic odeling in olecular Imaging CBF A E Hansen Common medical imaging modalities Introduction to agnetic Resonance Imaging CT PET (with FDG RI (T2 w. Attenuation of -ras Positron emission from radioactive tracer agnetic resonance with radio waves R Phsics: Nuclear spins agnetiation agnetic resonance Precession Radio waves Signal detection Spatial encoding Relaation times R Image tpes: T2 weighted T weighted Sequence parameters FLAIR Diffusion Atoms, nuclei, spin ATO nucleus electron R T2w CT The spin of a nucleus depends on the number of neutrons and protons. A E Hansen
2 Nuclear spin and magnetism Nuclei with spin Nuclei with spin have magnetic properties. Hdrogen atom, H proton atom abundance H 63 % 3 C. % 23 Na.4 % 3 P 4 % electron A proton has spin = ½. Nuclei with spin in biological tissue. RI is based on water RI of Tut-ankh-amon? agnetic resonance, quantum phsics R scanner, static magnetic field Energ = DE = ћ g w = g Radio wave agnet fields are measured in Tesla (T. Commonl used static magnetic fields on clinical scanners: T,.5 T,. T,.5 T, 3. T Nobel prie Rabi (944 and Bloch/Purcell (952 agnetic field = 3 T 2
3 Effect of magnetic field on nuclear spins Effect of magnetic field on magnetiation Average magnetiation = Average magnetiation Average magnetiation Nuclear spins outside field Nuclear spins in field Nuclear spins outside field Nuclear spins in field From Lars G. Hanson, Concepts in agnetic Resonance Part A, 32A (5, 28 agnetiation of water in biological tissue agnetiation in equilibrium : static magnetic field Average magnetiation voel contains ~ 23 water molecules agnetic resonance w = g Precession w = g (T w (H (T w (H
4 agnetic field Radio waves R signal detection B ~ mikrot time /w ~ nanoseconds : a radiowave is a time dependent electric and magnetic field Slice selection with magnetic field gradient Spatial encoding of R images uses magnetic field gradients. Gradients can be used for slice selection, frequenc- and phaseencoding. Hello spins, are ou there? Short wrap-up of R phsics agnetic resonance (R of radio wave with spin of protons Yes, we are here! w = g w = g Transmit radio waves Receive radio waves + G Align nuclear spins ain magnetic field ( Tesla - 7 Tesla Field gradient Spatial encoding of image Relaation af Times T and T2 Gra matter: T = 95 ms, T2 = ms (.5 T T: deca time for T2 : deca time for = ep(-t/t2 = (-ep(-t/t Gra matter 4
5 Times T and T2 T and T2 depend on the microstructure of tissue: T T2 for basic phsics reasons In fluids will T and T2 depend on viscosit (T is smaller for less viscous fluids. T and T2 depend on the amount of water in tissue. T and/or T2 are affected b iron, deo-hemoglobin, R contrast agent, T are T2 are reduced in fat and W (melin. T and T2 depend on the magnetic field (T2 more than T. - Gives T and T2 image contrast! T and T2, measured T (ms T 2 (ms blood 2-2 G 95 W 6 8 fat 25 6 muscle 9 5 Haacke et al. (.5 T Snovial fluid 29 2 Cartilage 4 Lu et al. (3 T Gold et al. (.5 T, knee R signal loss Theor of R in fluids Slow signal loss: obile nuclei, in particular fluids T, T2 Fast signal loss: Tissue with large immobile molecules, solids T2 weighted image Time scale: ~. 2 seconds Viscosit Introduction to agnetic Resonance Imaging Sources of R image contrast R Phsics: Nuclear spins agnetiation agnetic resonance Precession Radio waves Signal detection Spatial encoding Relaation times R Image tpes: T2 weighted T weighted Sequence parameters FLAIR Diffusion Water content of tissue T and T2 of tissue Diffusion (Brownian motion of water Flow (blood, Contrast agents (Gd Paramagnetic compunds ( Tw + Gd T2w GE 5
6 ( ( ( ( ( T2 weighting Long T2 W G Short T2 time (s T2 weighting W G time (s read out after echo time TE (maimiation of contrast / noise G W T2 weighted, fat suppr. TR = 3 ms, TE = ms G W read out after echo time TE TR and TE T weighting In standard R sequences, one line of the image is read out after a ecitation W G Echo time TE Repetition time TR is flipped again after a repetition time TR time (s read out after echo time TE W G T weighting T weighting+ Gd W G Gd W G time (s + Gd time (s T weighted TR = 5 ms, TE = ms W G T weighted TR = 5 ms, TE = ms Gd uptake W G 6
7 ( ( Sequence parameters IR - FLAIR.5 fat W G -.5 T2 weighted, fat suppr. TR = 3 ms, TE = ms TE TR short T weighted TR = 5 ms, TE = ms short T w long proton densit long - T2 w time (s is flipped again after a Inversion time TI is nulled IR - FLAIR R Diffusion Weighted Imaging.5 fat W G Cancer tissue Normal tissue time (s FLAIR, T2 weigthed TR = ms, TE = 25 ms, TI = 28 ms G W Low Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC Koh, Collins, AJR (27 High Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC Diffusion weighted imaging T2 weighted sequence with additional diffusion weighting Diffusion weighted imaging Diffusion weighting: sensitiation to the Brownian motion of water molecules Large diffusion: less signal Small diffusion: more signal b= (no diffusion weighting b= (large diffusion weighting ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient ADC = -/b ln(image b /Image 7
8 PET/R with DWI versus PET/CT in head/neck Introduction to agnetic Resonance Imaging PET/CT PET/R CT FDG-PET R T2w PET/R T2w R DWI b=8 R DWI ADC PET/R ADC assessment R Phsics: Nuclear spins agnetiation agnetic resonance Precession Radio waves Signal detection Spatial encoding Relaation times R Image tpes: T2 weighted T weighted Sequence parameters FLAIR Diffusion R T2stir cor R Tw cor R Dion W /J. Löfgren, data from stud b J. Rasmussen, B.. Fischer et al. 8
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