Differentiating Mining and Non-mining Sourced Contaminants in the San Juan River Delta of Lake Powell, USA
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1 Differentiating Mining and Non-mining Sourced Contaminants in the San Juan River Delta of Lake Powell, USA Logan Frederick, Thure Cerling, Diego Fernandez, James VanDerslice, William P. Johnson
2 San Juan Watershed Animas River UT McElmo Creek Animas River CO La Plata River Mancos River Los Piños River Piedra River Time Magazine Lake Powell San Juan River Delta San Juan River Chaco Creek AZ Chinle Creek Chinle Creek NM Chaco Creek Steve Austin, NNEPA Steve Austin, NNEPA
3 In San Juan Watershed, what amount of particulate metals (PM) are from mining versus natural sources?
4 Outline San Juan Watershed Upstream Tributaries Mining Underlying geologic unit Flow regime Percent of susp. sediment from mining San Juan River Delta, Lake Powell PCA Enrichment factors Pb isotopes Percent of deposited sediment from mining Age-dating of sediment cores
5 1. Water Quality Data 2. Sediment Traps 3. Sediment Cores PM loads (mass metal /time) PM Concentrations (mass metal /mass sed ) Pb isotopes Signatures of tributaries: Mining vs non-mining Underlying geology Dominant flow regime Record of suspended sediment Known time Record of deposited PM Unknown time
6 Mined Tributaries Legend UT Animas La Plata McElmo Mancos CO Upper San Juan Precious Metal Mine Vanadium/Uranium Stone/Gravel Mined Trib. Animas (217) La Plata (132) Mancos (57) Upper San Juan (51) Chinle Unmined Trib. AZ Chaco NM McElmo (4) Chaco (3) Chinle (1) Precious metals mines Ag, Pb, Au, Zn, and Cu ore Acid Mine Drainage release of As, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu
7 Underlying Geology Legend UT Animas La Plata McElmo Mancos CO Upper San Juan Sandstone Shale Sandstone/Shale Intrusive Igneous Mancos Shale McElmo (76%) Mancos (68%) La Plata (52%) Chinle Sandstone AZ Chaco NM Chinle (75%) Chaco (50%) Animas (34%) Upper San Juan (30%) Mancos Shale: As and Se (Dryer et al., 2016; DOE, 2011; Larrick and Ashmore, 2012) Chinle Sandstone: Al, As, Co, Cr, Fe, V, and Zn (Newman, 1962)
8 Snowmelt vs Rainfall-dominated UT Animas CO La Plata McElmo Upper San Juan Mancos Legend Snowmelt-dominated Rainfall-dominated Mixed Chinle AZ Chaco NM Mobilization varies with flow duration and intensity. Snowmelt: steady flow, particles from high elevations Rainfall: flashy flow, particles from all elevations
9 Methods Downloaded metals data STORET: Downstream most location on tributary integrated signature Total Metals, Filtered Metals (<0.45 μm), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Measured ICP-AES or ICP-MS UT Animas La Plata McElmo Mancos CO Upper San Juan Legend Water Quality Sample USGS Gauge Chinle AZ Chaco NM
10 Methods Rainfall Snowmelt Baseflow Snowmelt PPPP LLLLLLLL = (TTTTTTTTTT FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD PPPP CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC = (TTTTTTTTTT FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)/TTTTTT Categorize all PM load data by flow regime Average of discrete loads/concentrations Insufficient data to use regression Baseflow Tributary Snowmelt Rainfall Baseflow Upper San Juan X X X Animas X X X La Plata X X Mancos X X X McElmo X X Chaco X Chinle X
11 Snowmelt PM Loads mining associated metals Sourced from elevation mining Animas Snowmelt = Mining-sourced
12 Rainfall PM Loads Chinle Sandstone associated metals PM sourced from all elevations No mining Chinle = Non-mining sourced
13 Unaccounted PM Loads Rainfall during snowmelt periods 2. Uncharacterized washes 3. Underrepresentation of Upper San Juan River 4. Saltation/re-suspended bed load Montezuma Creek Salt Creek Black Horse Creek Cañon Largo
14 PM Concentration No distinct PM concentrations with runoff category Except As (snow) and Se (rain) in Animas Except Mo and Se (rain) in Mancos Animas PM concentrations > other tributary PM concentrations Except = Al and As Except Mn in Chaco Animas River
15 Pb Isotopes Pb-isotopes can be used to fingerprint different sources of Pb Bed sediment (Church et al., 1997) = PM Animas, La Plata, and McElmo Mineralized vein Mancos River Mancos Shale/Mineralized vein Chaco and Chinle Chinle Sandstone? Mineralized vein Animas River *Church et al., 1997
16 Summary of upstream tributaries Mining signatures: Animas snowmelt Non-mining signatures: Chinle and Chaco rainfall Mixed signatures: Baseflow Animas, La Plata, McElmo, Mancos, rainfall Mancos, Upper San Juan snowmelt PM loads mining PM concentrations Pb isotope of mineralized vein PM loads Chinle Sandstone PM concentrations Pb isotope of Chinle? Can we connect signatures to Lake Powell sediment?
17 Sediment Cores USGS collected 3 cores in 2011 Core 2 = 3.37 m 1.7 years (sed traps) 7 years (Vernieu, 2012) Core 3 Core 2 Core 1 Link sediment to tributaries: Pb Isotopes Color PM Concentration
18 Sediment Cores Sample ID Color Particle Size μm PM : Al ratio mg/mg sed UDEQ Long-term Monitoring Plan, 2016
19 Sediment Cores 2-02 and 2-03 mineralize vein mining signature Animas Snowmelt 2-01, 2-12, 2-13, 2-15, 2-18 red in color enriched Pb non-mining Chinle/Chaco rainfall Chinle Sandstone /2-05 Mixed Mineralized Vein
20 Sediment Traps USGS deployed sediment traps: 3 periods rainfall/baseflow, early snowmelt, peak snowmelt 3 locations upstream, mid-stream, and downstream Upstream Mid-stream Downstream Discharge (cfs)
21 Sediment Traps PCA = Principal Component Analysis Linear combination of PM concentrations Upstream Mid-stream Downstream Core 2 Trap Period Rainfall/baseflow Early snowmelt Peak snowmelt Trap Location Upstream Mid-stream Downstream Early snowmelt similar to peak snowmelt Rainfall/baseflow Ni, Al, and Fe Snowmelt As, Zn, and Pb 2-03 and 2-16 similar to snowmelt 2-07 is different 2-12 to 2-18 similar to rainfall/baseflow
22 Sediment Cores PM Concentration Rainfall Non-mining Signature Snowmelt Mining Signature Early Snowmelt Mining Signature Sand layer PM Pb Isotopes Enrichment Factors Baseflow Mixed-sourced Rainfall Non-mining Signature /2-05
23 Sediment Cores
24 Conclusions Animas snowmelt PM mining Chinle/Chaco rainfall PM non-mining Other tributaries mix of sources Use tributary signatures to determine age of sediment core Mass of metals sourced from mining Questions?
25
26 Sediment Traps Upstream Mid-stream Downstream Larger variation between locations than between runoff event Peak snowmelt Pb, Zn, and As Early snowmelt Cu and Ni Different digestion methods Sed traps >> greater than PM concentration
27 Can we differentiate mining versus non-mining PM in Lake Powell? UDEQ Long-term Monitoring Plan, 2016 Tie sediment signatures back to upstream tributaries: 1. Sediment Cores 2. Sediment Traps 3. Water Quality Data
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