Differentiating Chemical Reactions from Nuclear Reactions
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1 Differentiating Chemical Reactions from Nuclear Reactions 1
2 CHEMICAL Occurs when bonds are broken or formed. Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged. Involves valence electrons Small energy changes Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure NUCLEAR Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. Atoms often converted into atoms of another element. May involve protons, neutrons or electrons HUGE energy changes Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure
3 CHEMICAL Occurs when bonds are broken or formed. Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged. Involves valence electrons Small energy changes Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure NUCLEAR Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. Atoms often converted into atoms of another element. May involve protons, neutrons or electrons HUGE energy changes Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure
4 CHEMICAL Occurs when bonds are broken or formed. Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged. Involves valence electrons Small energy changes Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure NUCLEAR Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. Atoms often converted into atoms of another element. May involve protons, neutrons or electrons HUGE energy changes Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure
5 CHEMICAL Occurs when bonds are broken or formed. Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged. Involves valence electrons Small energy changes Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure NUCLEAR Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. Atoms often converted into atoms of another element. May involve protons, neutrons or electrons HUGE energy changes Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure
6 CHEMICAL Occurs when bonds are broken or formed. Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged. Involves valence electrons Small energy changes Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure NUCLEAR Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. Atoms often converted into atoms of another element. May involve protons, neutrons or electrons HUGE energy changes Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure
7 CHEMICAL Occurs when bonds are broken or formed. Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged. Involves valence electrons Small energy changes Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure NUCLEAR Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. Atoms often converted into atoms of another element. May involve protons, neutrons or electrons HUGE energy changes Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure
8 1. Write a multiple-choice test question for the previous chart.
9 Nuclear Radiation Natural Radioactivity A person working with radioisotopes wears protective clothing and gloves and stands behind a shield. 9
10 Radioactivity Any process where the nucleus emits particles or energy
11 Unstable nucleus. 11
12 Radioactive Isotopes A radioactive isotope has an unstable nucleus emits radiation to become more stable can be one or more isotopes of an element is written with a mass number and an atomic number includes the mass number in its name Example: iodine
13 Examples of Radioactive Isotopes 13
14 Learning Check 2. Thallium-201 is used for heart scans to determine cardiac function. A. How many protons are in thallium-201? B. How many neutrons are in thallium-201? C. What is the atomic symbol of thallium-201? 14
15 Nuclear Radiation Nuclear radiation is the radiation emitted by an unstable atom takes the form of alpha particles, neutrons, beta particles, positrons, or gamma rays 15 A representation of a Geiger-Müller counter
16 Alpha Particle An alpha ( ) particle has a helium nucleus 2 protons and 2 neutrons a mass number of 4 a charge of 2+ a low energy compared to other radiation particles 16
17 Beta Particle A beta ( ) particle is a high-energy electron has a mass number of 0 has a charge of 1- forms in an unstable nucleus when a neutron changes into a proton and an electron 17
18 Positron A positron ( + ) has a mass number of 0 has a charge of 1+ forms in an unstable nucleus when a proton changes into a neutron and a positron 18
19 Gamma ( ) Ray A gamma ( ) ray is high-energy radiation has a mass number of 0 has a charge of 0 is emitted from an unstable nucleus to give a more stable, lower energy nucleus 19
20 Summary of Common Forms of Nuclear Radiation 20
21 3. Learning Check Give the mass number and charge of each type of radiation. 1. alpha particle 2. positron 3. beta particle 4. neutron 5. gamma ray 21
22 Radiation Protection Radiation protection requires paper and clothing for alpha particles a lab coat or gloves for beta particles a lead shield or a thick concrete wall for gamma rays limiting the amount of time spent near a radioactive source increasing the distance from the source 22
23 How Far Away? Inverse Square Law 4. Write a multiple choice test question over this topic!
24 Radiation and Shielding Required 24
25 Radiation Protection Radioactive particles/rays vary greatly in penetrating power. 25 Different types of shielding are needed for different radiation particles.
26 5. Learning Check Indicate the type of radiation (alpha, beta, and/or gamma) protection for each type of shielding. 1) heavy clothing 2) paper 3) lead 4) lab coat 5) thick concrete A person working with radioisotopes wears protective clothing and gloves and stands behind a shield. 26
27 Nuclear Radiation Nuclear Equations A radon gas detector is used to determine radon levels in buildings with inadequate ventilation. 27
28 Radioactive Decay In radioactive decay, a nucleus spontaneously emits radiation a nuclear equation is written for the radioactive nucleus, the new nucleus, and the radiation emitted Radioactive nucleus new nucleus + radiation (,,, + ) 28
29 Nuclear Equations In a nuclear equation, the type of radiation emitted causes changes in the mass numbers changes in the atomic numbers for the nuclei of the unstable and stable nuclei 29
30 Balancing Nuclear Equations In a balanced nuclear equation, the sum of the atomic numbers for the nuclei of the reactant and the products must be equal Mass Numbers Total = 238 = 238 U Th + He Total = 92 = 92 Atomic Numbers 30
31 Guide to Completing a Nuclear Equation 31
32 Alpha Decay In alpha decay, a radioactive nucleus emits an alpha particle to form a new nucleus that has a mass number 4 less than that of the initial nucleus an atomic number that has decreased by 2 from that of the initial nucleus 32
33 Example of Writing an Equation for Alpha Decay 222 Write an equation for the alpha decay of STEP 1 Write the incomplete nuclear equation. Rn? + He Rn STEP 2 Determine the missing mass number. 222 =? = =? (mass number of new nucleus) 33
34 Equation for Alpha Decay (continued) STEP 3 Determine the missing atomic number. 86 =? =? 84 =? (atomic number of new nucleus STEP 4 Determine the symbol of the new nucleus. Symbol of element Po 84 = Po STEP 5 Complete the nuclear equation. Rn Po + He
35 Beta Decay Beta decay occurs when an electron (beta particle) is emitted from the nucleus a neutron in the nucleus breaks down n e + H
36 Writing an Equation for a Beta Emitter Write an equation for the beta decay of potassium-42. STEP 1 Write the incomplete nuclear equation. K? + e STEP 2 Determine the missing mass number. 42 =? = 42 =? (mass number of new nucleus) STEP 3 Determine the missing atomic number. 19 =? =? 20 =? (atomic number of new nucleus) 36
37 Writing an Equation for a Beta Emitter (continued) STEP 4 Determine the symbol of the new nucleus. Symbol of element Ca = Ca STEP 5 Complete the nuclear equation. K Ca + e
38 6. Learning Check Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of Xe
39 Positron Emission In positron emission, a proton is converted to a neutron and a positron H n e the mass number of the new nucleus is the same, but the atomic number decreases by 1 Mn Cr + e
40 7. Learning Check Write the nuclear equation for the positron emission by Rb
41 Gamma ( ) Radiation In gamma radiation, energy is emitted from an unstable nucleus, indicated by m following the mass number the mass number and the atomic number of the new nucleus are the same Tc Tc + 99m
42 Summary of Types of Radiation 42
43 Producing Radioactive Isotopes Radioactive isotopes are produced when a stable nucleus is converted to a radioactive nucleus by bombarding it with a small particle in a process called transmutation 43
44 8. Learning Check What radioactive isotope is produced when a neutron bombards cobalt-59 and an alpha particle is emitted? Co + n? + He
45 Recall From Lab: The decay series. 45
46 Nuclear Radiation Radiation Measurement A radiation technician uses a Geiger Counter to check radiation levels. 46
47 Radiation Detection A Geiger counter detects beta and gamma radiation uses ions produced by radiation to create an electrical current 47
48 Radiation Measurement Radiation units of activity include curie (Ci) SI unit = becquerel (Bq) number of atoms that decay in one second 1 Ci = 3.7 x disintegrations/s 1 Ci = 3.7 x Bq rad (radiation absorbed dose) SI unit = gray(gy) radiation absorbed by the tissues of the body 1 Gy = 100 rad rem (radiation equivalent) SI unit = sievert (Sv) biological damage caused by different types of radiation = absorbed dose (rad) x factor 1 Sv = 100 rem 48
49 Units of Radiation Measurement 49
50 Exposure to Radiation Exposure to radiation occurs from naturally occurring radioisotopes medical and dental procedures air travel, radon, and smoking cigarettes 50
51 Radiation Sickness Radiation sickness depends on the dose of radiation received at one time is not detected under 25 rem involves a decrease in white blood cells at 100 rem includes nausea and fatigue over 100 rem reduces white-cell count to zero over 300 rem leads to death in 50% of people at 500 rem 51
52 Nuclear Radiation Half-Life of a Radioisotope The age of the Dead Sea scrolls was determined using carbon
53 Half-Life The half-life of a radioisotope is the time for the radiation level (activity) to decrease (decay) to one-half of its original value. 53
54 Decay Curve A decay curve shows the decay of radioactive atoms the remaining radioactive sample 54
55 Half-lives of Some Radioisotopes Half-lives of radioisotopes that are naturally occurring tend to be long used in nuclear medicine tend to be short 55
56 Half-Life Calculations In one half-life, 40 mg of a radioisotope decays to 20 mg. After two half-lives, 10 mg of radioisotope remain. 40 mg x 1 x 1 = 10 mg 2 2 Initial 40 mg 1 half-life 2 half-lives 20 mg 10 mg 56
57 Examples of Half-Lives 57
58 Using Half-lives 58
59 9. Learning Check The half-life of iodine-123 is 13 h. How much of a 64-mg sample of I-23 is left after 26 h? 1) 32 mg 2) 16 mg 3) 8 mg 59
60 Nuclear Radiation Medical Applications Using Radioactivity Used by >>1 in 3 admitted to hospital 60
61 Medical Applications Radioisotopes with short half-lives are used in nuclear medicine because they have the same chemistry in the body as the nonradioactive atoms give off radiation that exposes a photographic plate (scan), giving an image of an organ 61
62 Using a Scanner to Detect Radiation (a) A scanner is used to detect radiation from a radioisotope that has accumulated in an organ. (b) A scan of the thyroid show the accumulation of radioactive iodine-131 in the thyroid. 62
63 Radioactive Tracers Technetium-99 6 hr half-life Accumulate in cells with rapid growth (tumors)
64 Radioactive Tracers: Gadolinium-153 Accumulated in bone Osteoporosis
65 Radioisotopes in Nuclear Medicine 65
66 10. Learning Check Which of the following radioisotopes are most likely to be used in nuclear medicine? 1) K-40 half-life 1.3 x 10 9 years 2) K-42 half-life 12 hours 3) I-131 half-life 8 days Write a test question regarding radioactive tracers used in medicine. 66
67 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) In positron Emission Tomography (PET), positrons are emitted from positron emitters such as carbon -11, oxygen-15, and fluorine-18 F O + e positrons are used to study brain function and metabolism positrons combine with electrons to produce gamma ray that can be detected, giving a threedimensional image e e 67
68 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) These PET scans of the brain show a normal brain on the left and a brain affected by Alzheimer s disease on the right. 68
69 Computed Tomography (CT) In computed tomography (CT), X-rays are directed at the brain in layers are absorbed at different rates due to differences in densities of body tissues and fluids create three-dimensional images of the brain and any tumors or hemorrhages 69
70 Computed Tomography (CT) A CT scan shows a brain tumor (yellow) on the right side of the brain. 70
71 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protons in the presence of a strong magnetic field align with the magnetic field protons release energy when magnetic field is removed protons in different environments emit energies of different frequencies to provide images of soft tissue 71
72 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) An MRI scan provides images of the heart and lungs. 72
73 Nuclear Radiation Nuclear Fission and Fusion 73
74 Nuclear Fission In nuclear fission, a large nucleus is bombarded with a small particle the nucleus splits into smaller nuclei and several neutrons large amounts of energy are released 74
75 Nuclear Fission When a neutron bombards U-235, an unstable nucleus of U-236 forms and undergoes fission (splits) smaller nuclei are produced such as Kr-91 and Ba-142 neutrons are released to bombard more U-235 nuclei 75
76 Nuclear Fission n + U U Kr + Ba + 3 n + energy
77 E=mc 2 E energy m mass c speed of light (3.0 x 10 8 m/s) Small mass=large output Mass of proton and neutron in the nucleus is less than the same protons and neutrons separate? Mass of proton and neutron in the nucleus is less than the same protons and neutrons separate? Missing mass is the mass defect = to binding energy. Convert mass to energy = equation tells you how much energy
78 Critical Mass Minimum fissionable isotopes needed to provide neutrons to sustain chain reaction
79 Chain Reaction A chain reaction occurs when a critical mass of uranium undergoes fission releasing a large amount of heat and energy that produce an atomic explosion 79
80 Chain Reaction 80
81 11. Learning Check Supply the missing atomic symbol to complete the equation for the following nuclear fission reaction. 1 n U 137 Te +? n + energy
82 Nuclear Power Plants In nuclear power plants, fission is used to produce energy control rods in the reactor absorb neutrons to slow the fission process Nuclear power plants supply about 10% of the electricity in the United States. 82
83 Diagram of a nuclear power plant. 83
84 Schematic of the reactor core. Copyright by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved. 84
85 Nuclear Power Plants 85
86 Diagram for the tentative plan for deep underground isolation of nuclear waste. 86
87 Fusion Interior of sun 15 million C Nuclei combine H s combine to form He
88 Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion occurs at extremely high temperatures ( C) combines small nuclei into larger nuclei releases large amounts of energy occurs continuously in the sun and stars 88
89 Nuclear Fusion 89
90 12. Learning Check Indicate if each of the following is 1) nuclear fission or 2) nuclear fusion A. a nucleus splits B. large amounts of energy are released C. small nuclei form larger nuclei D. hydrogen nuclei react E. several neutrons are released Classify each as fission or fusion 90
91 Concept Map 91
92 Smoke Detectors Alpha emitters Charged current with smoke Am-241
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