Weathering & Erosion
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- Marilyn Horton
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1 Weathering & Erosion
2
3 Weathering and Erosion Weathering - processes at or near Earth s surface that cause rocks and minerals to break down Erosion - process of removing Earth materials from their original sites through weathering and transport to another place.
4 Mechanical (Physical) - processes that break a rock or mineral into smaller pieces without altering its composition Types of Weathering Chemical - processes that change the chemical composition of rocks and minerals
5 Mechanical Weathering 1. Abrasion/Scouring wind & water
6 Mechanical Weathering 2. Frost wedging water expands when it freezes
7 Frost Wedging
8 Mechanical Weathering 3. Exfoliation/Unloading As deeply buried rock is uplifted, pressure is reduced and the rock breaks off into leaves or sheets along joints
9 Enchanted Rock
10 Mechanical Weathering 4. Thermal Expansion/Contraction repeated, daily heating (expansion) and cooling (contraction) of rock causes stress along natural boundaries in the rock
11 Mechanical Weathering 5. Plant/Animal Activity plant roots, animal burrows
12 Mechanical Weathering 6. Crystal Growth water evaporates leaving minerals (salt) behind; crystals grow and fracture the rock.
13 Chemical Weathering Rock reacts with water, gases and solutions which add or remove elements from minerals
14 Chemical Weathering 1. Oxygen Iron combines with oxygen in the presence of water in a processes called oxidation. The product is rust.
15 2. Carbon Dioxide Chemical Weathering CO 2 dissolves in rain water and creates carbonic acid which easily weathers limestone and marble
16 1908 to 1969 Acid rain has eaten away this limestone statue
17 Chemical Weathering 3. Biological Activity Lichen that grow on rocks produce weak acids that chemically weather rock
18 Weathering and Erosion Weathering - processes at or near Earth s surface that cause rocks and minerals to break down Erosion - process of removing Earth materials from their original sites through weathering and transport to another place.
19 Erosion is caused by 1. Water Rain, Streams, Oceans, Ice
20 2. Wind Erosion is Caused by
21 3. Gravity Erosion is Caused by
22 Gravity Mass Wasting - Movement of large amounts of material downhill Creep, landslide, mudflow, slump, mudslide, avalanche Caused by Rain Over-steepening Deforestation / Devegetation Earthquakes
23
24 PARTS OF A STREAM Channel - path of river Bed - bottom Head - beginning/source Mouth - ending Gradient - steepness of slope Base level - lowest point to which a stream erodes (ocean, another river, lake) ultimately the oceans
25 Longitudinal profile of a stream Channel Base level
26 Mississippi River Drainage Basin
27 A drainage basin is the land area that contributes water to a stream. A divide is an imaginary line that separates the drainage basins of one stream from another.
28 Drainage Patterns Dendritic Radial Rectangular Trellis
29 What streams Fig a do Erode Transport Material Deposit Dissolved load Suspended load Bed load
30 Factors that affect erosion and deposition Velocity Gradient (slope) Channel shape Channel size Channel roughness Discharge amount of water flow per unit (second/hour/day) time, as discharge increases, load increases
31 Velocity
32 Upstream-Downstream Flow Changes Velocity is determined by; Gradient Channel roughness Channel size Channel shape Increase Velocity Discharge Channel size Decrease Gradient Channel roughness Fig d
33 Channel shape and roughness Semicircular Flow fast Wide channel Flow slow Rough bottom Flow slow
34 YOUNG River Valleys Rapids/Waterfalls Narrow V-shaped valley Steep gradient (SLOPE) Erosion is mostly downcutting Little or no floodplain
35 A narrow V-shaped valley
36 The Yellowstone River in Wyoming
37 MATURE River Valleys Stream is near base level Stream energy is directed from side to side Some meandering (curves) Less downward erosion Flood plain is evident Slower flow than young river
38 Continued erosion and deposition widens the valley
39 Wye River in England
40 OLD River Valleys Close to base level Slowest velocity & widest channel Low gradient (slope) Meanders well-developed Wide flood plain
41 The resulting wide stream valley is characterized by meandering on a welldeveloped floodplain
42 Satellite view of the Missouri River flowing into the Mississippi River near St. Louis
43 Same satellite view during flooding in 1993
44 Erosion and Deposition Along a Meandering Stream
45 Stream Deposition*(add to your notes) Floodplain deposits Natural levees: form parallel to the stream by successive floods over many years Alluvial fans Develop where a high-gradient stream leaves a narrow valley Slopes outward in a broad arc Deltas Forms when a stream enters an ocean or lake
46 Flood plans deposits
47 *also happens at Submarine Canyons Alluvial Fans
48 River delta--- bird s foot delta
49 Wind Erosion
50 How the wind transports and erodes material When the particles carried by the wind are dragged across a surface, they act like sandpaper, etching, polishing and pitting surfaces. Wind can erode by abrasion or deflation
51 Deflation ---the process of removing surface materials by wind erosion High elevations are left due to vegetative stabilization
52
53 Natural arch Typically formed by a combination of wind and water Narrow ridges are formed and the softer substrata is weathered first, forming a bridge/arch overhead
54
55 Ventifact Stones that have been sculpted by the wind Wind carries fine particles that work like a sand blaster (i.e. sand, silt, clay, and ice particles) The windward face of the rock is flattened and smoothed
56 Dreikanter A type of ventifact that has three ridges Multiple faces have been formed by either a changing prevailing wind or movement of the actual rock being weathered
57 Desert pavement Formed in arid environments when wind carries finer, more lightweight particles such as sand away Large particles are left behind and protect from further erosion
58 Sand Dunes Piles of sand Deposited by wind Leeward side (slipface) has a steeper slope Windward side is more gradual
59 Barchan Dune Crescent shaped dunes Concave side is the leeward side Formed from a unidirectional wind
60
61 Transverse dunes A dune that elongates perpendicular to the prevailing wind (rippled appearance) Caused by a combination of wind directions
62
63 Parabolic dunes Crescent shaped dunes, U-shaped Concave side is the windward side Found in coastal deserts Arms of the crescent lag behind because they are held in place by vegetation
64
65 Linear dunes Form in areas with limited sand supplies and winds that converge from different directions
66
67 Star dunes Form in areas of abundant sands and variable wind directions
68
69 Huge dune fields Ergs
70 Ripple marks Miniature dunes within a dune (not more than 2 inches tall) Formed by wind May form from cross winds and appear to be traveling across a larger dune
71 Pedestal rock Base of a rock is weathered and eroded more quickly due to sand blasting
72 Yardang Streamlined, bedrock hills extensively grooved, fluted, and pitted by wind erosion. alternating ridges parallel to the wind direction
73
74 Glacier Notes
75 Cryosphere All of the frozen areas on Earth's surface where water exists in its solid form sea ice ice shelves icebergs ice sheets glaciers lake ice river ice snow permafrost
76 Glaciers Mass of ice formed by the recrystallization of snow under its own weight How it s formed: Compacted snow becomes firn More snow has to be added than melted accumulate in layers
77
78 Types of Glaciers 1. Ice sheets (continental glaciers) -- cover large areas of land 2. Valley (alpine) glaciers -- form at mountain tops and flow down valleys
79 How Glaciers Move
80 Glacial Zones Zone of Accumulation Snowfall exceeds ablation Ablation reduction in glacial ice by sublimation, melting, or calving Zone of Melting (Ablation) (Wastage) Ablation exceeds snowfall
81
82 U-Shaped Valley / Fjord / Trough Are formed from alpine glaciers!
83 Glacial Deposits Glacial deposit is called till. Glaciers pick up everything in their path, even the largest boulders. Large amounts of sediment can be carried long distances by glaciers.
84
85 Where are all the Glaciers now?
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