Hiro Shimoyama 1 Charge of an Electron. Name ID Signature. Partners. Date Section
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1 Hiro Shimoyama 1 harge of an Electron Name ID Signature Partners Date Section Exercise caution when you turn on the power supply. If the circuit is implemented wrongly, some of elements will be burned. Turn off the power when you manipulate the circuit. 0. Introduction The goal of this experiment is to obtain the charge of an electron, , with a transistor circuit. The Shockley equation and Ohm s law yield: q exp (1) kt ( ) B where ( ) is the voltage on resistor, B is a constant, q is the charge of an electron (It is supposed to be the unknown here.), is the voltage between base and emitter, k is Boltzmann s constant ( J/K), T is the room temperature in kelvins. 1. Implementation of the circuit: Make the following circuit on a bread board. The typical values are: 1 = a variable resistor (~ 2-5 kω) 2 ~ 3.9 kω (2 5 kω) 3 ~ 100 kω ( kω) 4 ~ 3.9 kω (2 5 kω) ~ 30 kω (20 40 kω) ~ You do not have to use the exact resistances and voltages. Use the same order of the values. For example, should be from 20 kω to 40 kω..
2 Hiro Shimoyama 2 Procedure to implement the circuit 1. Make sure which terminal is which for the transistor. When the flat plane is directed up as shown, the base, collector, and emitter can be found as follows. 2. Label each resistor. 3. Start implementing the circuit by looking at the each connection as shown. The connection, 1, should have the power supply, one terminal from, and one terminal from 1. The picture below shows the connection, 1, on the breadboard. The connection, 2, must have the terminal of the collector and the other side of terminal. Similarly, check the connections, 3, 4, 5, 6 and The resistor, 1, is a variable resistor, and the middle terminal is connected to The ground corresponds to the negative side of power supply. Example ircuit
3 Hiro Shimoyama 3 2. Measurement Measure and ( ) each time by changing the variable resistor. (The increment of should be ; however, the range of the voltage should be 0.50 Adjust and variable resistor so you can start with around rotate the knob with a little amount each time. oltage across base and emitter 0.60.) ~0.50. It is very sensitive, so ( ) ln ( ) oltage across alculate this. If you do not obtain proper results of above, please check following things: Is every wire connected tightly onto the bread board? Are 2, 4 and the emitter connected to the same ground? Is the transistor alive? Plot the 1 st and 2 nd columns. Question: Do you obtain a proper plot? Discuss with your partners.
4 Hiro Shimoyama 4 3. Obtaining the charge of an electron If you take the logarithm of equation (1), you will have q Eq. (2) is a line equation. kt q ln ( c ) = ln B + (2) kt is the slope of the line, so plot the 1 st and 3 rd columns of the above table, then obtain the slope with Excel spread sheet. (Least-squares fits) Excel Procedure of How to Obtain the Slope (Do this during the lab activity and print it out.) 1. Select two columns for the plot. olumns A and B are x and y values, respectively. 2. lick chart wizard as indicated by the arrow. 3. Select XY (Scatter) and for hart sub-type choose Scatter. ompares pairs of values as shown. Then, click Finish. 4. ight click one of the plot points and select Add Trendline. 5. Select Linear and click the tab, Options. 6. heck Display equation on chart then click OK. 7. The coefficient of x is the slope of the plot.
5 Hiro Shimoyama 5 Slope = = kt q From the above, solve for q : Use Boltzmann s constant k = (J/K), oom temperature T = (K) o o [Temperature = ( 5/9)( F 32), K= o ] alculate charge of an electron = () Question: Does your result agree with the expected value?
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