CHAPTERN-III DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

Transcription

1 CHAPTERN-III DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Determinants of population Distribution and Density. 3.3 Trends of Population Density. 3.4 Variation in Density of Population for Parbhani District. 3.5 Rural Density of Population for Parbhani District. 3.6 Urban Density of Population for Parbhani District. 3.7 Physiological Density. 3.8 Agricultural Density. 3.9 The Distribution of Population. 75

2 Chapter - III Density and Distribution of Population. 3.1 Introduction: In the previous chapter geographical and socio economic setting of the study region, divided in to two part, A part describes the physical personality of the study region i.e. Parbhani district. This chapter includes the ovation, location and bounders, geology, physiographic, drainage, soils, vegetation, climate, etc. Part B describes the agriculture, general land use, industrial structure and transport and communication. Land holding size, irrigation, animal husbandry, resources, marketing etc. All these are the factors responsible for the distribution of population in the study region. This chapter deals with density and distribution of population in Parbhani district. In this chapter introduction, determinants of population density, trends in population density, variation in density of population, spatial variations in the density of population within the region, the density of population in rural areas, urban density of population, physiological density, agricultural density, distribution of population etc. points discussed, distribution of rural population of villages by population size etc. points analyzed. The concepts of distribution and density of population, though not identical, are so intimately related to each other that there is a genuine reason to discuss them simultaneously under the same chapter. This chapter deals with the analysis of density and distribute of population of the study region. The analysis of population distribution and density holds immense significance for population geographers, as its successful understanding holds the key to the analysis of entire demographic character of an area. 76

3 The analysis of the patterns of population distribution is fundamental to the understanding of population geography of an area; because it is the pattern of population distribution and density with which all other, characteristics of population are intimately related. The land and people constitute the two significant elements of an area, and therefore the ratio between these two is fundamental interest to all scholars concerned with population analysis 1. A comprehensive understanding of changes in various significant attributes of population demands the study of prevailing patterns of its distribution. It reveals as how to man has attributed himself, at a particular point of time in the context of his physical environment, type of economy, cultural patterns and history. The distributional patterns of population are, in fact, an eloquent expression of the analysis of all geographic phenomena operating in an area. Geographer s goal is to understand the regional differences of people on the earth s surface, which varies from one locality to another and from region to region. Thus, it has been considered as simple but extremely useful measure of population-resource relationship. However, it cannot be treated as a measure of population pressure on land because it merely spells out a simple quality 2. It is necessary not only to describe how population distributed spatially in terms of density, composition and dynamics, but also to seek reasons for the patterns of this distribution and for spatial changes in these patterns, if any. A study of population distribution is thus descriptive as well as analytical. The concept of population distribution and density is a very useful tool for the analysis of mans distribution in space 3. One of the important indices of population concentration is the density of population. The analysis of population distribution and density holds immense significance for population geographers, as its successful 77

4 understanding holds the key to the analysis of entire demographic character of an area 4. Population density is one of the basic and important population characteristics. Density of population plays an important role in the studies related to population geography. This is the outcome of collective influence of several natural factors functioning in a region. The term density of population was first used by Henry D. Harness in 1837 while preparing railway maps for Ireland. His purpose was however altogether different. This is the ratio between population and area. This is used an indicator to measure concentration of population 5. Density of population per unit of area represents the ratio of population to land 6. Thus it is a measure of the degree of population concentration. The density of population is expressed in different ways to understand the population resource relationship. These ratios have been designated as arithmetic density, physiological density, agricultural density and caloric density population and land constitute the two vital elements of an area. Hence the ratio between the two is important in all population studies. Arithmetic density is a ratio between total area and total population. It is expressed in terms of persons per square km or mile of the area. The data for such a calculation are easily available for most parts of the world. Hence such a ratio is frequently employed by geographers and other social scientists. However it cannot be used as a measure of population pressure on land, because it merely gives a simple quantitative relationship between man and land. Physiological density as compared to arithmetic density is more refined method of calculating ratio of population to land. It is a ratio between total population and total cultivated or cropped area. It is expressed in terms of number of persons per sq.km or mile, of cultivated 78

5 area. This ratio is of special significance for the region which is primarily agricultural 7. However all non-arable areas to be unproductive. Non cultivated areas have diverse used which in many cases yield considerable economic returns. Apart from that there is an implicit assumption in such a calculation that all cultivated areas are of equal quality which obviously is untenable. Another measure of land ratio devised is agricultural density. In this measure only agricultural population is correlated with the total area under cultivation. It is expressed as agricultural population per square km or mile of the cultivated area. The preceding discussion mirrors the composite role of physical and cultural determinants. In certain situation, the physical factors may play decisive role, while, in others the cultural and demographic factors May largely govern the aerial spread and degree of concentration of population. It has generally been agreed that the advancement in science and technology increases the role of non-physical determinants. Among the various cultural factors that have controlling effect upon the population spread are history of settlement, rapid urbanization and type of economy, advancement in technology, political decisions and social organizations 8 (Clarke, 1971). The changes in the distribution and density of population take place through the variations in the rate of natural increase and also through the migration between areas. Thus, the demographic factors of vital rates and migration introduce another dimension to the inventory of determinants of population distribution. Apart from these major physical, socio-cultural and demographic factors influencing the distribution and density of population, some physical and social disasters have also been mentioned as factors temporarily altering the population of the affecting areas. Earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption, flood, severe drought, glacial advancement, 79

6 storm, epidemic, and fire constitute the physical disasters. War, genocide, forced transfer and repatriation constitutes the social disasters. The pattern of population distribution and density in an area is the product of the inter-play between the physical milieu and the society through the matrix of time 9. He also remarks that, In order to understand the meanings lying behind the contemporary patterns of population, one must wield encyclopedic knowledge of the area s physical settings, the minutes of its economic behavior, and the broader lineaments of its socio-cultural structure and virtually all aspects of its human geography The variation in size and population numbers it is difficult to compare nations directly. Moreover, it must remember that in nearly every country, there are vast differences in population densities from one region to another 10. Size and density of population are the fundamental issues and their disparities are of prime concern to population geographers. A study of population distribution should, therefore, be supplemented by a discussion on the pattern of population density. Distribution and density are the two fundamental problem of population geography. This is so because distribution and density are related to all other features of population. Distribution and density of population are analytically very important for population geography. Distribution of population is an aspect so population change which has become important in the recent years. The changes in distribution of population in space arise mainly as a consequence of change in the relative importance of economic activities of different regions, whereas, there is no direct correlation between density and progress or poverty. Density gives an idea about the human resources. A density of population will imply grater economic activities and an obvious urge for an improved standard of living, a grater struggle for existence and continuous competition. All 80

7 these are helpful for better economic life. Hence, it is necessary to the study distribution and density of the study area. High increase in the density of population is a matter of great concern as it puts an immense pressure on our natural resources and it may adversely affect the quality of life. The intent of the present chapter is to understand the meanings lying behind the density and distribution patterns of population in Parbhani district. The geographical characteristics of the study region are already discussed in previous chapter. Therefore, here we are going to discuss the spatial organization of population within the study region, with the help of two main indicators i.e. density and distribution of population, which have been analyzed in a spatio-temporal perspective. As far the study region is concerned, various factors which attribute to distributional patterns include physiographic, amount of rainfall, productivity of soil, availability of surface and underground water, agricultural and industrial development, degree of urbanization and historical background of the places. Thus, the density and distributional pattern of population is the product of natural, social, cultural, economic, historical environment. In the present chapter, an attempt has been made to find out an effect of these determinants on population distribution. Finally, the density zones have been determined for the study region. 3.2 Determinants of Population Distribution and Density: The factors which determine the pattern of population distribution and density are very complex and varied. These factors could be grouped into three broad categories. I) Geographical factors, which include climate, landforms, soils, other physical resources and space relationships. 81

8 II) Economic and social factors, which include the attitude and the aims of the people, their economic activities and techniques and their form a social organization. III) Demographic factors, which include the birth and death rates for various areas and the volume and nature of migration. These factors interact in a highly complex manner and their influence upon the distribution of population is brought about by a slow process of adaptation. These regional contrasts in the population distribution and density are governed by a variety of factors. Much has been written about the factors determining the geographical distribution of population among international region, countries national subdivisions, etc. in this regard, the United Nations (1973) population studies No.50. The Determinants and consequences of population Trends, offers perhaps the most lucid account all the factors affecting the population distribution and density may broadly be classified into three major categories of physical, socio - cultural and demographic factor. The following paragraphs deal with these factors in some detail. I) Geographical factor:- The pattern of population distribution is influenced by the physical condition, such as configuration of land, nature and degree of fertility of the soil, availability of, water, climatic condition and spatial relations. Excessively high or low temperature or precipitation influences the degree of soil erosion, vegetative growth and in turn nature of economic activities, particularly agriculture, which influences pattern of population distribution. The regions of difficult terrain and high altitude have generally low population densities. Nature of soil affects use of land in an area. This has a bearing on nature of economic activities possible in the region, which affects the distribution of population. Favorable 82

9 geographical location is a very important factor for higher density of population. The concentration of population in large cites is mainly due to geographical factor of favored location. II) Social - Cultural and economic factor:- The influence of the physical factors on distribution of population also depends on the ways of life of the people. According to James, "The significance to man of the physical features of the land is determined by culture and therefore, any change in the attitudes, objectives and technical abilities of the people inhabiting an area requires a revaluation of the significance of the land. The more complex a society becomes the less directly physical factors, influence the distribution of its population. For obvious reasons, the pattern of spatial distribution of an agricultural population is totally different from that of a population engaged primarily in non-agricultural activities. The techniques of productions are intimately related to the types of economic activities, which intern, influence the distribution of population. The steps taken to implement social policies related to the distribution of population also depend in part upon the existing form of social organization. Improved standards of living higher cost of education, greater social security and so on reduce the birth rate. Political factor are sometimes very strong for changing the distribution of population III) Demographic factor: Which include the birth and death rates for various areas and the volume and nature of migration; these factors interact in a highly complex manner and their influence upon the distribution of population is brought about by a slow process of adaptation. Changes in the distribution of population are influenced by variation in birth and death rate in different areas and variation in volume and nature of migrants between the areas. Geographical and non geographical factors play their 83

10 roles in distribution of population but none of these factors is individually responsible for any change in the pattern of population distribution in course of time. Some factors lose their significance and new complex condition crop up which may make the problem of distribution of population acquire of constant flux Trends of Population Density: The population of India at March 2011 stood at 1,210,193,422 persons. Next to china, India is the largest populated country in the world. India Contribute 17.50% of world population and surface area of nearly 32, 87,263 sq km, which account for hardly 2.42 % surface area of the world. Maharashtra state is second largest state of India in respect of population after Uttar Pradesh also second in terms of area after Rajasthan. According to the census 2011 the total population of Maharashtra stood at 112,372,972 which is 9.29 % of the total population rested on 3,07,762sq km area which is 9.6 % of total area of India. As far the study region i.e. Parbhani district is concerned, according to the 2011 census, population of the region is 1,836,086 supported by an area of 6611 sq km. If the study region compared to Maharashtra, it occupies 2.39 % of the land surface and supports 1.63 % population, of the state. Table 3.1 reveals the population density of India, Maharashtra and Parbhani district with decadal variations between 1981 and If we consider the ratio between land area and density, India has disproportionate share of the world s population in terms of the total area. India has % of the world s population on merely 2.42 % of the worlds land surface. Maharashtra and Parbhani district have fairly balanced man-land ratio. For example Maharashtra covers 9.6 % of the country s total land and supports almost same i.e % population. Whereas Parbhani 84

11 district in general shares 1.63 % population rested on nearly 2.39 % land area of the state. Table 3.1: Trends of Population Density. (1981 to 2011) India Maharashtra Parbhani District censes Year Density Decades Variation Density Decades Variation Density Decades Variation Source: Censes of India 1981,1991,2001& In terms of density of population comparing decadal census figures for the last 30 years, it is readily apparent that Parbhani district had the lowest density of population throughout the 30 year in comparison to Maharashtra. If we compare with the population density of India. All the three hierarchical regions i.e. India, Maharashtra and Parbhani district recorded almost same trends in the increase in population density (Fig. 3.1). It has been significantly noted that, where the population density for India increased % and for Maharashtra % and Parbhani district 94.67% in 30 year. If one considers the population density of these three regions, one can note very slow and constant increase in population density up to Then From 1981 onwards the density increased with considerable rate up to 2011 (Fig.3.1). First stage, from , second stage , and third stage decadal variation in population density considerably high with very rapid increase. 85

12 Population Density ( Per sons sq. km) 450 Fig.No Trends of Population Density 1981 to Decades India Maharashtra Parbhani District Source: Computed by the Author. During the decades , population density increased for India, Maharashtra and Parbhani district. Parbhani district %, India % and Maharashtra showed slightly high growth rate in population density i.e %. 86

13 The decade is known as a great unique decade in Indian census. In this decade density actually declined for all the three regions. India showed a decline of 1.2 % and Maharashtra 2.89 %, while for Parbhani district, decline was the highest i.e % (Table No 3.1). In the Decade density of India Population was decreased by 3.63%, same as of Maharashtra was decreased by 6.69% but it was raised to 12.11% density of Parbhani District. 3.4 Variation in Density of Population for Parbhani District: Over all district and tahsil level density of population were calculated for the decadal years of 1981, 1991, 2001 and In the year 2011, the total density of population for the region as overall was 292 persons per square kilometer, which has increased substantially since 1981, when it was 150 persons per square kilometer. For the year 1991, it was193 person and became as high as 226 persons per square kilometer. This trend of density clearly reveals that during last four decades, there has been consistent increase in the density of population, due to natural increase of population as well as contribution made by in-migrants to the district of Parbhani Spatial Variations in the Density of Population within the Region: The table concerned reveals, that the densities of population for various tahsils of Parbhani district vary enormously from one tahsil to another. In the year 1981, as expected, it was highest for the Parbhani tahsil due to the existence of city of Parbhani, where it was 223 persons per square kilometer. On the other hand, it was lowest for Palam tahsil, probably, due to entirely rural tahsil in the Parbhani district. The Purna, Sailu and Manwath show higher density than the regional average in the year Rest of other tahsils shows lower density than the region average (Table No.3.2). 87

14 Table No Tahsil Wise-Arithmetic Density and Decade Variation Since 1981to Sr.No. Tahsil Censes Year Sailu A.D D.V Jintur A.D D.V Parbhani A.D D.V Manwath A.D D.V Pathari A.D D.V Sonpeth A.D D.V Gangakhed A.D D.V Palam A.D D.V Purna A.D D.V Parbhani District A.D D.V Source: Censes of India District Censes Handbook of Parbhani 1918, 91, 01 & *A.D. =Arithmetic density. *D.V. =Decade variation in population density. In the year 1991, the average density for the study region as a whole was 193 persons per square kilometer. Parbhani, Purna, and Gangakhed tahsils have also shown the density of population more than region average in the year 1991(Table No.3.2). A part from this, the remaining tahsils have much lower density with compare to other thasils in the district. No doubt, the same trend was also observed in 1991, as it was for the earlier decades highest being Parbhani tahsil band lowest for them Manwath. 88

15 During the decade 1981 t o 1991 population density rate increase of all tahsils in the study region. In this decade observed of population density high increase in Parbhani tahsil (40.80%), Gangakhed (36.55%) and Purna tahsil (31.36%). But in this same period Manwath tahsil (15.28%), Sailu (20%) and Sonpeth thasils have been observed lowest growth of population density (Table No.3.2). In the year 2001, the average density for the study region as was 237 persons per square kilometer. It is followed by Parbhani tahsil as well as Purna, where the density is higher than the study region. Sonpeth being entirely rural tahsil represents the lowest density of population for the year While rest of other tahsils, are much below than the average for the district as a whole as per as the density of population is concerned in 2001.(Table No.3.2). The growth rate of population density during 1991 to 2001 declined further. In this period highest declined rate was Gangakhed tahsil (19.38%), Purna (16.05%) and Parbhani (14.69%). (Table No. 3.2). But In this same period, Pathari tahsil (0.61%), Palam and Manwath tahsil was less declined rate. In the year 2011, varies from one tahsil to another. As expected, it is highest for the Parbhani tahsil, where it was 463 persons per square kilometer and lowest for Palam tahsil, where it was as low as 233 persons per square kilometer. Gangakhed and Purna have much higher density than the average region density. Remaining other tahsils show much lower density of population than Parbhani district.there are number of factors responsible for the variations in the density of population. Some of them have already being discussed in the preceding discussion. Even though, the nature of terrain, proportion of land under agriculture, degree of urbanization and industrialization are some of the important factors 89

16 responsible for the variations in density of population in the Parbhani district. During the decade 2001 t o 2011 population density rate increase of all tahsils in the study region. In this decade observed of population density high increase in Sonpeth tahsil (34.07%), Gangakhed (30.17%) and Pathari (29.70%). But in this same period Purna tahsil and Parbhani thasils has been observed lowest growth of population density (Table No.3.2). I) Changes in Population Density (1981): A cursory glance at the map of population density in 1981 shows a decrease in density towards south, southwest and north tahsils of the study region (Fig 3.2.A). An east-west extending belt in the central part shows high to moderate population density, where as low to extreme low density was fond in the mountainous Ajantha and Balaghat zone along the north part and south part of the study region. From among the tahsils, Parbhani tahsil occupied first position with the highest density of 223 persons per sq. km area, followed by Purna (169), Manwath (157), and Sailu with 155 persons per sq. km area. At the other end of the scale, which among various tahsils had the lowest density of average density of the study region.the higher densities are observed in the tahsils, which are well developed agriculturally as well as industrially and have high proportion of urban population and the low densities are the result of rugged terrain in the north part of the region i.e. Aajntha Ghats region in the north. a. There is no any tahsil situated in the range of 251 people and above density per sq. km. b. The second range of 201 to 250 persons per sq. km covered Parbhani tahsil in Parbhani district. 90

17 c. The third range of 151 to 200 persons per sq. km covered three tahsils of the region namely Sailu, Manwath and Purna. d. The last range of 150 persons and below per sq. km comprises the largest number i.e. 5 (55.55%) of tahsils in the study region. II) Changes in Population Density (1991): In 1991, as observed in the previous decade, non-uniformity in population distribution continued even in the era of planning and development. Spatial pattern of population density of this census year showed almost similar pattern with marginal exception of high density toward the east-west center part (Fig B). As in the previous decade, east-west extending central belt continued to show high density of population, while the north and the south tahsils continued to have low density of population. During this decade, Parbhani tahsil remained at the first position with the highest population density of 314 persons per sq. km area. While Purna tahsil one-step gain and leaving behind second position with 222 persons per sq km. On the other hand, low to very low population density was noticed in the south belts of the study region. Lack of transportation, commutation and irrigation facilities main reasons of low population density of south belts study region. a. As far as, the population density ranges are concerned in the decade the tahsils were also unevenly distributed in these ranges. The highest range of 251 persons and above per sq. km included one tahsil i e Parbhani tahsil. b. The second range of 201 to 250 persons per sq. km included only one tahsil i.e. Purna tahsil. c. As far the range of 151 to 200 persons per sq. km or moderately dense regions is concerned, there were six tahsils, namely Sailu, Gangakhed, Sonpeth, Pathari, Manwath, and Jintur, which had moderate population density. 91

18 d. The last range, i.e. 150 persons and below per sq.km, included only one tahsil i.e. Palam tahsil. There was a shift of tahsils from one density range to another and it was mostly seen in the last and second last range, 4 tahsils were upgraded from the last range to second last range in during 1981 to 1991(Fig B). III) Changes in Population Density (2001): In 2001, a tahsil-wise analysis further revealed that almost all the tahsils from Parbhani district experienced an increase in population density. The interior tahsils were more populous than the marginal tahsils of the study region (Fig C). Particularly Parbhani and Purna tahsils had higher density of population than that of the remaining tahsils in the study region. Higher densities in these tahsils were due to the cumulative effect of a higher-level urbanization, transport, communication, agricultural and industrial development, development in co-operative sector and greater diversification in economic activities. a. There were two tahsils in the highest range of 251 persons and above per sq. km. This range included two tahsils namely Parbhani and Purna tahsils. b. The second range of 201 to 250 persons per sq. km covered three tahsils namely Gangakhed, Pathari, and Sailu. c. Moderate density i.e. 151 to 200 persons per sq. km was seen in four tahsils namely Manwath, Sonpeth, Jintur and Palam. d. The last range of 150 persons and below per sq. km in this period no any tahsil in this range. As far as, the population density ranges are concerned, the drastic changes were seen in the last and second last ranges. Three tahsils with increase in population density jumped in the second range, where other ranges showed very little changes from those in the previous decade. 92

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21 IV) Changes in Population Density (2011): According to fig (3.2.D), population density at tahsil level in Parbhani district in 2011 was as usual unevenly distributed as the previous decades. The tahsils, which were leading in population density in the study region in previous decades and another three thasils including in first position were still in the leading position, located in the central part of the study region, extending in west- east direction. Having rugged topography, non-availability of agricultural land, negligible industrial development, resulted in low population density. Low population density was also seen in the southern tahsils. As far the high density tahsils are concerned Parbhani, Purna, Sailu, Pathari and Gangakhed fast run due to the agricultural and industrial development, higher level of urbanization and socio-economic development. a. The densely populated area with 251 persons and above per sq. km this range included 5 tahsils namely Parbhani, Purna, Sailu, Pathari and Gangakhed, which showed maximum number of tahsils in this range according to 2011 census. b. The second highest range i.e. 201 to 250 persons per sq. km included four tahsils namely Jintur, Sonpeth, Manwath and Palam. c. Moderate density i.e. 151 to 200 persons per sq. km in this period no any tahsil in this range. d. The last range of 150 persons and below per sq. km in this period no any tahsil in this range. In the study area irrigated area is most important determinant of population density. Purna tahsil having high irrigated area in 2001 (34.81%) to total area, and density of population is high (2011). Urban population is high in Parbhani tahsil and irrigated area (23.09%) so that high density of population. But Jintur, (0.84%), Palam (0.92%), Sailu 95

22 (2.43%) less irrigated area is that low population density. Soil, economic factor, rainfall, cultivated area transport facility, affecting on population density. 3.5 Rural Density of Population for Parbhani District ( ): In order to understand, the densities of rural population for the region under study as well as for different tahsils, for the last four decades have been represented in the table 3.3 for different tahsils. Table No.3.3 Tahsil wise Rural Density of Population in Parbhani Sr. No. Tahsil District ( ) Rural Population Decade Change in % Density t o t o to Sailu Jintur Parbhani Manwath Pathari Sonpeth Gangakh ed Palam Purna Parbhani District Source: Computed by the Author

23 The rural density of population for the year 1981 was 118 persons per square kilometer, which is much lower than the total density of the region as a whole. The lowest rural density was observed for the Pathari tahsil, while the highest for the Purna tahsil. There are wide variations in the density of population within the tahsil of the Parbhani district, which ranges 98 for Pathari, and 136 for Purna in the year There are five tahsils within the Parbhani district consisting of Pathari, Jintur, Manwath, Palam and Sonpeth, representing much lower density than the average for the district. While rest of other four tahsils, have rural density of population above the region. (Fig. 3.3 A). In the year 1991, the rural density of population for region, was 148 persons per square kilometer. More or less, the similar pattern as was for the year 1981 was also found f or the spatial variation in the rural density of population in 1991 it was highest of 179 for Purna tahsil and lowest of 128 for Pathari tahsils. In the year 1991, five tahsils consisting of Pathari, Manwath, Sonpeth, Sailu, and Jintur have shown rural density of population below the region as a whole. On the other hand, remaining tahsils consist of Purna, Parbhani, Gangakhed and Palam have shown rural density above the region (Fig. 3.3 B). In the year 2001, the rural density of population for the region was 164 persons per square kilometer as against 237 persons for the total density of population. This shows that there is much increase in density of rural population during the last two decades. Further, rural density is highest for Purna tahsil, while the lowest for the Manwath tahsil in the year The agricultural prosperity and other economic allied economic activities are responsible for the high rural density of population for different tahsils of the Parbhani district. However, there are wide variations in rural density of population within the various tahsils of Parbhani district. Three tahsils show higher rural density, while 97

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26 rest of six tahsils show lower rural density than the region. (Table no.3.3. & Fig No.3.3 C). For the year 2011, the rural density of population is 205 persons per square kilometer, while it was 164 persons per square kilometer in By and large similar trend was also observed for the year 2011, highest being for Purna and lowest for the Manwath. The reason behind it is the lower development of secondary and tertiary sectors (Fig No.3.3 D). Table No.3.4 Distribution and Density of Population at Village Level S N Tahsils Village Area in hector Total Population Male Femal e 1 Sailu Walour Jintur Charthana Parbhani Daithana Dens ity / sq. km. 4 Manwath Sawangi Magar Pathari Dhalegaon Sonpeth Gauli Pimpri Gangakhed Ranisawargaon Palam Navhalgaon Purna Tadkalas Average Source: Computed by the Author, Based on Field work

27 One village from each tahsil of the study region i.e. total nine villages has been selected for field work. They are selected from different environment such as hilly area, plane area, drought area, irrigated area, forest area, road side and from close to urban centre. Table No. 3.4 is showing the density and distribution of population at village level of the study area. As per field work conducted at 09 village s total population is in which male population was and female population was According to field work average density for 09 villages was 321 persons sq.km. Highest density of population was noticed in the village Daithana (450) and followed by village Ranisawargaon (425) and Tadkalas (450). Moderate density was observed in the village of Charthana (290), Sawangi Magar (287), Dhalegaon (284) and Walour (364). Lowest density of population was found in the village Gauli Pimpri (220) and Navhalgaon (240). 3.6 Urban Density of Population for Parbhani District ( ): Further, an attempt has been made to understand variations in the urban density for region as a whole, as well as for different tahsils, during the last four decades. The urban density for district as a whole was 2154, which was much higher than the rural and total density of population. It has increased consistently due to various social and economic activities and became 3226 in the year 1991, and further increased to 4299 persons per square kilometer for the year Rapid industrialization and consequent urbanization has reflected in the high urban density of population in 2011, when it increased to 5051 persons per square kilometer. During the period , urban population has been increase in 134% for the district. (Table No.3.5). Similarly, urban density of population has been calculated for different tahsils of the district, for the same period. At the very outset, it should be mentioned that one tahsil namely, Palam has no urban 101

28 settlement throughout the period, under consideration. Hence, no urban population was found in such tahsil. This has resulted, in the nil urban density of population for the concerned period. Table No.3.5 Tahsil wise Urban Density of Population in Parbhani Sr. No. District ( ) Tahsil Urban Population Density Decade Change in % to to to Sailu Jintur Parbhani Manwath Pathari Sonpeth Gangakhed Palam Purna Parbhani District Source: Censes of India, District Censes Handbook of Parbhani 1981,91,01&2011. In the year 1981, among the various tahsils of Parbhani district, Purna tahsils occupies the first position as regard to urban density of population while it is followed by Pathari and Sailu on the one hand, and the lowest urban density was recorded for Jintur tahsil. Jintur, Gangakhed and Parbhani are only three tahsils having urban density of population below the region average, while rest of tahsils, fall as regard to urban

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31 density above the region average. There are wide variations as regard to urban density within the different tahsils of Parbhani district ranging between 811 for Jintur and for Purna. These variations in the density of urban population varies due to the presence of Purna city in Purna tahsil and low degree of industrialization and consequent urbanization in tahsils like Jintur and Gangakhed. (Fig.3.4 A) For the year 1991, similar trend was observed, highest for the Purna tahsil as for as urban density of population is concerned, while lowest for the Jintur tahsil. There are three tahsils namely Jintur, Gangakhed and Manwath, where urban density of population is less than average for the region under study. The highest urban population density in 2001 was recorded in Pathari tahsil followed by Purna and Sailu thasils. The lowest urban density was recorded in Jintur followed by Manwath and Gangakhed thasils due to less industrial development, and less educational facilities (Fig.3.4 C). For the year 2011, the average urban density of the region was 5051, which was increase 134% during the last four decades. The density of urban population varies within the region from 1717 in Jintur and for Pathari tahsil. Jintur, Manwath and Gangakhed tahsil represents low urban density than the region as a whole. Due to low degree of urbanization in such region while rest other tahsils have density of urban population much higher than district. 3.7 Physiological Density: Physiological density, expressed by the ratio population and arable areas a somewhat more concept of density since it eliminates from the denominator barren area production. On the other hand it, era in eliminating all productive non - arable land such as forest, natural pasture, scenic land, mining land, etc. It likewise errs in continuing to 105

32 evaluate all arable land as having same productivity. In the physiological - density ratio 50 as to get a more realistic comparison of population density in different physical environments. The man-land ratio gives a crude density of population but in order to evaluate the population pressure on resources it is imperative to assess population in relation to the abele and cultivated area (Trewartha, 1953). Physiological density provides more refined and correct picture of population than rural density 12. This type of density is expressed by the ratio of total population and arable area. It is quite useful for the region whose economy is based on agriculture. Since Parbhani district is region of mostly rural population engaged in cultivation and livestock economy the physiological density gives an impression of pressure of population on arable land. The physiological density however does not take into account the variable productivity aspects based on factors of climate, soils, drainage characteristics etc. providing a better indicator of degree of crowding in a region compared with its physical potentials for producing food and agricultural raw materials 13. The physiological density calculated for all the tahsil of Parbhani district for the census year 1991 to The physiological density of Parbhani district 216 persons per sq. km in 1991 which increased to 345 person per sq. km in 2011.Table No. 3.6 clearly show that physiological density varies from tahsil to tahsil. I) Changes Physiological Density (1991): In the year 1991, the highest physiological density was noticed in Parbhani tahsil (352), which was followed by Purna (249), and Gangakhed (237). This was Parbhani due to thick population of this region. It was lowest in Palam (170), Jintur (179) and Sonpeth (181) tahsil. 106

33 Sr. No. Table No. 3.6 Tahsilwise Physiological density per sq. km (1991 to 2011) Tahsil Physiological Density Decade Change in % Sailu Jintur Parbhani Manwath Pathari Sonpeth Gangakhed Palam Purna Parbhani District Source: Computed by the Author. a. There is no any tahsil lies in 401 people and above density per sq. km in this period. b. The second range of 301 to 400 persons per sq. km covered Parbhani tahsil in Parbhani district. c. The third range of 201 to 300 persons per sq. km covered three tahsils of the region namely Sailu, Gangakhed and Purna. d. The last range of 200 persons and below per sq. km comprises the largest number i.e. 5 (55.55%) of tahsils in the study region.( Fig No.3.5.A). 107

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35 II) Changes Physiological Density (2001): Table-3.6 shows high physiological density was recorded central and east parts in study region in The highest density was recorded in Parbhani tahsil (428). This tahsil has high urban population. The density between 201 to 300 persons was covered in six thasils of the region namely Sailu, Gangakhed, Purna, Jintur, Manwath and Pathari. The lowest density was found in Sonpeth and Palam in study region (Fig.-3.5 B). During 1991 to 2001 total physiological density was increased by 13.35%. The growth between 15% to 25% physiographical density was recorded in Parbhani (21.59%), Pathari (18.07%) and Gangakhed (15.18%) thasils. The less than 15% growth was observed in Palam, Jintur, Purna, Sailu, Manwath and Sonpeth. III). Changes Physiological Density (2011): In the year 2011 physiological density above 401 persons per sq. km was observed in Parbhani tahsil. The density between 301 to 400 persons was covered in three thasils of the region namely Gangakhed, Manwath and Palam. The third range of 201 to 300 persons per sq. km covered five tahsils of the region namely Sailu, Jintur, Pathari, Sonpeth and Purna. The last range of 200 persons and below per sq. km in this period no any tahsil in this range. The continuously change pattern of physiological density in decade 1991 to Fig.-3.5 exhibits that the highly urbanized tahsil have found high physiological density in study region indicating population pressure on agriculture land. 3.8 Agricultural Density: Agricultural density is expressed by the ratio agricultural population and cultivated area. Obviously it can serve as an index of general population density only in those regions where agricultural population from a very large proportion of the total. It represents no 109

36 advance over the other type of density on differentiating between different qualities of environment or of men. In order to assess the agricultural development in the study region the study of agricultural density is necessary. It gives clear and realistic picture of the pressure of population on land. The agricultural density of population is the result of intrinsic interest and practical value 14. Table No.3.7 Tahsilwise Agricultural Density Per sq. km (1991 to 2011). Sr. No. Tahsil Agricultural Density Decade Change in % Sailu Jintur Parbhani Manwath Pathari Sonpeth Gangakhed Palam Purna Parbhani District Source: Computed by the Author. Agricultural density in Parbhani district in 1991 was 69 persons per square kilometer. The highest density was observed in Parbhani tahsil (72 persons) followed by Purna (71) due to fertile soil of Godavari and Purna 110

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38 basin. The agricultural density less than 70 was observed in three patches, one lying north in Jintur (66) and Sailu (68), other is found for in east part covering Pathari (70) and Manwath (66) tahsil and third patch in south part in Sonpeth, Gangakhed and Palam tahsils. In same period these tahsils are less irrigation and less land under cultivation (Fig.-3.6 A). Table 3.7 and Fig. No. 3.6.B gives the number of cultivators and agricultural laborers per sq. km of cultivated area in 2001 by tahsil in the district. It is seen that there are 84 persons per sq. km agricultural density. In the year 2001 the agricultural density above 90 persons per sq. km observed in Pathari (96), Purna (94), and Gangakhed tahsil (92). The highest rate of changing observed in Pathari (37.14%), Purna (32.39%) and Gangakhed tahsil (31.42%). Lowest agricultural density below the average of the region was noticed in Manwath (73), Parbhani (75%), Sonpeth (75), Palam (81), Sailu (83) and Jintur tahsil (84). Fig No.3.6.C exhibits agricultural density in 2011 for study region. The high agricultural density was recorded in Palam, Gangakhed, Manwath and Sonpeth tahsils lying south parts in study region due to irrigation facility. The agricultural density 91 to 110 was observed in northeast and southwest parts in study region in Sailu (94), Pathari (101), Purna (103) and Parbhani (104) tahsils. The lowest agricultural density was noted in north part of study region in Jintur (89) tahsil. 3.9 The Distribution of population: The Geographical factor impact on the spatial distribution of population.soil, available of water, altitude, Relief, river patters etc. All geographical factors is affecting for distribution of population. Rural areas are marked by spared distribution of population as compared with urban area. 112

39 Table No.3.8 Population and its percentage to Total Population by Residence, Parbhani District, Year Population Percentage to total population Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Source: Computed by the Author. Fig. No. 3.7 Population by Residence in Parbhani District, Urban Rural Urban 28.5 Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Source: Computed by the Author. 113

40 Table No. 3.8 & Fig No. 3.7 deals with population by residence and percentage of urban and rural populations to total population in Parbhani district in 1981, 1991, 2001 and The percentage of urban population in Parbhani district from 1981 to2011 (24.92 % in 1981, % in 1991, % in 2001 and % in 2011) Shows an increasing trend constantly from 1981 to 2001 but in 2011 decreasing trend it is down by 0.72% and the rural population (75.08 % in 1981, 75.50% in 1991, % in 2001 and % in 2011) shows decreasing trend constantly from 1981 to 2001 but in 2011 an increasing trend. According to 2011 census the total population of Parbhani district is relatively high Parbhani high proportion of rural population which accounts for 68.97% of the region. There are about 31.03% people living in 8 urban centers. The population spread over of the 9 tahsil of the districts, it we superimpose the (Fig. No 3.7) distribution of population on the map showing relief -features it coincides clearly. It is clear that there is a close relationship between relief features, usability of land, pattern of transport system and native of economic activities, on the one hand and the distribution of population on the other. The population is thinly distributed due to the impact of relief particularly due to the Ajantha, (Jintur tahsil) and Balaghat (Gangakhed tahsil) ranges. The Jintur range is a chain of residual hill which is a part of the Ajantha range and has a general west- north -west to east -south- east in one line. On the other hand the population is thick concentrated in the Godavari, Dudhna, and Purna river basin, where the development of agricultural is relatively high.the impact of transmutation on the distribution of population. Purna, Parbhani, Sailu, railway station and railway line in this place high population, industrialization and urbanization on the distribution of population is clearly evident so that the 114