Introduction to Planetary Volcanism

Transcription

1 Introduction to Planetary Volcanism SUB G&ttlngen Gregory Mursky University of Wisconsin Milwaukee 96 A11088 Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey '

2 Preface Introduction 1 Historical Perspective 1 Methods of Study 5 Internal Methods, 5 Surface Methods, 8 Laboratory Methods, 10 Age Dating, 11 Planetary Processes 18 Volcanic Processes, 18 Tectonic Processes, 19 Impact Cratering, 19 Fluvial Processes, 21 Eolian Processes, 22 Glacial Processes, 23 Mass Movement, 23 Summary 24 Key Terms 25 Review Questions 26 Supplementary Reading 26 Overview of the Solar System 27 Origin of the Elements 27 The Makeup of the Solar System 29 The Sun, 29 The Planets, 29 The Satellites, 34 Asteroids and Comets, 36 Meteorites, 36 Origin of the Planet, 38 Origin of the Satellites, 42 Origin of Asteroids and Comets, 43 ix Hi

3 iv Contents Planetary Interiors 44 The Crust, 44 The Mantle and the Core, 45 Lithosphere and Asthenosphere, 46 Summary 46 Key Terms 47 Review Questions 48 Supplementary Reading 48 The Nature and Origin of Magma 49 Magma 49 Physical and Chemical Properties of Magmas 51 Viscosity, 52 Density, 54 Temperature, 54 Chemistry, 55 Generation of Magma 58 Basaltic Magma, 60 Andesitic Magma, 62 Rhyolitic Magma, 63 Movement of Magma, 63 Convection, 64 Summary 65 Key Terms 65 Review Questions 66 Supplementary Reading 66 Volcanic Products 67 Minerals 67 Igneous Rocks 69 Mineralogical Classification, 70 Chemical Classification, 74 Lava Flows 74 Pyroclastic Products 82 Gases 83 Summary 84 Key Terms 86 Review Questions 86 Supplementary Reading 86 Types and Forms of Volcanic Activity 87 Factors Governing Volcanic Activity 87 Magma Rheology and Accent, 87

4 Gas Loss, 88 Discharge Rates, 90 Topography, 90 Effect of Water, 90 Tectonic Control, 90 Magma Reservoir, 91 Styles of Eruptions 91 Effusive Eruptions, 92 Explosive Eruptions, 94 Types of Eruptions 97 Hawaiian Eruptions, 97 Icelandic (Fissure) Eruptions, 99 Strombolian Eruptions, 99 Vulcanian Eruptions, 100 Pelean Eruptions, 100 Plinian Eruptions, 101 Extreme Pyroclastic Eruptions, 101 Volcanic Forms (Structures) 102 Shield Volcanoes, 103 Composite Volcanoes, 104 Cinder Cones, 105 Craters, 106 Calderas, 106 Volcanic Grabens, 107 Volcanic Domes, 107 Basins, 108 Sinuous Rilles, 108 Coronae, 109 Novae, 109 Paterae, 110 Summary 110 Key Terms 110 Review Questions 110 Supplementary Reading 111 N Earth 113 Introduction 113 Internal Structure 114 The Crust, 116 The Mantle, 117 The Core, 117 The Lithosphere and Asthenosphere, 118 Temperature, 118 Tectonics and Volcanism 118 Continental Drift, 119

5 n Q Plate Motions and Volcanism, 120 Causes of Plate Motions, 131 Mantle Plumes and Hotspots, 132 Flood Basalt Provinces, 137 Volcanic Periodicity 140 Precambrian Volcanism, 142 Paleozoic Volcanism, 145 Mesozoic Volcanism, 146 Cenozoic Volcanism, 146 Summary 149 Key Terms 149 Review Questions 150 Supplementary Reading 150 The Moon Introduction 151 Internal Structure 153 The Crust, 154 The Mantle, 154 The Core, 156 Tectonics 157 Craters and Basins 157 Highlands 158 Mare Volcanism 162 Mare Features, 164 Mineralogy and Chemistry of Mare Basalts, 166 Origin and Ascent of Mare Basalts, 172 Lunar Pyroclastic Deposits 174 Geologic History and Volcanism 175 Remaining Problems 176 Summary 176 Key Terms 177 Review Questions 177 Supplementary Reading 177 Mercury Introduction 179 Internal Structure 180 Tectonics 181 Cratered Terrain and Basins 182 Plains 183 Intercrater Plains, 184 Smooth Plains,

6 vii Geologic History 190 Summary 191 Key Terms 191 Review Questions 192 Supplementary Reading 192 Venus 193 Introduction 193 Internal Structure 196 Tectonics 198 Cratering 199 Volcanism 200 Volcanic Plains and Flow Fields, 200 Volcanic Edifices, 202 Pyroclastic Deposits, 210 Chemistry of Venusian Rocks 211 Geologic History 215 Summary 215 Key Terms 216 Review Questions 216 Supplementary Reading 216 Mars 219 Introduction 219 Internal Structure 222 Tectonics 222 Cratered Terrain 223 Volcanism 224 Volcanic Plains, 224 Shield Volcanoes, 225 Paterae, 232 Explosive Volcanism, 235 Surface Chemistry 237 Geologic History 239 Summary 241 Key Terms 241 Review Questions 242 Supplementary Reading 242 Outer Satellites 243 The Nature of Satellites 243 Cryovolcanism 247

7 viii Contents Jupiter's System 248 Io, 249 Europa, 251 Ganymede, 252 Callisto, 253 Saturn's System 253 Mimas, 254 Enceladus, 254 Tethys, 254 Dione, 255 Rhea, 255 Titan, 255 Iapetus, 255 Uranian System 256 Miranda, 256 Ariel, 257 Umb,riel,257 Titania, 258 Oberon, 258 Neptune's System 258 Triton, 259 Pluto and Charon 260 Summary 261 Key Terms 261 Review Questions 261 Supplementary Reading 262 Appendix 263 Glossary 267 Selected Bibliography 277 Index 289