α m ! m or v T v T v T α m mass

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1 FALLING OBJECTS (WHAT TO TURN IN AND HOW TO DO SO) In the real world, because of air resistance, objects do not fall indefinitely with constant acceleration. One way to see this is by comparing the fall of a golfball and a sheet of paper when dropped from the same height. The golfball is still accelerating when it hits the floor. Air has a much greater effect on the motion of the paper than it does on the motion of the golfball. The paper does not accelerate very long before air resistance reduces the acceleration so that it moves at an almost constant velocity. When an object is falling with a constant velocity, we prefer to use the term terminal velocity, or v T. The paper reaches terminal velocity very quickly, but on a short drop to the floor, the golfball does not. Demon Drop, Cedar Point, OH Air resistance is sometimes referred to as a drag force. Experiments have been done with a variety of objects falling in air. These sometimes show that the drag force is proportional to the velocity and sometimes that the drag force is proportional to the square of the velocity. In either case, the direction of the drag force is opposite to the direction of motion. Mathematically, the drag force can be described using F drag = bv or F drag = cv. The constants b and c are called the drag coefficients that depend on the size and shape of the object. Air resistance = -bv OR -cv (Your task in lab today is to figure out which one it is!) When falling, there are two forces acting on an object: the weight, mg, and air resistance, bv or cv. At terminal velocity, the downward force is equal to the upward force, so mg = bv or mg = cv, depending on whether the drag force follows the first or second relationship. Weight = mg = mass (kg) * gravity (9.81 m/s ) v T α m In either case, since g and b or c are constants, the terminal velocity is affected by the mass of the object. Taking out the constants, this yields either! m or v T! m v T vt If we plot v T and v T versus mass, we can determine which relationship is more appropriate. mass v T α m In this experiment, you will measure terminal velocity as a function of mass for falling coffee filters and use the data to choose between the two models for the drag force. Coffee filters were chosen because they are light enough to reach terminal velocity in a short distance. OBJECTIVES Observe the effect of air resistance on falling coffee filters. Determine how the terminal velocity of a falling object is affected by air resistance and mass. Choose between two competing force models for the air resistance on falling coffee filters. MATERIALS Laptop with Logger Pro 3 LabPro interface, USB cable, power supply Vernier Motion Detector 5 basket-style coffee filters GO TO Preliminary Questions

2 PROCEDURE 1. Connect the Vernier Motion Detector to the DIG/SONIC port on the LabPro. Motion Detector. Support the Motion Detector about m above the floor, pointing down, as shown in Figure Prepare the computer for data collection by opening File/Open/Experiments/Physics with Computers/13 Air Resistance. The vertical axis has distance scaled from 0 to 3 m. The horizontal axis has time scaled from 0 to 4 s. 4. Place a coffee filter in the palm of your hand and hold it about 0.5 m under the Motion Detector. Do not hold the filter closer than 0.4 m. LabPro ULI 5. Click to begin data collection. When the Motion Detector begins to click, release the coffee filter directly below the Motion Detector so that it falls toward the floor. Move your hand out of the beam of the Motion Detector as quickly as possible so that only the motion of the filter is recorded on the graph. Figure 1 6. If the motion of the filter was too erratic to get a smooth graph, repeat the measurement. With practice, the filter will fall almost straight down with little sideways motion. 7. The velocity of the coffee filter can be determined from the slope of the distance vs. time graph. At the start of the graph, there should be a region of increasing slope (increasing velocity), and then it should become linear. Since the slope of this line is velocity, the linear portion indicates that the filter was falling with a constant or terminal velocity (v T ) during that time. Drag your cursor to select the portion of the graph that appears the most linear. Determine the slope by clicking the Linear Regression button,. Rick and Dave watch for falling rocks 8. Record the slope in the data table (as velocity in m/s). 9. Repeat Steps 4 8 for two, three, four, and five coffee filters.

3 PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS 1. Hold a single coffee filter in your hand. Release it and watch it fall to the ground. Next, nest two filters and release them. Did two filters fall faster, slower, or at the same rate as one filter? What kind of mathematical relationship do you predict will exist between the velocity of fall and the number of filters?. If there was no air resistance, how would the rate of fall of a coffee filter compare to the rate of fall of a golfball? 3. Sketch a graph of the velocity vs. time for one falling coffee filter. 4. When the filter reaches terminal velocity, what is the net force acting upon it? (BACK TO PROCEDURE) DATA TABLE Number of filters Terminal Velocity v T (m/s) (Terminal Velocity) v T (m /s ) ANALYSIS 1. To help choose between the two models for the drag force, plot terminal velocity v T vs. number of filters (mass). On a separate graph, plot v T vs. number of filters. Use Excel.. During terminal velocity the drag force is equal to the weight (mg) of the filter. If the drag force is proportional to velocity, then v T! m. Or, if the drag force is proportional to the square of velocity, then v T! m. From your graphs, which proportionality is consistent with your data; that is, which graph is closer to a straight line that goes through the origin? 3. From the choice of proportionalities in the previous step, which of the drag force relationships ( bv or -cv ) appears to model the real data better? Notice that you are choosing between two different descriptions of air resistance one or both may not correspond to what you observed. 4. How does the time of fall relate to the weight (mg) of the coffee filters (drag force)? If one filter falls in time, t, how long would it take seven filters to fall, assuming the filters are always moving at terminal velocity? What to turn in: 1. This page with all questions answered, hard copy either printed off or by hand on your own paper.. Your Excel file, ed to me: a. Subject = falling b. Filename = username

4 Constructing a graph in Excel 1. Entering data a. Label your columns by entering the following text into the appropriate cells: i. Into A1, enter Number of filters ii. Into B1, enter Terminal Velocity ; CTRL-ENTER, then enter v T (m/s) iii. Into C1, enter (Terminal Velocity) ; CTRL-ENTER, then enter v T (m /s ) b. Enter your data into the appropriate cells. c. SAVE your Excel file as username_filters. Next, we want to make a plot of the data and best line through the data. Here s how: a. Click on the graph (Chart Wizard) tool button: b. Click on XY (Scatter). c. Click on the top left Chart subtype that shows the scattered data points with no connecting lines. Click Next. d. Click on the Series tab toward the top of the Step- window. Click on Add. e. In the Name slot type the word Data. f. Press the Tab key and in the X Values slot type the range of the periods A:A6. i. Or, you can click on the box at the end of the X Values slot, shown here. ii. You ll get a skinny little window that looks like the one below. Delete out whatever is in there already, then click and drag on cells A through A6 in your spreadsheet. iii. Next, click on the icon at the right end of the skinny little window. You ll be taken back to the larger window above. =Sheet1!$A$:$A$6 iv. v. In the same manner, set the Y Values. NOTE: you need to include both columns of data (v T and v T ) for this graph. g. Under Chart Title type in an appropriate, descriptive name. i. Under Value (X) Axis: type Number of Filters ii. Under Value (Y) Axis: type Terminal Velocity and (Terminal Velocity). Click on Next. iii. Please display (and print) the graph within the spreadsheet 3. Now we re going to two trendlines. These are the best fit lines to the data; you need to do this for both the Terminal Velocity and (Terminal Velocity) data.

5 a. Move the pointer so that it is on any Terminal Velocity data point. b. CTRL-click and select Add Trendline. c. Select the box that indicates a straight line. Click OK. d. Move the pointer so that it is on the trendline and CTRL-click. Select Format Trendline. e. Click on Options. Check the boxes beside Display equation on the chart and Display R value. Click OK. f. Move the equation to a convenient place (such as below the chart title) by clicking on the equation and dragging its box. g. You can change the number of significant figures in the trendline equation. i. CTRL-click on the equation so the box appears. ii. Select Format Data Labels... iii. Click the Number tab and select Number. (For some future experiments, you may want to select Scientific rather than Number.) Then designate the number of places to the right of the decimal and press OK. h. Repeat steps a-g for the (Terminal Velocity) data. Go BACK to your analysis