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1 Watch the next few slides. When the slides stop transitioning get with an elbow partner to discuss the events that caused the formation of the beautiful features. Be as specific as possible.

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9 Discuss with an elbow partner and be ready to share.

10 Essential Question: How do changes in the Earth s surface occur over time? Standard: S6E5f. Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features including oceans (composition, currents and tides).

11 In the previous lesson you learned about processes that can change rocks. Now we are going to examine processes that change the surface of the Earth.

12 Use your foldable to take Notes

13 Weathering is the process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth s surface.

14 Weathering wears mountains down to hills and can produce strange rock formations like in the previous slide.

15 There are two types of weathering: Mechanical (Physical) Weathering Chemical Weathering

16 Mechanical Weathering Rocks are broken apart by physical processes (heat, water, ice, pressure, temperature, etc.) The overall chemical makeup of the rock stays the same Each piece has characteristics similar to the original rock

17 Example of Mechanical Weathering: Frost Wedging

18 Mechanical Weathering: Frost Wedging Weathering and erosion - Freeze thaw weathering [1:20] eploy/interface.html

19 Mechanical Weathering: Frost Wedging

20 Example of Mechanical Weathering: Rock expands when the pressure of overlying rock is removed causing it to break into flat sheets [Exfoliation].

21 Example of Mechanical Weathering: Exfoliation

22 Mechanical Weathering: Exfoliation

23 Example of Mechanical Weathering: The expansion and contraction of rock, caused by temperature changes [Thermal Expansion]. Expand Contract

24 For example, heating of rocks by sunlight or fires can cause expansion of their minerals. This stress eventually cause the rock to crack apart. Thermal shattering of rock due to a forest fire The heated exterior will expand faster than the cool interior, causing the exterior to break.

25 Example of Mechanical Weathering: Biological Weathering

26 Water and nutrients collect in the cracks of rocks that can result in the growth of plants. As the roots grow, they enlarge the cracks.

27 Burrowing animals also cause mechanical weathering. They loosen sediment and push it to the surface as they burrow (dig).

28 Weathering can also occur by the rubbing of one object or surface against another [Abrasion]. Sand rubbing against the rock Rocks and other sediment rubbing against one another

29 Turn to an elbow partner and describe examples of mechanical weathering you have observed recently [in real life not the activator] or in the past.

30 Chemical Weathering Chemical reactions dissolve or change the minerals in rocks into different minerals [changes the chemical composition]

31 Example of Chemical Weathering: Rocks and minerals can dissolve in acidic waters [Dissolution].

32 Dissolution

33 Caves form when slightly acidic groundwater dissolves limestone.

34 Cave formed by acid dissolved limestone

35 Some plants give off acids that also dissolve minerals in rock. The rock is weakened and eventually breaks into smaller pieces. Rock Meets Lichen [2:06]

36 Example of Chemical Weathering: The chemical compounds (mixes) in rock can breakdown due to a reaction with water [Hydrolysis]. An example is Feldspar changing to Clay. Chemical Weathering Feldspar into Clay [28 sec] Animation of Chemical Weathering

37 Example of Chemical Weathering: When minerals containing iron are exposed to water and oxygen in the air, the iron reacts to form a new material that looks like rust [Oxidation].

38 Due to oxidation, iron-containing minerals like magnetite can weather to form a rust-like material called limonite. Magnetite Limonite

39 Turn to an elbow partner and discuss how making, baking, and eating chocolate chip cookies is similar to mechanical and chemical weathering. Mechanical and Chemical Weathering: Breaking or Baking? [2:50]

40 Weathering Activities [see resources]

41 Erosion

42 Erosion transports weathered rock material.

43 What are some ways that weathered material can be transported?

44 Erosion by Gravity Rocks and other materials, especially on steep slopes, are pulled toward the center of Earth by gravity.

45 Here, the weathering occurs by frost wedging The erosion occurs by gravity

46 Erosion by Gravity Slump Rock Slide Mud Slide

47 Erosion by Wind When air moves, it picks up loose material and transports it to other places.

48 Erosion by Wind Sandstorm Dust Storm Strong Winds

49 Erosion by Water When water moves, it picks up loose material and transports it to other places.

50 Erosion by Water Rivers or Streams Rain Runoff Flooding

51 Erosion by Water Waves eroding the shoreline Images of Wave Erosion

52 Animations of Erosion by Water Animation of sediments being transported Animation of erosion by a waterfall Animation of the formation of an arch Study Jams: Weathering and Erosion

53 Erosion by Ice When a glacier moves, it picks up loose material and transports it to other places.

54 Erosion by Ice Images of how Glaciers erode rock

55 Turn to an elbow partner and describe examples of erosion you have observed. With a different elbow partner, discuss the difference between Weathering and Erosion.

56 Weathering and Erosion are two very different processes that tend to act sequentially.

57 Weathering is the result of the physical and chemical changes of rock and mineral material; the resulting products might or might not be transported.

58 Study Jams: Weathering and Erosion Weathering and Erosion Song

59 Deposition

60 Deposition occurs where the agents (forces) of erosion lay sediment down.

61 Weathering and Erosion wear down, and deposition fills in the Earth s surface.

62 Deposition by Water As water moves through a river, it loses some of its energy and it can no longer carry some of its sediment. As a result, it drops, or is deposited, to the bottom of the stream. Sediments being deposited by Classzone

63 Deposition by Water Rivers and streams erode and deposit water along their path.

64 Deposition by Water Water also loses energy and deposits sediment when it empties into an ocean or lake. Sediment that is deposited as water empties into an ocean or lake forms a triangular shaped deposit (delta).

65 The Mississippi River flowing into the Gulf of Mexico forms the Mississippi River delta.

66 In this example, river waters are being deposited from a mountain.

67 Deposition by Water Currents, wind, and storms carry and deposit sand along beaches. Sandbar Barrier Island

68 Deposition by Wind Sediments blown away by wind eventually are deposited. Over time, these deposits develop into landforms. Sand Dune Animation of the formation of a sand dune

69 Deposition by Ice When glaciers begin to melt, they deposit sediment on the land.

70 Turn to an elbow partner and discuss why in this case the brick house was not as good as the straw or wood house. What could be considered the wolf?

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