Chapter 2. Denudation: Rivers and Ice
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1 Chapter 2. Denudation: Rivers and Ice DENUDATION: process that lowers level of land - caused by rivers, glaciers, waves & wind - involves processes of WEATHERING & EROSION
2 Weathering Def: breakdown of rock and minerals by physical pressures and chemical reactions 2 types: 1. Physical 2. Chemical 1. Physical Weathering - also known as Mechanical Weathering - rocks broken into smaller fragments - involves forces in physical environment
3 Types of Physical Weathering I. Expansion/Contraction - rock expands when heated suddenly - contracts when cooled quickly - results in cracking of rock
4 Types of Physical Weathering (cont) II. Exfoliation - associated with release of internal pressure within rock - caused by erosion of overlying material and heating and cooling - outer layers of rock peel away like layers of an onion
5 Exfoliation
6 Types of Physical Weathering (cont) III. Frost Fracture - in climates experiencing temp fluctuations - extreme heat and cold causes cracks in rocks - water seeps into cracks and freezes - water expands during freezing - cracks widen until rock splits apart
7 Frost Fracture: Talus Slope
8 Frost Fracturing
9 Types of Physical Weathering (cont) IV. Root Wedging - called PLANT ACTION - plant roots pry rock joints apart V. Burrowing animals - expand existing rock cracks through tunneling
10 Root Wedging
11 Root Wedging
12 Chemical Weathering Def: breakdown of rock minerals by chemical reaction - usu related to action of rainwater when it comes into contact with rocks - 3 main processes occur: i. Solution ii. Hydrolysis iii. Oxidation
13 Chemical Weathering (cont) I. Solution - contaminants in rainwater create carbonic acid - erodes minerals in rock causing it to decompose - ex limestone - called CARBONATION
14 Carbonation: This form of weathering occurs wherever seeping ground water circulating through the sandstone dissolves the calcium-carbonate cement between the individual grains, causing the rock to crumble to sand.
15 Chemical Weathering (cont) II. Hydrolysis - carbonic acid in water dissolves silicates in rock producing soft clay - clay turns to soil
16 Hydrolysis: iron-bearing silicate minerals weather to form clay
17 Chemical Weathering (cont) III. Oxidation - oxygen in water reacts with metallic minerals in rock - reaction produces new minerals called oxides - reddish-brown stains on rocks are iron oxides or RUST - pale-greenish stains are copper oxides
18 Oxidation
19 Erosion Def: the breakdown of rock into smaller fragments and the movement of these fragments to other locations. - moved by wind, water, ice, gravity - running water a main agent of erosion - rain water flows over Earth s topography - collects in RIVERS
20 Erosion and Gravity
21 Erosion (cont) - land area from which a river receives its water called DRAINAGE BASIN - basins of different rivers separated by heights of land called DIVIDES
22 Drainage Basin
23 Example of a Watershed
24 River Erosion - river system erodes high land and carries material to fill lower land - rate at which area is lowered or eroded depends on a # of factors: 1. Resistance of underlying rock 2. Volume of water 3. Vegetative cover 4. Gradient of river bed
25 River Erosion (cont) - rivers concentrate energy and erode river bed both vertically and laterally -VERTICAL EROSION: river erodes bottom of river channel - LATERAL EROSION: erosion of the river banks - this produces MEANDERS in river channel
26 River Erosion (cont) - erosional processes include: 1. Hydraulic Pressure -- water pressure 2. Corrosion -- erosion of rock by solution 3. Abrasion -- grinding away of rock by rock fragments and particles carried in water
27 Life Cycle of a River - as rivers erode and lower the landscape, its drainage pattern and channel shape change - rivers are thought to pass through stages - Youth, Maturity and Old Age - at each stage, river has certain characteristics
28 Youth Stage - youthful rivers typically found in highland or mountainous areas - steep, V-shaped valley - straight channel & uneven riverbed - fast, turbulent flow; high erosional force - rapids & waterfalls common
29 Mature Stage - high relief has been lowered - river bed has gentler slope, slower river flow - river may have many branches or TRIBUTARIES - river valley broad, flat with well-developed FLOODPLAIN - valley widens and MEANDERS more evident
30 Floodplain
31 Risks of Living on a Floodplain
32 Old Age Stage - relief around river extremely flat, valley very broad - river bed has almost no slope, slow flow - muddy water due to poor drainage - meanders very pronounced - OXBOW LAKES form
33 Formation of Oxbow Lakes
34 Formation of Oxbow
35 Depositional Features of Rivers - As agents of erosion, rivers transport weathered material - silt, sediment, sand, gravel, rocks carried along - this material eventually gets deposited - Where? - along river bed, banks and at mouth of river - DELTA is depositional land form
36 Delta Formation - every river carries its STREAM LOAD - materials it transports - when energy of river lessens, materials get dropped - energy greatly reduces at mouth of river - this is where river enters its reservoir (lake, sea, ocean, etc.) - sediments build up here -- form DELTA - pattern of sediments-- big items deposited first
37 Conditions That Favour Delta Formation - large load of sediment - shallow sea at river mouth - sheltered coasts with weak tides and currents - absence of large lakes along the course of the river which will siphon off the load
38 Types of Deltas 3 types: 1. Arcuate Delta - symmetrical, fan-shaped ex. Nile River Delta 2. Digitate Delta - asymmetrical; bird s foot shape ex. Mississippi River Delta 3. Estuarine Delta - no particular shape - seen as tidal mud flats at low tide
39 Nile Delta: Arcuate
40 Mississippi Delta: Digitate
41 Rio de la Plata Estuary in South America
42 Rio de la Plata Estuary in Argentina and Uruguay looking west - east
43 River Erosion Slide Show Geography - River Erosion» SlideShare (share powerpoint presentations online, slideshows, slide shows, download presentations,.url
44 Glaciation - ~ 1 million years ago, earth experienced drop in average temperature - no agreement on how or why temperatures changed possible reasons include: 1. Change in earth s orbit 2. Decreased output from sun 3. Volcanic dust blocking out sun
45 Glaciation (cont d) - as earth temps decreased, water cycle changed - more water trapped on Earth as snow - snow built up over time and formed ice - called GLACIERS - 2 types: 1. Continental 2. Alpine
46 Glacier
47 Alpine (Mountain) Glacier
48 Continental Glacier
49 Continental Glaciation - large sheets of ice cover large land areas in high latitudes during cooling periods - called glaciers ADVANCING - when temp on earth warm, ice sheets melt - called RETREATING -exs. Greenland and Antarctica
50 Antarctica
51 Greenland
52 Greenland From the Air
53 Continental Glaciers (cont d) -as glaciers retreat, depositional landform features created by meltwater - these features include: - outwash plain - terminal moraine - erratic - drumlin - esker
54 Outwash Plain
55 Outwash Plain
56 Outwash Plain
57 Terminal Moraine
58 Erratics
59 Drumlin
60 Drumlin
61 Esker
62 Esker
63 Alpine Glaciation - occurs in high elevations - glaciers grow on side of mountain - gravity pulls glacier down through valleys - creates U-shaped valley and other features: lateral, medial, terminal moraine cirque arete hanging valley fiord
64 Alpine Glaciation
65 Lateral Moraine
66 Lateral Moraine
67 Medial Moraine
68 Terminal Moraine
69 Cirque
70 Cirque
71 Cirque and Tarn
72 Arete
73 Hanging Valley
74 Hanging Valley
75 Hanging Valley
76 Fiord
77 Western Brook Fiord Gros Morne
78 Western Brook Fiord
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