ESS Spring Final Exam Review
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1 Name Period Date ESS Spring Final Exam Review Geology Vocabulary 1. The study of prehistoric life. 2. The geological theory that great effects require great causes. 3. Earth s history split up into different sections basses from fossils. 4. Founder of Modern Geology. 5. The wearing down of rocks. 6. The geological concept that the lower the rock the older. 7. An out of place or missing section of rocks. 8. The geological concept that rocks form parallel to the Earth s surface. 9. The geological theory that slow processes now are the ones that happen in the past. 10. When a species dies off completely. 11. Preserved or trace of an ancient organism. 12. The geological theory that geological history was caused by major devastating events. 13. The geological concept that any rock will be younger than the rock it intersects. 14. The study of land or ground. 15. The rate at which something takes to reduce by 50%. 16. The geological order of events without dates. 17. The geological order of events with dates. 18. Special fossils that correlate to an exact time in Earth s History. Fossil/Earth History 19. In a fossil sample, you find that there is 25% of the parent isotope Curium-242 remaining. If the half-life of Curium-242 is 163 days, how old is the fossil? How many half-lives have passed? 20. In order to become a fossil, what needs to happen and/or not happen to an organism when it dies? 21. Define / Explain the following terms related to fossils: 22. Mold c. Index fossil 23. Cast d. Trace fossil 24. What is the difference between relative and absolute dating? 25. What are preserved fossils? What are the three preservation materials? 26. What are unconformities? 27. What is commonly preserved in fossils? 28. What is rarely preserved in fossils?
2 29. List the order of events from oldest to youngest in the diagram below. (Don t forget the unconformities.) 30. During what geologic eon did life first appear? What type of life was this? What change were they responsible for in Earth s atmosphere? 31. Decay rates of radioactive substances such as these can be used to determine the age of rocks and fossils because radioactive decay occurs?? 32. What are the main causes of mass extinctions? 33. Complete the geologic time scale below by filling in the names of all geologic times. Also, include the following: Dinosaur s reign Dinosaur extinction Permian extinction Carboniferous period Cambrian explosion of life 65 mya 245 mya 545mya Meaning of Era names 34. Eon 35. Era 36. Period 37. Epoch Atmosphere I 38. Describe the 3 methods of heat transfer and give an example of each. a. Conduction b. Convection c. Radiation 39. Define the following terms related to clouds: Cumulus Nimbus Stratus Alto Cirro
3 40. List the 4 main layers of the atmosphere and list characteristics of each (include trends in air pressure and temperature) 41. In high-pressure systems air is (rising/sinking), and the weather is (fair/foul). 42. Circle the appropriate words in the sentence that follows: Sea / Land breezes form during the day. Air pressure is higher / lower over the land because it is cooler / warmer than the water. The clouds would be found over the land /water. 43. Describe and/or draw a picture showing the 3 methods of lifting air. a. b. c. 44. What are the main greenhouse gases? 45. What is the function of ozone in Earth s atmosphere? 46. How is the modern atmosphere different from Earth s earliest atmosphere? What are the 2 primary gases in the Earth s atmosphere today? Atmosphere II 47. What is temperature? 48. What is air pressure? How is it measured? What causes differences in air pressure? 49. What causes wind? 50. What do isobars on a weather map indicate? 51. Explain how the Coriolis Effect affects the rotation of high and low-pressure systems in the Northern hemisphere. Draw a diagram to aid in your explanation. 52. Is a hurricane a high or low-pressure system? 53. How is climate different from weather? 54. What are the effects of climate change? 55. What evidence do we have of past climate change?
4 Oceanography I 56. What is Salinity? 57. What is the average salinity in the oceans? ppt or % 58. Where do the salts come from? 59. What increases salinity? 60. What decreases salinity? 61. What Latitude has higher salinity? 62. What latitude has lower salinity? 63. What are the facts about the Pacific Ocean? 64. What are the facts about the Atlantic Ocean? 65. What are the facts about the Indian Ocean? 66. What are the facts about the Southern Ocean? 67. What are the facts about the Arctic Ocean? Oceanography II 68. What causes tides? 69. What is the difference between a Spring and Neap tide? 70. What are tides? 71. What is the tidal range? 72. What would the tidal range for High Tide = 20ft. and Low Tide = 8ft.? 73. What two solar system bodies cause the tides? Which has a larger effect? 74. Draw the three types of tides. 75. What is upwelling? 76. Describe the movement of the Trade Winds above the southern Pacific Ocean and changes in atmospheric pressure during El Nino years. 77. What does bathy and metry translate in Latin? 78. Bathymetry the of the ocean floor 79. What 2 things affect the density of ocean water?
5 80. In the ocean floor profile below, label the following: Continental shelf Seamount Continental rise Mid-ocean ridge Guyot Trench Abyssal plain Erosion/Weathering 81. What is porosity? 82. What is permeability? 83. In the river channel diagram to the left, label the areas where the water is depositing sediments or eroding sediments. 84. What are the 2 types of glaciers? Give an example of where each exists today. 85. What are the 6 parts of a stream? 86. How can you tell the difference between a glacial valley and a river valley? 87. What is an erg? 88. What is the cryosphere? 89. Explain the difference between chemical and mechanical weathering. Give an example of each.
6 90. What are the 4 main causes of mechanical weathering? 91. As a stream flows from its head to its mouth, what factors will INCREASE stream flow? DECREASE stream flow? 92. Describe 4 differences between young river valleys and mature river valleys. Mapping/Remote Sensing 93. What is the maximum latitude can be? 94. What is the maximum longitude can be? 95. What is found at 0 latitude? 96. What is found around 0 longitude? 97. What are the two names for the lines that measure north and south of the equator? 98. In the diagram to the right, complete the following: Color the latitude lines red. Color the longitude lines blue. Label the following latitude lines. (0 0, 30 o, 60 o, 90 o ) 99. What are the two names for lines that run from the North to the South Pole and measure east and west of the prime meridian? 100. What makes the latitude and longitude coordinates in degrees ( )? 101. What are the coordinates of the International Date Line? 102. What does aeolian" refer to? 103. What does fluvial refer to? Topography 104. In the topographic map to the right, assume that the elevation of point E is 100 m and the elevation of point G is 50 m. What is the contour interval? Label the elevation of all contour lines. What feature is indicated at point A? What is the elevation of point X?
7 What direction is the river flowing? 105. On a topographic map, what does gradient refer to? How can it be calculated? 106. What are contour lines and why do they never touch or cross? 107. What do contour lines that are farther apart tell you? 108. What is a depression? 109. How do we show on a topography map a depression? Draw one What is the rule for the first hachure line s elevation? 111. What do contour lines do around streams or rivers? Energy Resources/Climate Change 112. What are the 2 most abundant elements in Earth s crust? 113. What is the difference between a resource and a reserve? 114. Give an example of each energy source: a.renewable b. Limited c. Unlimited 115. Which energy sources do we use the most of now? 116. Which type of coal has the highest energy content? What makes it have more energy? 117. Draw the 4 types of oil/gas traps. Label the following terms in each diagram: Source rock, impermeable, permeable, oil, gas, water 118. Which country holds the most oil reserves? 119. Which country consumes the most petroleum? 120. What is the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? Identify a location where each occurs.
8 121. Describe each of the following alternative energy sources. List an advantage and a disadvantage of each. Biomass Hydropower Nuclear Solar Geothermal Wind 122. What is climate change? 123. What is a greenhouse gas? 124. What are the 3 major Greenhouse gases? 125. What is the greenhouse effect? 126. What part of the Carbon Cycle are we affecting? 127. How do we know Carbon Dioxide levels have been changing the past 650,000 years? 128. What are the effects of climate change? 129. Why should we care about climate change? 130. How are the oceans affected by the increase in Carbon Dioxide?
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