Dust Storm, Tunisia, (D. Heron Photo)
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1 Dust Storm, Tunisia, (D. Heron Photo) Many of The Images Used in This Presentation Were Obtained From a Web Site Constructed by Duncan Heron, Duke University Aeolian Processes What Causes Wind? Pressure Gradients What Causes Differences in Air Pressure? Temperature, Moisture 1
2 Pressure Gradients Drive Wind Coriolis Effect Deflects Flow Direction Jet Stream L L H L H 2
3 Why Deserts? Rain Shadows Global Circulation Patterns Orographic Effects Rain Shadow Global Circulation Cold Sun Hot Equator 3
4 Hadley s Model Cold Air Sinks Sun Hot Air Rises Equator Hadley s Model Cold Air Sinks Sun Hot Air Rises Equator Simple Convection Cell in Each Hemisphere Better Model o Sun Hot Air Rises o Equator 3 Convection Cells in Each Hemisphere 4
5 Wet, Wet, Cool Cool Gas Laws PV = nrt Better Model Sun Warm, Dry Air Hot, Wet Air Cool, Wet Air o o Equator Cold, Dry Air 3 Convection Cells in Each Hemisphere Better Model Dry, Cold Wet, Cool Dry, Hot Sun Wet Hot Dry, Hot 3 Convection Cells in Each Hemisphere Dry, Cold 5
6 Better Model Easterlies Westerlies Sun Easterlies Equator 3 Convection Cells in Each Hemisphere Summer Model Easterlies Sun Westerlies Easterlies Thermal Equator Real Equator Winter Model Easterlies Westerlies Sun Easterlies Real Equator Thermal Equator 6
7 Global Circulation Distribution of Deserts Aeolian Sediments 7
8 Aeolian Sediments Tractive Load: Surface Creep (Larger Clasts) Saltation: Mostly Msd-Fsd, Can Be Crs Silt to Pebble (Rare) Ripples (D. Heron Photo) Topsail Beach, NC (D. Heron Photo) 8
9 Suspension Load (Silt + Clay = Dust) Gravity Settling (Fallout!) Condensation Nucleii in Precip. Lag Gravel Ventifacts Aeolian Depositional Systems Most Aeolian Landscapes Begin as Fluvial Landscapes Source: Old Floodplains Barren Rock Surface Site of Deposition 9
10 Cover sands (often glacio-eolian) Deflation Hollows - Reg Surface Armor Rock Varnish Hammada Yardangs = Streamlined Erosional Forms Erg = Dune Field Ripples, Dunes Draa Reg, Pre-Sahara Desert (D. Heron Photo) 10
11 Desert Pavement Antarctica: Ventifacts & Desert Pavement Yardangs John Stimac Eastern Illinois University ux1.eiu.edu /~cfjps/1300/ deserts.html 11
12 Uluru (= Ayers Rock) a Yardang Yardang? Dune Field, Victoria Valley, Antarctica Glacier Transverse Dunes Dune in Later Slide 12
13 Cross-Bedding in Dunes Grain Flow Down Slip Face Stoss, Lee Sand Dune, Victoria Valley, Antarctica Wind Direction Windward Face of Dune, Victoria Valley 13
14 Lee Slip-Face of Dune, Victoria Valley Longitudinal: Stripes of Erg Separated By Reg Low Sand Supply, High Wind Velocity ( Unidirectional ) Longitudinal Dunes, Australia (NASA photo) 14
15 Longitudinal Dunes, Australia (Geoscience Australia Image) landforms/space.htm#simp Longitudinal Dunes, Arabian Peninsula (NASA Photo) Sahara Desert (Skylab Photo, NASA) 15
16 Transverse Dunes: High sand supply, low wind velocity Stopped Here 30 March Algodones Sand Sea, SE Calif. (Photo by P. Kresan, U. of AZ, USGS) Transverse Dunes, Bogue Bank, NC (D. Heron Photo) 16
17 Barchan Dunes: Transitional between. Longitudinal & Transverse Barchan Dune John Stimac Eastern Illinois University eiu.edu/~cfjps/ 1300/deserts.html Megabarchan John Stimac, Eastern Illinois U. ~cfjps/1300/deserts.html 17
18 Star Dunes: Multi-Directional Winds Star Dune, Namib Desert (G. Gerster photo, NASA) Star Dune, Namib Desert, G. Gerster photo, 18
19 Star Dunes John Stimac Eastern Illinois University ux1.eiu.edu/ ~cfjps/1300/ deserts.html Ripples on Dune in Gran Desierto, Sonora, Mexico (P. Kresnan photo, U of AZ, USGS) pubs.usgs. gov/gip/ deserts/what/ Other Dune Types Parabolic w/ blow-out zone, vegetation Coppice w/ vegetation core 19
20 Parabolic Dunes Sechura Desert, Peru Parabolic Dunes Rajasthan (Thar) Desert India and Pakistan Coppice Dune = Windshadow (D. Heron Photo) 20
21 Coppice Dunes, Assateaque Island, VA S. Kite Photo, 19 March 2005 Matanuska Valley Loess, W. Huff Photo Loess: silt mantle "typical" Missouri River bluff 10s of m at bluff, 1-2 m 50 mi East 21
22 Illinois Loess Thickness Illinois State Museum state.il.us/ exhibits/larson/ loess_map.html Missouri- Mississippi River System Loess Maximum Extent of Late Wisconsin Laurentide Ice Sheet ~14,000-20,000 C-14 Years B.P. Loess S. Kite Photo, Jan 1977 Loess on Outwash Terrace, New Zealand 22
23 Loess Hills, Iowa Loess Bluff, Wildwood, Missouri photo by C.M. Woodruff 23
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