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1 Control of excitons in multi-layer van der Waals heterostructures E. V. Calman, C. J. Dorow, M. M. Fogler, L. V. Butov University of California at San Diego, S. Hu, A. Mishchenko, A. K. Geim University of Manchester
2 Indirect excitons AlGaAs Exciton: bound pair of an electron and a hole. d GaAs Indirect excitons: electron and hole are confined to spatially separated quantum wells. Properties: E bosons long and controllable lifetime excitons screen disorder long-range exciton transport z F z built-in dipole moment control of excitons by voltage: δe = edf z GaAs d AlAs
3 Opto-Electronic Devices with Indirect Excitons Exciton devices for basic study Artificial lattices Traps Operation of exciton transistor and router Exciton circuit devices Exciton transistors Exciton ramps Exciton conveyers (CCD) Exciton memory cells Exciton integrated circuit For temperatures k excitons dissociate GaAs/AlAs devices can operate up to ~100K Grosso, et al., Nat. Photonics 3, 577 (2009). P. Andreakou, S.V. Poltavtsev, J.R. Leonard, E.V. Calman, M. Remeika, Y.Y. Kuznetsova, L.V. Butov, J. Wilkes, M. Hanson, A.C. Gossard. Optically controlled excitonic transistor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, (2014). talk today by Chelsey Dorow at 5:30 on potential energy gradients for excitons
4 Quantum Degenerate Gas of Indirect Excitons Basic studies of exciton transport, spin transport, correlation, coherence, condensation, strong magnetic field regime At 0 = ħ bosons excitons form a quantum degenerate gas of GaAs strucures have shown spontaneous coherence of excitons at low temperatures around 1K Regions of spontaneous coherence High, et al. Nature 483, 584 (2012)
5 Indirect Excitons in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Structures Exciton binding energy is much greater than for GaAs and can support excitons up to room temperature and above AlGaAs hbn d GaAs MoS 2 E z Calman, et al, APL 108, (2016). GaAs d AlAs Fang, et al PNAS 111, 6198 (2014) Rivera, et al, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015).
6 Indirect Excitons in van der Waals heterostructures Theory predicts superfluidity in a degenerate exciton gas at ~ πh T0 = n = m n T max max 0 a 2 x x ~ ~ 0. 06Ry x 4πm m m e 2 x h ( na ) 2 x Ry x Fogler, Butov, Novoselov Nat. Commun. 5, 4555 (2014).
7 Excitons in MoS 2 structures: Temperature dependence 3 emission lines: 2 high energy exciton lines, 1 low energy trion line exciton + - positive trion + + Exciton emission at room temperature - negative trion The relative intensity of the high-energy exciton lines increase with, consistent with the thermal dissociation of trions due to their smaller binding energy trion excitons E. V. Calman, C. J. Dorow, M. M. Fogler, L. V. Butov, S. Hu, A. Mishchenko, A. K. Geim, Control of excitons in multi-layer van der Waals heterostructures, APL 108, (2016).
8 Long Spin Lifetime Exciting with circularly polarized light near exciton resonance produces polarized emission Indicates that spin lifetime is longer than energy relaxation time and exciton lifetime for nearly resonant 1.96 ev excitation Spin and valley indices are coupled, so that exciton spin relaxation requires inter-valley scattering Exciting far from resonance with polarized light produces no polarization
9 Excitons in MoS 2 structures: Power dependence The relative intensity of the trion line increases with power This effect may be due to an enhanced probability of trion formation at larger carrier density
10 Towards the indirect regime: control of excitons by gate voltage Negative voltages suppress low energy (trion) line and enhance high energy (exciton) lines Positive voltages suppress high energy (exciton) lines and enhance low energy (trion) line System starts with non-zero carrier density, and negative voltage depletes carriers, while positive injects more, Δ,! = + $!
11 Conclusion Observed three emission lines in PL spectra of a double quantum well MoS 2 /hbn van der Waals heterostructure. Dependence of these lines on experimental parameters indicates that the two high energy lines correspond to the emission of neutral excitons and the lowest energy line to the emission of charged excitons (trions). Demonstrated control of the exciton emission by: Temperature Helicity of optical excitation Excitation power Gate voltage Van der Waals heterostructures provide new prospects for studying excitons at high temperatures
12 0 = 2&ħ2 ' ( ( = 4&'!'* ' ( ( 2 + ( '( ( '( 0.06+(
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