Science 8 Final Exam Review. *Please note that these are most of the outcomes, NOT all of the outcomes*

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1 Science 8 Final Exam Review *Please note that these are most of the outcomes, NOT all of the outcomes* Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth s Surface Atmosphere lithosphere hydrosphere hydrologist Oceanographer salinity density freezing point Global warming ice age run-off erosion Weathering Coriolis force ocean current upwelling Wave swells breakers tsunami Deposition headland bay tide Tidal range spring tides neap tides heat capacity Weather climate phytoplankton zooplankton Wetland estuary bioindicator species bioluminescence be familiar with the related information, diagrams and charts in the text book in chapters 1, 2 and 3) 1. What is the distribution of water on earth? 2. Label a diagram of the water cycle and describe how water moves through it. 3. Explain the differences between fresh water and ocean water. 4. What are the 3 sources of fresh water? 5. How has global warming affected glaciers and what is the result on the environment? 6. Describe the 4 processes that lead to the formation of ocean basins 7. Label a diagram of the components of an ocean basin. 8. Describe how sonar, satellites, submersibles, deep-sea cameras and scuba diving are used to study the oceans. 9. List the Canadian institutions that are involved in ocean research. 10. How have technologies used to study the ocean floor improved over time? 11. Describe the two types of ocean currents. 12. Explain the 3 causes of surface currents. 13. Explain how convection currents due to temperature differences cause deep water currents. 14. Explain how upwelling produces nutrient rich ocean water using the Grand Banks as an example. 15. Explain how differences in salinity affect density and how together they cause deep water currents. 16. How do waves form? 17. Draw a wave diagram and label the 4 parts. 18. What happens to a wave as it approaches the shoreline? 19. What are the 4 factors that influence how waves interact with shorelines? 20. Using a diagram, how is wave energy distributed along headlands and bays?

2 21. Use diagrams to explain how tides are generated by the gravitational force of the moon and sun. (Neap and Spring tides) 22. Briefly describe the structures designed to prevent damage due to waves and tides. 23. Explain how deposition and erosion result in various shoreline formations. 24. Use your knowledge of heat capacity to explain how oceans moderate climate. 25. Draw a diagram to explain how convection currents affect weather. 26. How do El Nino and La Nina influence climate on a global basis? 27. What 2 currents are close to NL and how do they affect our climate and weather? 28. How are ocean environments different from freshwater environments and give some examples of the types of organisms you would expect to find living there. Unit 3: Fluids Fluid viscosity flow rate mass Volume density force Newton (N) Balanced forces unbalanced forces weight buoyancy Force Pascal (Pa) atmospheric pressure hydraulic system Pneumatic system Pascal s Law be familiar with the related information, diagrams and charts in the text book in chapters 7, 8 and 9) 3.1 Use the particle theory of matter to compare solids, liquids and gases. 3.2 What are some examples of fluids in everyday life? 3.3 How does the viscosity of a fluid relate to the amount of friction between the particles? 3.4 What are some examples of viscosity on everyday life? 3.5 Use examples to discuss the relationship between flow rate and viscosity. 3.6 Use examples to explain how the viscosity of fluids relates to their use. 3.7 Use the particle theory of matter to explain how temperature, concentration and strength of attraction influence a liquid s resistance to flow. 3.8 Use the particle theory of matter to explain the relationship between state of matter and density. 3.9 Identify the relationship between density, mass and volume (hint: equation) 3.10 Use D = m/v in calculations Explain how to calculate the density of irregular shaped objects, liquids, gases, and regularly shaped objects Calculate the density of an irregularly shaped object Use examples to describe how changes in temperature affect density Give examples of where density changes naturally or intentionally Explain the difference between mass and weight Explain how weight and buoyancy are related to floating or sinking.

3 3.17 Describe how balanced and unbalanced forces determine whether or not an object will sink or float Explain how density relates to sinking or floating Identify some technologies that have developed because of our understanding of density and buoyancy Describe the relationship between force, area and pressure. (hint: equation) 3.21 Use F = P x A in calculations Compare and contrast hydraulic and pneumatic systems with respect to state, volume and pressure Identify some applications of Pascal s Law Use examples to explain the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature for liquids and gases. Unit 2: Optics Speed of light rectilinear propagation specular frequency Diffuse dispersion transparent wavelength Translucent opaque spectrum hertz Amplitude crest trough focal point Focal length principal axis refraction optical centre be familiar with the related information, diagrams and charts in the text book in chapters 4, 5 and 6) 2.1 Explain the experiments by Pythagorus, Galileo and Michelson and summarize what they discovered about light. 2.2 What is light? 2.3 Explain how scientific knowledge of light resulted in the development of the microscope and telescope. 2.4 How does the speed of light compare to the speed of sound? 2.5 Identify the 6 properties of visible light. 2.6 Describe the different uses of specular and diffuse reflection. 2.7 Use a diagram to explain how a prism breaks white light into its constituent colors. 2.8 How does the amount of refraction of each color in the spectrum relate to its wavelength? 2.9 Draw a labeled diagram of a wave Describe the relationship between frequency and wavelength Complete simple calculations involving frequency Describe the different types of electromagnetic radiation and give examples of each Discuss both the negative and positive effects of electromagnetic radiation Describe the 3 models of light and how they describe and explain different properties of light Draw a labeled diagram of a reflected light ray Identify the 3 types of mirrors and explain how they are used.

4 2.17 State the Law of Reflection Use 3 incident rays to draw ray diagrams of images in both plane and curved mirrors Use S.P.O.T to describe the images formed by plane and curved mirrors 2.20 Describe the difference between real images and virtual images and identify the mirrors that will produce them Explain how the curvature of a concave mirror influence the size of the real image produced Explain how the speed of light changes as it passes from one medium to another and how this influences the direction of light rays i.e bending towards or away from the normal Describe the 2 types of lenses and how they are used Describe how concave and convex lenses are used to correct vision Label parts of the human eye Describe examples of optical technologies. Unit 4: Cells, Tissues, and Organ Systems o Discuss how early scientists differentiated between living and nonliving things and compare this with modern cell theory. o Illustrate and explain that the cell is a living system that exhibits the four characteristics of life. i. Define cell ii. State the cell theory o Describe four characteristics common to living things. Include: i. growth ii. movement iii. response to stimuli iv. reproduction o Identify and state the functions of the major parts of the compound microscope. i. eyepiece ii. objective lenses iii. stage iv. coarse adjustment knob v. fine adjustment knob vi. light source/lamp vii. iris diaphragm viii. base ix. barrel (or tube) x. arm xi. revolving nosepiece o Use proper terms when comparing plant and animal cells. o Examine and explain the role of the following organelles: i. cell wall ii. cell membrane iii. chloroplast iv. cytoplasm v. nucleus vi. vacuole vii. mitochondria o Produce labeled drawings of each type of cell, including organelles. o List three differences between plant and animal cells. Include: i. plant cells have chloroplasts

5 ii. iii. plant cells have cell walls, therefore they have a regular shape plant cells have fewer, and larger, vacuoles o Explain that growth and reproduction depend on cell division. o Explain that mitosis is the process by which cells divide to produce more, identical cells o Explain structural and functional relationships between and among cells, tissues, organs, and systems in the human body. o Describe these levels of organization found in living things. i. cells ii. tissues iii. organs iv. organ systems v. organisms o Relate the needs and functions of various cells and organs to the needs and functions of the human organism as a whole. o Explain that cells and organisms require the same basic necessities of life. - Include: i. oxygen ii. nutrients iii. waste removal o Evaluate individual and group processes used in presenting the roles of the main organ systems. o Identify the main function of the following organ systems in keeping organisms alive. i. circulatory ii. respiratory iii. digestive iv. excretory v. nervous vi. muscular o Describe the basic factors that affect the functions and efficiency of the human respiratory, circulatory, muscular, digestive, excretory, and nervous systems. o Describe the interdependence of : i. circulatory/respiratory systems ii. circulatory/digestive systems iii. nervous/muscular systems o Explain the roles that diet, nutrition, exercise and stress have on the systems listed above. o Debate lifestyle choices such as diet choices, smoking, drinking alcohol, or sedentary lifestyle and their effects on body systems. o Illustrate examples of evidence related to how we should maintain and/or treat body systems. o Describe the science underlying various technologies used to assist or replace unhealthy organs or systems. - Include: i. insulin pump ii. artificial heart o Provide examples of scientific knowledge that have resulted in the development of technologies