David de Courcy-Bower and Samuel Mohr
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1 Applicability and Limitations of LNAPL Transmissivity as a Metric within Bedrock Formations Insert then choose Picture select your picture. Right click your picture and Send to back. David de Courcy-Bower and Samuel Mohr
2 Contents Bedrock Overview Transmissivity Theory Case Studies Contaminant transport and fate is fundamentally different in fractured rock than in unconsolidated (sand and gravel) aquifers. Significantly more uncertainty exists as to the direction and rate of contaminant migration Source: USGS (2013) Source: David de Courcy-Bower, ERM
3 Fractured Bedrock Fractured bedrock is a complex anisotropic, heterogeneous environment All fractures are NOT created equally Fractures groundwater flow Defining hydraulically inter-connected transmissive fractures is the key to understanding LNAPL transport Matrix diffusion can result in dissolution of LNAPL and development of a secondary source area
4 Bedrock - Fractures and Matrix Source: Fractured Bedrock Field Methods and Analytical Tools - Science Advisory Board for British Columbia
5 Principles of Fractured Bedrock Hydrogeology Moderate Primary Porosity High Primary Porosity Dr. Bernie Kueper, 2007
6 Fractured Bedrock Investigative Methods Bedrock Characterization Determine geological setting (geological literature review) Evaluate structural fabric (lineament and/or fracture trace analysis) Identify types, styles and orientation of fracturing (above methods plus core logging and/or geophysical borehole logging) Define transmissive fractures (hydrophysical borehole logging, packer testing, and/or FLUTe hydraulic conductivity profiling) Define hydraulic interconnectivity of transmissive fractures (hydraulic testing using pressure transducers) Develop conceptual bedrock structure model
7 LNAPL Transmissivity in Bedrock
8 LNAPL Transmissivity Matrix High primary permeability Weathered almost unconsolidated T o = K o B o Fracture Flow Parallel plate theory Tn dominated by fracture aperture (cube) Where: Tf = individual fracture transmissivity 2b = fracture aperture ρ = fluid density µ = fluid viscosity Source: Samuel Mohr, ERM 8
9 Idealized Fracture Flow m 3 kg/m 3 m/s 2 kg/m s Tn for 15mm ~ 480,000 m2/day Tn for 1.5mm ~ 480 m2/day Tn for 0.15mm ~ 0.48 m2/day Assumptions: 1) Fracture is uniform width 2) Fracture plain surface is smooth 3) Fracture is completely filled with LNAPL IS THIS REALITY? 9
10 More Realistic Fracture Flow Parallel Plate More Realistic 2b e More Real Flow is more restricted due to surface friction. (Louis 1974) Friction Factor (f) = e / 2*2b Flow follows preferential paths because of the variation in fracture aperture. 10
11 Case Study #1 Weathered Sandstone Insert then choose Picture select your picture. Right click your picture and Send to back.
12 Case Study #1 Weathered Sandstone 12
13 Case Study #1 Weathered Sandstone Baildown Testing ~0.3m LNAPL gauged LNAPL Tn ~ m2/day ~ 0.06 ft2/day Behaved like unconfined conditions Skimming Test (1 month period) Validated baildown test data Confirmed low Tn
14 Case Study #2 Fractured Mudstone Insert then choose Picture select your picture. Right click your picture and Send to back.
15 Site Overview 15
16 Fractured Mudstone 16
17 Geophysical Interpretation (down-hole) 17
18 LNAPL Migration 18
19 Gauging Data ~10.5 m Tn for 15mm ~ 480,000 m2/day 19
20 Case Study Pilot Test - Skimming Skimming Test Initially high recovery Rapid decline Well # 1 (1.3L in borehole) 10.5 L/hr (1hr) Tn ~ 11 m2/day (~110 ft2/day) Well # 2 (45L in borehole) 11.1 L/hr (5 hrs) Tn ~ 2.5 m2/day (~25 ft2/day)
21 Case Study Pilot Test Total Fluids Extraction Total Fluids Extraction Large ROI Not linear Slight Increase in LNAPL/Water recovery
22 More Realistic Fracture Flow for LNAPL? 2b?? 22 LNAPL Reality Larger fractures not fully saturated LNAPL trapped/pools due to fracture roughness LNAPL migration can be significant and unpredictable Target intersections of sub-vertical and bedding plane fractures
23 Bedrock LNAPL Transmissivity Observations High Primary Porosity Similar to unconsolidated Unconsolidated methods appear valid Fractured Conditions LNAPL Transmissivity can be very high Rapid change from high Tn to low Tn Lower ability to predict future Possible to mobilize trapped LNAPL Ongoing lateral migration can occur Low Tn does not indicate Tn will remain low
24 Questions? 24
25 Case Study 25
26 Surface Geophysics: 2D Resistivity 26
27 Rock Core Analyses Matrix porosity Pore water contaminant analysis Fraction of organic carbon (foc) Mineralogical content / whole rock analysis 27
28 FLUTe Tools 28
29 FLUTe Tools: NAPL and FACT liners 29
30 FLUTe Tools: Continuous Transmissivity Log 30
31 Borehole Geophysical Logging Tools Heat-pulse Flow Meter (static) Heat-pulse Flow Meter (pumping) Caliper Fluid Temperature Fluid Resistivity 31
32 Borehole Geophysical Logging Tools Fracture Orientations Optical Televiewer AcousticTeleviewer 32
33 Packer Testing 33
34 Pumping Tests Pumping Well Inter-connected Fractures Moderately Inter-connected Fractures Poorly Inter-connected Fractures 34
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