Earth Science NC Final Review 1.1

Transcription

1 Earth Science NC Final Review 1.1 Name: Date: This Review Guide outlines the NC Essential Standards for Earth/Environmental Science. Key terms are bolded. E/En 1.1 Explain Earth s role (position) as a body in space. 1. What is a geocentric model of the solar system? 2. What is a heliocentric model of the solar system? 3. Definition Year or day? Diagram Rotation Revolution 4. What is a neap tide? Draw a diagram showing the location of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during a neap tide. 5. What is a spring tide? Draw a diagram showing the location of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during a spring tide. 6. What is Earth s position in the hierarchy of organization within the universe? (use the terms galaxy, universe, planetary systems, stars, planets, Earth) 7. What do Kepler s 3 laws state? a. 1 st Law: b. 2 nd Law: c. 3 rd Law: 8. What is the relative motion of Earth in the solar system, the solar system in the galaxy, and the galaxy in the universe? 1

2 9. What motion causes a year? 10. What motion causes day and night? 11. What initial event do scientists hypothesize caused the universe to expand? 12. What is precession? How does it change the climate? 13. What is nutation? How does it change the climate? 14. What is barycenter? Why does the Sun wobble? Draw a diagram to demonstrate the barycenter point between Earth and the Sun. 15. What causes the seasons? a. When are winter, spring, summer, and fall in each hemisphere? Relate this to Earth s tilt. b. Why are seasons opposite in the Northern and Southern hemispheres? c. Draw a diagram below of the Earth and the Sun during the summer in the Northern hemisphere. 16. What force and motion causes the circumference of Earth to be larger around the equator than around the poles? 17. What is fusion? a. Where in the universe does fusion occur naturally? 2

3 18. How does fission differ from fusion? a. Where does fission occur on Earth? 19. What forms of energy are produced by the sun? 20. What are electromagnetic waves? 21. How are ultraviolet rays filtered or blocked by our atmosphere? 22. What is radiation? 23. What is conduction? 24. What is convection? 25. Which takes longer to warm or cool land or water? 26. How does the differential heating of land and water cause wind? 27. How does the differential heating of land and water affect coastal climates? 28. What is photosynthesis? a. How is solar energy transformed into chemical energy through photosynthesis? b. What gas is released as a product of photosynthesis? 29. What is Earth s magnetic field? a. What creates the magnetic field? b. How does it protect us from the harmful effects of the Sun s radiation? 3

4 Earth Science NC Final Review 2.1 and E/En 2.1: Explain how processes and forces affect the lithosphere. E/En 2.2.1: Understand how human influences impact the lithosphere. 1. What is the theory of plate tectonics? 2. What tectonic features do scientists look at on a world map that indicates that Earth s lithosphere is broken into giant plates? 3. Explain what drives the movement of the tectonic plates (BE SPECIFIC). Draw a diagram showing what is happening beneath the tectonic plates!!!!! 4. A place where two tectonic plates collide is called a boundary and is often associated with faults. 5. A place where two tectonic plates separate is called a boundary and is often associated with faults. 6. What were 3 pieces of Wegner s evidence to support continental drift theory? 7. What convection currents, where are they located, and what are they responsible for? Boundary Type Definition Diagram (with arrows indicating direction of movement) Landforms/geologic events found there Divergent Convergent Transform 8. What is ridge push? 9. What is slab pull? 4

5 Complete the chart below by identifying the type of plate boundary where there geologic events/landforms can be found. Geologic events/landforms seafloor spreading subduction fissure volcanoes, rift valley, or a mid-ocean ridge volcanic islands volcanic mountain range ocean trench folded mountains (such as the Appalachian Mountains) 12. What process forms an ocean trench? Divergent convergent (oceanic/ oceanic) 13. What is a subduction zone? What often forms above a subduction zone? BOUNDARY TYPE convergent (ocean/ continental) convergent (continental/ continental) transform 14. Where is the ring of fire? 15. Two plates collide and one goes other the other. The plate that subducts under the other is probably a plate (oceanic or continental) and it gets pushed under because it is (more or less) dense than the other. 16. What is a volcano? 17. What is the difference between magma and lava? 18. What is a lahar? A lava flow? A pyroclastic flow? How does each affect the lithosphere? 19. What is volcanic ash? How does it affect the atmosphere and global temperatures? 20. Where do most volcanoes form? What is a hot spot volcano? 5

6 VOLCANO TYPE DIAGRAM HOW DOES IT FORM? IMPACT ON THE LITHOSPHERE SHIELD (HAWAII) CINDER CONE (CENTRAL AMERICA) COMPOSITE (MT. ST. HELENS/ MOUNT VESUVIUS) 21. What causes an earthquake? 22. What is a fault? 23. What is stress? Stress Fault type Direction of movement Compression Tension Shear 24. What are seismic waves? 25. Complete the table on earthquake waves below. Type of Wave Direction of Motion Arrival time (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd ) Most destructive (check one) Primary (P Wave) Secondary (S Wave) Surface Wave 6

7 26. What does a Travel-Time Graph show? BE SPECIFIC (You should be able to use one!) 27. What is a travel-time graph used to determine about an earthquake? 28. What is the focus of an EQ? 29. What is the epicenter? How can an EQ s epicenter be located? 30. Draw and label a diagram of the focus and epicenter of an earthquake. 31. The Earth s outer core is made of (liquid, solid) and we know this because (s, p) waves will not go through it. 32. How do the following scales - Richter, Modified Mercalli - measure the intensity of earthquakes? What numbers are used by each? What does each successive number represent? 33. Where on Earth do most EQs occur? (If plotting the locations of EQs on a world map, what pattern would you see?) 34. What precautions can be taken to prevent the loss of human life and destruction to property due to earthquakes? 35. What is a large ocean wave that is generated by vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake called? 36. The Richter Scale is a logarithmic scale, meaning the numbers on it increase by a factor of each step. 37. How many times larger is a magnitude 4 than a magnitude 1 earthquake on the Richter scale? a. 10 b. 100 c. 3 d Where is each located - crust, upper mantle, asthenosphere, lower mantle, core? (draw/label a diagram) Complete to this point by Friday 5/19 (quiz on Friday) 39. What are the processes that change one type of rock into another type in the rock cycle? 7

8 40. What processes form igneous rocks? 41. What processes form sedimentary rocks? 42. What processes form metamorphic rocks? 43. Complete the table below. Rock Type Crystal Size Cooling Rate Intrusive Igneous Extrusive Igneous Formed from lava or magma? Formed above ground or below ground? 44. What is weathering? How is weathering related to the rock cycle? 45. What is the difference between chemical weathering and physical (mechanical) weathering? 46. What factors influence the rate of weathering? 47. What are ways that rocks can be chemically weathered? 48. What are ways that rocks can be physically weathered? 49. Which activity demonstrates chemical weathering? a. Freezing of water in the cracks of a granite boulder b. Abrasion of a streambed by tumbling rocks c. Dissolving of limestone by carbonic acid d. Boulders falling from a cliff and shattering on the rocks below 50. The repeated thawing and freezing of water in the cracks of rocks is called: a. frost pressure b. exfoliation c. frost wedging d. chemical weathering 51. Is frost wedging chemical or physical weathering? 52. In which type of climate do rocks experience more chemical weathering? 53. In which type of climate do rocks experience more physical weathering? 8

9 54. Which types of rocks are more easily physically weathered? 55. What is soil? 56. Rank the three soil particles (clay, silt, sand) in terms of size, from smallest to largest. 57. How can a soil texture triangle be used to determine the texture of soil in a location? (BE SPECIFIC!) 58. What is porosity? 59. What is permeability? 60. What type of soil is found in the desert, the tundra, the tropical forest, and the temperate (deciduous) forest and grasslands? Which types are the most fertile? Which types are the least fertile? 61. What consequences do the following environmental issues have on the lithosphere What is each? How can the effects of each situation be prevented or lessened? a. desertification b. monoculture c. pesticide use d. erosion e. deforestation f. urbanization 62. What is erosion? 63. What are 4 main erosional agents (factors that cause erosion) on Earth? 64. Eroded materials are transported are finally dropped off in a process called. 65. What is a delta? 66. What is an alluvial fan? 9

10 67. What is a moraine? 68. How do the following types of mass movements change Earth s surface a. Landslides b. Slumps c. Avalanche d. rock slide e. creep 69. Which locations would be most at risk for the destruction of buildings due to mass movements? How might this destruction be prevented? 70. What is the effect of human activity on shorelines? 71. What are artificial stabilization efforts used to prevent shore erosion? (What is a jetty, groin, seawall?) Complete to this point by Monday 5/22 Earth Science NC Final Review 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, What are the consequences of the following activities on the lithosphere? Mining? Harvesting? Drilling? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of traditional agriculture? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sustainable agriculture? 4. What are 3 techniques that are used in sustainable agriculture? 5. What is an ecological footprint? 6. What contributes to your ecological footprint? Is it big or small? How can you make it smaller? 10

11 7. How can the philosophy of reduce, reuse, recycle be used to preserve our natural resources? Which of the 3 R s is the best policy? Which has the least impact but is better than no action? 8. Complete the table on energy resources. Renewable or Release greenhouse Energy Type Nonrenewable? gasses? Solar Pros Cons Wind Hydroelectric Natural Gas Petroleum Biomass Coal Uranium (Nuclear) Geothermal 9. What is carrying capacity? (draw a graph to illustrate) 10. What is the difference between density dependent & density independent limiting factors? What are examples of each? 11. What is the impact of a growing population on North Carolina s natural resources? 12. When sea ice melts, the water gets cold and salty and sinks - why? a. Where does cold water from the poles go? b. What does deep ocean water do as it reaches the equator and warms? 11

12 13. Define the following processes of the water cycle. a. Evaporation b. Transpiration c. Condensation d. Precipitation e. Infiltration 14. What are the following parts of a river? a. Tributaries b. Watershed c. Divide d. Floodplain e. Meander f. Headwaters g. Mouth 15. What is eutrophication? What can speed it up? 16. What are two important functions of wetlands? 17. What human activities can degrade (harm) our wetlands? 18. What is an estuary? Where does the fresh and salt water come from? How would an upstream drought affect the water in an estuary? 19. Where is most of Earth s water? Where is most of Earth s fresh water? 20. How are the following terms describing groundwater defined a. Porosity b. Aquifer c. zone of saturation d. zone of aeration e. water table 12

13 21. What is a well? 22. The following are consequences of the overuse of groundwater a. What is subsidence? b. What causes salt-water intrusion into wells in coastal areas? 23. What are some threats to our groundwater supplies? 24. How can our groundwater be protected and restored? 25. What is the difference between point and nonpoint pollution? What are examples of each? Include sedimentation and stormwater runoff in your answer. 26. What are sources of arsenic in groundwater? 27. How is the biotic index used to determine the quality of water in a stream? 28. How can farmers conserve water? E/En 2.5: Understand the structure of and processes within our atmosphere. 29. What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? By what percent? The second most? By what percent? 30. What are the functions/importance of the following substances in the atmosphere a. Oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. ozone d. water vapor 31. How much of the sun s energy does Earth s surface absorb? What happens to the rest of it? 32. Where is the ozone layer? Why is it so important to life on Earth? 33. Where is the ozone layer located in the atmosphere? 13

14 34. Complete the table below. Layer of Atmosphere Temperature trend as you increase in altitude Pressure trend as you increase in altitude Important facts Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere 35. What is dew point? 36. If warm air and cold air collide, which will rise? Why? 37. What creates wind? 38. What is relative humidity? 39. What is orographic lifting? 40. What is the difference between weather and climate? 41. What is the location (by latitude) and wind direction of the each of the global wind systems? a. polar easterlies (shade blue) - b. westerlies (shade yellow)- c. trade winds (shade red)- 42. Which global wind system is responsible for the movement of weather across the USA? Complete to this point by Tuesday 5/23 14

15 43. What are the horse latitudes and the doldrums? Where are they located? 44. Complete the table below. Front Symbol Description/cause Weather? Potential for damage? Cold Warm Stationary Occluded 45. Be able to read a weather map! 46. What are isobars? 47. Isotherms? 48. What type of wind is represented by isobars that are close together? (strong or weak?) 49. Complete the table below: Pressure System Symbol Description (Air rising or falling?) Rotation in northern hemisphere Weather? High Pressure Low Pressure 50. What kind of data is collected by the following weather instruments a. Thermometer b. Barometer c. Anemometer d. hygrometer (psychrometer) 15

16 51. What is a station model? Why are station models used? 52. When and where do the following types of thunderstorms occur? a. sea breeze b. orographic (mountain) 53. What is a tornado? a. Review the Enhanced Fujita Scale. What does it measure? When and how does it measure that? b. Where is Tornado Alley? c. Where is the safest place to be in during a tornado? 54. What is a tropical cyclone? (a hurricane?) 55. Where do cyclones/hurricanes derive their energy? What causes them to lose strength? 56. Which direction do hurricanes spin and which way do they usually move in the N. hemisphere? 57. A hurricane is a pressure system. 58. Do winds increase or decrease as a hurricane strengthens? 59. As a hurricane strengthens what happens to air pressure? 60. What does the Saffir-Simpson Scale classify? What are the factors included on this scale? 61. Hurricane Hazards a. Where are the strongest winds in a hurricane? b. What is a storm surge? 62. How does acid rain form? (what type of energy resource is it most associated with) 63. What can coal-burning power plants do to prevent acid rain? 16

17 64. What causes ocean acidification? 65. How does sea water acidification affect the oceans? 66. How do chlorofluorocarbons affect the atmosphere? 67. How does burning of wood or fossil fuels affect the atmosphere? 68. How does over-farming affect the atmosphere? E/En 2.6: Analyze patterns of global climate change over time. E/En 2.7: Explain how the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere individually and collectively affect the biosphere over time. 1. What are the 2 major factors that describe the climate of a location? 2. Where is each of the following climate zones located (in terms of latitude)? In general, what temperatures would you experience in each zone? a. tropics b. temperate c. polar d. Why does it get colder as one moves toward the poles? 3. How do ocean currents affect climate? 4. How do coastal climates differ from continental (inland) climates? Why? 5. What does the Koeppen classification system classify? 6. What is a microclimate? Give an example. 7. What is a heat island? Give an example. 8. What is a biome? 9. What do the terms biotic factors and abiotic factors mean? 17

18 10. Complete the table on biomes below. Climate (rainfall/ Biome Latitude? temperature) Tundra Typical plants and animals Special Adaptations needed for survival? Taiga Deciduous Forest Desert Grasslands Tropical Rainforest 11. Which biome is most of North Carolina in? 12. What is an ice age? How does an ice age affect sea level? 13. What is El Niño? 14. What is a climatogram? What SPECIFIC information is contained within a clomatogram? 15. How do the absence (or presence) of sunspots affect Earth s climate? 16. How do large volcanic eruptions affect Earth s climate? 17. What are greenhouse gases? What are 2 examples of anthropogenic (result of human activity) greenhouse gasses and what is 1 example of a non-anthropogenic (non-man made) greenhouse gas? 18. How does extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affect Earth s climate? 19. How do changes in global temperatures affect sea level? (esp. during warming) 18

19 20. How do glaciers affect sea level? 21. How are the shorelines and barrier islands of NC affected by sea level rise? 22. How do changes in global temperatures affect ocean acidification? (and sea life) 23. What is the biosphere? 24. What is biodiversity? 25. What is genetic biodiversity? Why is it important? 26. Which biome from the table you created has the most biodiversity? Why? 27. Which biome from the table has the least biodiversity? Why? 28. What is an invasive species? How does it impact biodiversity? 29. What is an example of an invasive species here in NC? 30. What impact does the loss of biodiversity have on our society local and global? 31. How can we prevent the loss of biodiversity? 32. Complete the following table about POPULATION PYRAMIDS. Trouble caring for Type of growth Sketch of Pyramid elderly? USA, Brazil, Japan? Fast growth Slow Growth No Growth 19